两种柴油低温性能改进剂的效果对比

本文对两种柴油低温性能改进剂的效果进行了研究,通过对8种柴油组分加剂前后以及调合柴油加剂前后的凝固点、冷滤点分析对比,得出各柴油组分加剂后凝固点降低效果明显,而冷滤点降低不明显,调合柴油凝固点对A剂的感受性好于B剂,但两者对冷滤点的改善都不显著。     

抗静电剂对汽、柴油电导率的影响

采用独山子石化公司生产的汽、柴油,评价了三种抗静电剂在汽、柴油中的使用效果。试验结果表明,汽、柴油的电导率随抗静电剂加剂量增大、温度的升高而增大;随着储存时间的延长,汽、柴油的电导率逐渐减小;由于汽、柴油调和组分不同,汽、柴油对抗静电剂的敏感度不同。     

劣质柴油加氢改质工艺研究

对我国柴油生产的现状以及柴油的组成进行了分析和讨论。在试验室条件下进行了劣质柴油组分加氢改质试验,试验结果证明:劣质柴油组分加氢改质技术为劣质柴油生产清洁燃料提供了可行的技术路线。应用加氢改质工艺技术,可以很好的解决炼油企业柴油产品质量升级难的问题,具有很好的应用前景。     

FC-20多产低凝清洁柴油加氢裂化催化剂的研制

FC-20催化剂是为满足国内北方市场对清洁低凝柴油的需求而开发的新一代高中油型加氢裂化催化剂。该催化剂以新型小晶粒改性β分子筛和纳米颗粒的无定形硅铝为主要酸性裂化组分,以金属钨镍为加氢组分,采用液相辅助混合技术制备,加氢组分与裂化组分能在催化剂中均匀分散,使得各组分可以充分发挥其催化性能,明显改善了催化剂的加氢性能和异构性能。反应性能研究表明,FC-20催化剂具有裂化活性适宜、加氢性能好、异构性能强、中间馏分油选择性高、柴油与尾油产品低温流动性好等特点,可以实现多产清洁低凝柴油和低倾点优质润滑油基础油原料的目的。     

川东地区近50年来油井水泥外加剂应用概况

文章综述了川东地区近50年来常用油井水泥外加剂的应用及发展概况,分别介绍了川东地区常用的八类油井水泥外加剂:调凝剂、降失水剂、防沉淀剂、分散剂、消泡剂、早强剂、防气窜剂和堵漏剂。文中重点阐述了各种常用油井水泥外加剂的定义、种类、组分、性能特点、作用、应用及其发展状况,并通过不同阶段所用油井水泥外加剂的性能与应用情况,介绍了川东地区水泥试验工艺技术的发展状况。     

柴油微乳液的制备及性能研究

采用油水法并结合超声分散法,在30℃下以油酸为表面活性剂、二乙基二乙醇胺为主剂,以甲醇和乙醇作为助剂,采用甲醚和乙醚作为溶剂,制备出最大增溶水量为26.16%的柴油微乳液,对柴油微乳液进行了运动粘度、稳定性、腐蚀性、密度、静置燃烧等理化性能的检测。结果表明,制备出的柴油微乳液具有较低的运动粘度,比0#柴油具有更优异的耐低温性能;室温稳定时间为205~424 d;各样品的腐蚀度均为1A级,不会对内燃机造成腐蚀。该柴油微乳液成本较低,具有广泛的应用前景。     

抗车辙剂对沥青混合料路用性能的影响及工程应用研究

为研究抗车辙剂掺量对沥青混合料路用性能的影响规律,采用室内对比试验方法,分别制备了不同抗车辙剂掺量的沥青混合料试件,针对沥青混合料的高温稳定性能、低温抗裂性能及水稳定性能变化规律进行了对比分析,结果表明：抗车辙剂的掺入可以有效改善沥青混合料的高温稳定性能,且掺量越大,效果越好;抗车辙剂的掺入对于沥青混合料的低温抗裂性能和水稳定性能同样具有改善效果,但掺量应控制在0.3%,超过0.3%的改善效果会有所降低;0.3%抗车辙剂掺量的沥青混合料在实际工程中应用效果良好,可显著提升路面抗车辙能力,各项指标均可满足规范设计要求。     

新型柴油型加氢裂化催化剂的研制

为实现科技自主及技术领先,提高现有原油资源的综合利用率,开发了新型QHC-D17柴油型加氢裂化催化剂。该催化剂以无定型硅铝、氧化铝和改性Y分子筛为载体组分,W-Ni为活性金属组分,采用浸渍法制备,可多产柴油兼产高品质尾油。成功对催化剂进行了工业放大生产实验。在中试试验装置上对该剂与国外同类先进催化剂进行了性能对比评价。结果表明,相比与国外催化剂,QHC-D17催化剂的反应活性和柴油选择性均较高,而且具有良好的稳定性,各液体产品的品质优良。     

