煤基柴油及其混合燃料对发动机燃烧与排放的影响

对一台高压共轨增压中冷压燃式发动机燃用煤基F-T合成柴油(CTL)及其与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的混合燃料进行了燃烧和排放特性试验,揭示了燃料特性和排气再循环对燃烧过程、NOx及微粒排放的影响规律.结果表明:发动机燃用CTL时的有效热效率升高,燃烧过程中滞燃期较短,预混合燃烧量减少,压力升高率明显降低,有利于改善柴油机工作的平顺性.与国V石化柴油相比,燃用CTL燃料时消光烟度、核态微粒、超细微粒及总微粒数量浓度明显降低,积聚态微粒数量浓度略有增加,有利于同时降低微粒质量和数量排放.引入排气再循环(EGR)可以进一步降低CTL燃料的NOx排放,在EGR率达到30%,时,NOx排放降低近75%,.在CTL中添加含氧燃料DMC,有利于抑制EGR导致的烟度增加,与国V柴油相比,在EGR率为30%,条件下,D15燃料消光烟度和微粒总数量的降幅分别为69.1%,和53.9%,.燃用CTL/DMC混合燃料同时引入EGR可以同时降低NOx、消光烟度、微粒质量和数量排放,有利于缓解柴油机NOx和PM之间的矛盾关系.     

柴油与碳酸二甲酯混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性研究

在一台TY1100轻型直喷式柴油机上研究了不同碳酸二甲酯（DMC）添加比例对柴油机燃烧、排放以及热平衡的影响。结果表明，DMC作为柴油添加剂对发动机的燃烧和热平衡影响较小，对柴油机的排放性能影响较大，在不同的负荷下都能大幅度地降低排气烟度，而不引起NOx排放的显著变化。     

正丁醇对柴油机低温燃烧和排放的影响

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,研究了柴油中掺入正丁醇燃料在不同EGR率、进气压力下对燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明,柴油中添加正丁醇燃料使着火滞燃期延长,缸内最大爆发压力和燃烧温度下降,低温燃烧"失火"的EGR率降低,指示油耗减少,燃油经济性改善;正丁醇可明显降低碳烟排放,使烟度随EGR率变化趋势更加"平坦",烟度峰值对应的EGR率,变低,正丁醇比例越高,烟度越低;正丁醇对气体排放的影响与进气压力有关,正丁醇可以有效降低NOx排放,进气压力越大,正丁醇降低NOx的效果越明显;进气压力为0.15 MPa时,正丁醇比例越大,CO排放越低,但进气压力为0.24 MPa时,B20燃料CO排放最高;正丁醇对THC排放影响不大,但B20燃料在高EGR率条件下,其THC排放明显增大.因此,柴油燃料添加正丁醇是降低低温燃烧烟度和NOx排放,改善低温燃烧性能的有效途径.     

含氧混合燃料柴油机排放性能试验研究

在一台直喷柴油机上研究了不同碳酸二甲酯（DMC）添加比例对柴油机排放性能的影响。结果表明，随着燃料中DMC掺混比例的增加，发动排气烟度大幅度降低，NOx无明显上升；CO排放也随着DMC的增加而降低。     

含氧燃料添加剂对柴油机性能和排放的影响

研究了用碳酸二甲酯（ＤＭＣ）作为含氧燃料添加剂对燃料性质及柴油机性能和排放的影响。结果表明,在柴油中添加ＤＭＣ,燃料十六烷值降低,发动机热效率提高,烟度减小。当ＤＭＣ添加比例为１０％时,发动机功率基本维持不变,热效率提高３％,排气烟度降低４０％;而继续加大ＤＭＣ添加比例（如２０％）,虽然能进一步降低碳烟排放,但发动机功率将有明显降低。研究结果表明,在柴油中添加ＤＭＣ的合适比例为１０－１５％。     