LH-03柴油加氢改性催化剂的试生产和应用

介绍LH-03柴油加氢改性催化剂的工业试生产及首次工业应用。LH-03催化剂是以改性的γ-Al₂O₃为载体、以W、Mo和Ni为活性组分的柴油加氢改性催化剂。试验结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的制备重复性，较高的加氢脱硫、脱氮活性，较好的十六烷值改进性能，并且对原料具有良好的适应性。     

UV油墨的制备与性能优化

探讨了预聚物、单体、光引发剂、颜料等组分对UV油墨固化速度、附着力、耐抗性等性能的影响,应用正交实验设计方法对UV油墨各组分种类进行选择,对正交试验结果做极差分析及方差分析,结果表明：根据预先设计的组分比例,采用预聚物PQ611,单体A,光引发剂B,活性氨为加速剂,获得性能较好的UV油墨。     

乙醇柴油的微乳化研究

乙醇柴油的开发有助于缓和石油系燃料的供需矛盾,同时乙醇柴油的使用可以减轻汽车尾气对大气的污染。为提高乙醇柴油的稳定性,文章采用乳化与互溶法制备在一定温度范围内稳定存在的乙醇柴油微乳液,研究了不同表面活性剂和助溶剂对该体系的乳化和助溶效果,并探讨了温度对该体系的影响。在此基础上,对表面活性剂AEO-3与正庚醇的复配效果进行研究。     

Computer Modeling System of the Industrial Diesel Fuel Catalytic Dewaxing Process

An unsteady mathematical model and a computer modeling system of the diesel fuel catalytic dewaxing process (mild hydrocracking) were developed. The modeling system allows for calculating the optimal technological mode to produce low‐freezing diesel fuel with the required cold filter plugging point taking into account the feedstock composition and catalyst activity. The modeling system consists of the main blocks: database, knowledge base, unsteady mathematical model of the diesel fuel catalytic dewaxing process, and application program package. Using the developed computer modeling system, the influence of the feedstock composition and flow rate as well as of the catalyst activity on the cold filter plugging point and the yield of diesel fuel is demonstrated.     

Thermal Evaluation of Diesel/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Blend

Thermal properties of fossil fuel are the key fundamental characteristics, which can distinguish any compound as a potential fuel. The performance of diesel fuel blend along with stability and solubility parameter designs are evaluated. The results from the experimental study indicate that the increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) amount enhances the cetane number of diesel fuel blend significantly. However, the calorific value decreases as compared to pure diesel fuel. All values performed well according to the ASTM D‐975 diesel testing method. The thermodynamics of the prepared fuel blends also revealed that substantial solubility and diesel/H₂O₂ blend stability are provided even at lower temperatures. Such blends can be used as a feasible replacement of pure diesel fuel.     

Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant

The use of biodiesel as a substitute for petroleum-based diesel has become of great interest for the reasons of combating the destruction of the environment, the price of petroleum-based diesel and dependency on foreign energy sources. But for practical feasibility of biodiesel, antioxidants are added to increase the oxidation stability during long term storage. It is quite possible that these additives may affect the clean burning characteristics of biodiesel. This study investigated the experimental effects of antioxidants on the oxidation stability, engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a four cylinder turbocharged direct injection (TDI) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel from croton megalocarpus oil. The three synthetic antioxidants evaluated its effectiveness on oxidation stability of croton oil methyl ester (COME) were 1, 2, 3 tri-hydroxy benzene (Pyrogallol, PY), 3, 4, 5-tri hydroxy benzoic acid (Propyl Gallate, PG) and 2-tert butyl-4-methoxy phenol (Butylated Hydroxyanisole, BHA). The fuel sample tested in TDI diesel engine include pure croton biodiesel (B100), croton biodiesel dosed with 1000 ppm of an effective antioxidant (B100 + PY1000), B20 (20% croton biodiesel and 80% mineral diesel) and diesel fuel which was used as base fuel. The result showed that the effectiveness of the antioxidants was in the order of PY > PG > BHA. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of biodiesel fuel with antioxidants decreased more than that of biodiesel fuel without antioxidants, but both were higher than that of diesel. Antioxidants had few effects on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine running on biodiesel. Combustion characteristics in diesel engine were not influenced by the addition of antioxidants in biodiesel fuel. This study recommends PY and PG to be used for safeguarding biodiesel fuel from the effects of autoxidation during storage. Overall, the biodiesel derived from croton megalocarpus oil can be utilized as partial substitute for mineral diesel.     

Evaluation of the oxidation stability of diesel/biodiesel blends

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats and used frying oils. Due to its chemical structure, it is more susceptible to oxidation or autoxidation during long-term storage compared to petroleum diesel fuel. One of the major technical issues regarding the biodiesel blends with diesel fuel is the oxidation stability of the final blend, which is, nowadays, of particularly high concern due to the introduction of ultra low sulphur diesel, in most parts of the EU. This study examined the factors influencing the stability of several biodiesel blends with low and ultra low sulphur automotive diesel fuels. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the impact of biodiesel source material and biodiesel concentration in diesel fuel, on the stability of the final blend. Moreover, the effects of certain characteristics of the base diesels, such as sulphur content and the presence of cracked stocks, on the oxidation stability are discussed.     