柴油机掺烧DMM的燃烧和排放性能影响研究

研究了柴油掺混不同比例二甲氧基甲烷(0～50%DMM)对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响.结果表明,在发动机燃油和燃烧系统不作变动的条件下,随着二甲氧基甲烷在柴油中添加比例的增加,排气烟度逐步下降,有效燃油消耗率有所增加,但折算成当量柴油的有效燃油消耗率降低,热效率增加.同一工况下,发动机排气碳烟和CO排放随二甲氧基甲烷的加入而降低,NOx则无明显的上升,HC排放随着二甲氧基甲烷的增加略有增加.混合燃料的放热规律与纯柴油相比预混燃烧量增加,扩散燃烧速率加快,发动机最高燃烧压力、放热率偏高.柴油掺混30%DMM的混合燃料能够取得较好的燃油经济性和排放水平.     

含氧添加剂DMC对柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

分析了各种含氧燃料的物理化学特性对柴油机排放的影响。碳酸二甲酯（DMC）具有含氧量高、沸点高、与柴渍互溶性好等特点，适合作为柴油机的燃料添加剂。测试了纯柴油和含添加剂DMC的柴油机的尾气排放，并进行了燃烧分析。结果表明：添加剂DMC能较大幅度地降低柴油机的碳烟排放，同时使NDx的排放基本保持不变或略有下降；含DMC的燃料滞燃期比纯柴油的长，且燃烧结束的时间早，热效率要比柴油的高，当DMC的添加量为15％时，在不同的工况下，热效率比纯柴渍高1％－3％。     

柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

通过添加助溶剂形成一种稳定的柴油／甲醇混合燃料，并开展了柴油机燃用此混合燃料的性能与排放研究。研究结果表明：发动机热效率和柴油等热值燃油消耗率随混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加而改善，这是由于预混燃烧量的增加，燃料富氧以及扩散燃烧的改善所致。适当增加供油提前角可使柴油／甲醇混合燃料发动机热效率提高。燃用柴油／甲醇混合燃料可显著降低发动机CO和烟度，而对碳氢排放影响不大；在相同平均有效压力的条件下，N0x随甲醇含量的增加而增加，添加甲醇对N0x的影响在大负荷下更为明显。柴油／甲醇混合燃料燃烧时存在一个较为平坦的N0x／烟度关系曲线。     

柴油机燃用柴油醇的性能与排放特性的研究

研究了两种15％柴油醇在柴油机上的性能与排放特性。在ZS1100柴油机上，使用两种15％的柴油醇(加与不加十六烷值改进剂)，在保持发动机动力性不变的条件下，测试了发动机在主要工况下的油耗、排气温度、烟度和一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)、总碳氢(THC)等有害气体排放物，且与原机进行了比较。分析结果发现：在柴油中加入一定比例的乙醇，发动机的比油耗增加，但有效热效率可以提高1％～2％；发动机的烟度在各种工况下都能够显著降低；CO在低负荷下增加，在高负荷下减少；而NOx在低负荷下降低，却在大负荷下增加；THC在各种工况下都增加。在柴油醇中加入十六烷值改进剂后，发动机的经济性和热效率没有明显变化，但是CO和NOx在各种工况下都低于不加十六烷值的混合燃料，THC却进一步升高。     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过对乙醇含量分别为5％、10％、15％和20％的混合燃料及纯柴油5种油品的对比实验，研究了燃用乙醇—柴油混合燃料时，柴油机燃油经济性、功率及排放特性的变化规律。实验结果表明，燃用乙醇-柴油混合燃料，柴油机的能量消耗率在乙醇含量为15％时最佳，功率有所下降，但由于乙醇添加量较小，总体来说对发动机性能影响不大，在排放特性方面，NOx的比排放量基本随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而减少；HE、CO的比排放量基本上随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而增加；随着乙醇掺入比例的增加，发动机的可见烟度和滤纸式烟度均有显著的降低，干碳烟(DS)的比排放量也呈下降趋势。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO₂/p-CdTe, n-TiO₂/p-GaP, n-SrTiO₃/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO₂/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.