Physical and chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

This paper discusses the physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel fuel blends. The attention is focused on the properties which influence the injection and engine characteristics significantly. Main properties have been investigated experimentally. The analysis of experimentally obtained fuel properties of tested fuels and their influence on engine characteristics are presented. Physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel and ethanol-diesel fuel blends were measured according to requirements and test methods for diesel fuel (EN590, 2003). The tested fuels were neat mineral diesel fuel (D100), 5% (v/v) ethanol/diesel fuel blend (E05D95), 10% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E10D90) and 15% (v/v) ethanol-diesel fuel blend (E15D85). It has been proved that, for ethanol-diesel fuel blends, some additives are necessary to keep stability under low temperature conditions. Also, cold weather properties test, such as cloud point and pour point tests are negatively affected by phase separation. The rest of the properties, excepting flash point, were within diesel fuel standard specifications. Based on this study, it can be concluded that using additives to avoid phase separation and to raise flash point, blends of diesel fuel with ethanol up to 15% can be used to fuel diesel engines if engine performance tests corroborate it.     

Stability of diesel–bioethanol blends for use in diesel engines

Bioethanol is an attractive fuel due to its renewable origin and its oxygen content, but it is unable to be used directly in diesel engines. Although biodiesel can be produced with bioethanol through ethanolisis, direct blending of ethanol and diesel fuel, called e-diesel, has at least the same potential to reduce particulate emissions, despite their much lower production cost. The main drawback is that ethanol is immiscible with diesel fuel over a wide range of temperatures, leading to phase separation. Consequently, in many cases the presence of a surfactant and cosolvent additive in the e-diesel blend becomes necessary. In this paper the conditions in which the e-diesel blends are stable have been studied. The stability of samples is affected by three factors mainly: temperature, water content and initial ethanol content. The results show that the presence of water in the blends, low temperatures and high ethanol contents favour the phase separation whereas the presence of the additive leads to the opposite effect. These effects have been quantified through level curve maps for stability and for separation time.     

制备工艺对微乳化柴油稳定性能的影响

为了考察制备工艺对微乳化柴油稳定性能的影响,采用单因素变化试验和正交试验设计安排试验,系统分析了制备微乳化柴油时的温度、搅拌速度、搅拌方式、试剂的添加顺序以及各工序搅拌时间对其稳定性能的影响。结果表明:温度为25～35℃,搅拌速度为300～500r/m in,添加顺序为乳化剂和柴油先混合,再加入水,最后加入助乳剂,各工序搅拌时间均为5m in时所制备的微乳化柴油稳定性好。结论为制备微乳化柴油时温度、搅拌速度、搅拌时间以及添加顺序对其稳定性能影响较大,搅拌方式对其稳定性能影响较小。     

Experimental evaluation of DI diesel engine operating with diestrol at varying injection pressure and injection timing

The use of biodiesel as an alternative in a diesel engine for extended period causes several engine operating problems such as injector coking, piston ring sticking, unfavorable pumping and spray characteristics due to the high viscosity of biodiesel compared to conventional diesel. In this study, a blend of 30% waste cooking palm oil (WCO) methyl ester, 60% diesel and 10% ethanol was selected based on stability test conducted and named as diestrol. The effect of diestrol fuel on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine at varying injection pressure and timing was studied through experimental investigation. Maximum brake thermal efficiency of 31.3% was obtained at an injection pressure of 240 bar and injection timing of 25.5° bTDC. Compared to diesel, diestrol fuel showed reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and smoke emission by 33%, 6.3% and 27.3% respectively. Diestrol fuel decreased nitric oxide (NO) emission by 4.3%, while slight increase in the levels of unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC) was observed. Diestrol fuel exhibited higher cylinder gas pressure and heat release rate compared to diesel. Minimum ignition delay of 12.7° CA was observed with diestrol fuel which was similar to diesel at same operating condition.     

Formulation of Canola-Diesel Microemulsion Fuels and Their Selective Diesel Engine Performance

Vegetable oils have been considered as an alternative to diesel fuel due to their comparable properties and performance. However, the high viscosity of vegetable oil causes engine durability problems with long-term usage. Vegetable oil viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel fuel in thermodynamically stable mixtures using microemulsion fuel formulation techniques. This work focuses on the formulation of microemulsion fuels comprising diesel fuel and canola oil as the oil phase with ethanol and sec-butanol as viscosity reducers as well as 1-octanol and oleyl amine as surfactant/cosurfactant. Selective tests on an instrumented diesel engine were performed for formulated microemulsion fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel for comparison. The results show that formulated microemulsion fuels have fuel properties that meet the ASTM requirements for viscosity, cloud point, and pour point for biodiesel. Even more important, they have phase stability over a wide range of temperatures (−10 to 70 °C). Although all of the microemulsion fuels showed higher fuel consumption than diesel fuel, some of the microemulsion fuels had significantly reduced CO and NO_x emissions as well as reduced particulates when compared to baseline diesel fuel. The research demonstrates the potential of these microemulsion fuels as alternative to neat diesel fuel.