化工生产脱盐废水综合回收利用技术总结

介绍了全膜法脱盐废水综合回收利用技术的技术原理和生产运行情况。通过全膜法处理脱盐废水,保证了水资源有效利用,使企业清洁化生产,达到了污水超低排放的目标。     

稠油污水回用于热采锅炉中试研究

对胜利油田陈庄稠油污水回用于热采锅炉进行了现场中试研究,确定了工艺流程和设计参数,并对除油、除SS、脱盐等工艺进行了分析讨论。结果表明,采用以生物除油为基础,结合沉淀、絮凝、过滤、超滤、反渗透脱盐的技术路线对稠油污水进行处理,处理后出水水质达到热采锅炉给水水质标准的要求。将该项技术应用于油田污水资源化利用,可取得明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

基于机械蒸汽压缩蒸发的油田污水脱盐系统及分析

针对油田污水污染物成分复杂、污染性强不适合膜法脱盐的特点,提出用机械蒸汽压缩蒸发（MVC）技术对油田污水进行脱盐处理的技术方案。建立了基于MVC的油田污水脱盐系统的工艺流程设计计算模型,系统分析了降膜蒸发器传热温差、油田污水温度和蒸发温度的影响。结果表明：传热温差是影响系统装置规模和运行电耗的控制因素,减小传热温差可以明显降低压缩机比电耗,付出的代价是系统比传热面积的增大;MVC系统的热力完善度高,无废热排放,油田污水温度越高,系统比传热面积减小;在其他条件允许的条件下,提高系统的运行温度有利于改善系统的性能。     

压力驱动及电驱动膜法水软化技术研究现状与展望

水的软化处理是将硬水中的Ca、Mg等可溶性盐除去的过程,是脱盐及盐资源化工序的工程化运行和饮用水安全保障过程中至关重要的一环。本文介绍了以分盐型纳滤为代表的压力驱动膜过程和以选择性电渗析为代表的电驱动膜过程在水软化中的基本原理,综述了相关工艺应用于水软化过程的技术研究进展,详细分析了多种膜法水软化系统的技术特点和优劣势,对分盐型纳滤与选择性电渗析进行了对比,并对未来膜法水软化技术的可能研究方向进行了展望。     

全膜法水处理工艺在制药行业中的应用

全膜法水处理工艺是将"超滤—反渗透—EDI"三种膜分离的技术相组合,达到高效去除污染物以及深度脱盐的目的,以制备高纯水。该工艺可代替原有离子交换树脂脱盐工艺,为制药行业制备符合要求的纯水,且相比旧工艺具有系统运行稳定、对环境污染小、全自动运行、可靠性强等优点,实现高性能、高效率、低成本的处理效果。以实际应用的长期运行数据来验证全膜法应用在制药行业的可行性及优势。     

脱盐处理装置顺控方案设计

该脱盐处理装置是在原污水深度处理的基础上对污水厂出水进行进一步脱盐处理,采用多介质过滤器+超滤+反渗透处理工艺。介绍了主要工艺系统的装置规模、流程特点、滤料组成和操作要求;进行了脱盐处理装置顺控方案设计;实际生产运行效果表明,各项工艺指标均达到设计要求。     

基于热力蒸汽压缩蒸发的油田污水淡化系统及分析

针对油田污水污染物成分复杂、污染性强不适合膜法脱盐的特点和淡水消耗与余热资源共存的实际,提出用热力蒸汽压缩（TVC）蒸发技术对油田污水进行集中脱盐处理的技术方案。建立了基于TVC的油田污水脱盐系统的工艺流程设计计算模型,系统分析了蒸发温度等主要运行参数的影响。结果表明：系统性能系数随蒸发温度的降低而增大,降低蒸发温度有助于减少主蒸汽消耗,但所付出的代价是总传热面积和污水泵流量的增大;TVC系统的热力学完善度相对较低,与多效蒸发系统联合使用是改善系统性能的基本途径之一。尽管如此,对于油田生产来说,当存在合适的余热资源时,简单的单效TVC系统仍不失为合理的技术方案。     

重质原油电脱盐污水深度处理中试研究

重质原油电脱盐污水生化性差、油含量高,采用双膜法对其进行深度处理时对预处理工艺要求高,同时膜过滤产生的浓水的处理也是后续处理的一大难题.中试采用自主研发的催化氧化工艺对浓水进行处理试验.结果表明:活性炭过滤+纤维束过滤或臭氧催化氧化预处理工艺均满足膜对污染物的控制要求;双膜系统运行稳定,浓水处理后达到国家一级排放标准,...     

膜法沼气纯化系统的技术经济分析

针对我国主要的10万t污水处理厂100 m~3/h的沼气,利用Matlab进行了二段膜法纯化系统的设计,并用运行生产能力指数法进行了技术经济分析。结果表明,100 m~3/h的二段膜法沼气纯化系统总投资费用为84.9万元,年运行费用为34.8万元,单位处理能力投资为8 500元/(m~3·h),单位沼气处理成本为0.35元/m~3。膜组件和压缩机费用为最主要的投资成本,压缩机电耗为最主要的运行成本。处理规模从100 m~3/h提高到1 000 m~3/h时,膜系统的单位处理能力投资和单位处理成本均显著下降。操作压力增高,膜使用面积显著降低,但压缩机费用增大,功耗增加。     

浅谈“双膜法”和“电吸附”在生活污水深度处理运行对比

在对比"双膜法"和"电吸附"工艺的基础上,总结了"双膜法"和"电吸附"在常州市某生活污水处理厂的中试情况,并对"双膜法"和"电吸附"在生活污水深度处理中的运行情况进行了对比。     

LTE desalination utilizing waste heat from a nuclear research reactor

Nuclear reactors produce significant amounts of low-quality waste heat which can be utilized for producing high-quality water from seawater by coupling a low-temperature evaporation (LTE) desalination unit. Salient features of the desalination plant, the nuclear research reactor and the waste heat utilization from the reactor are discussed. The scheme of integrating desalination plants with the nuclear research reactors is also presented. This LTE desalination plant utilizing waste heat from a nuclear research reactor will be the first of its kind while demonstrating the safety and economics of nuclear desalination technology as a viable alternative to producing demineralised water from seawater.     

膜分离技术在造纸工业废水回用中的应用

造纸工业是我国水资源消耗大户,造纸废水水量大、有机物含量高、造成的环境污染影响大,对造纸废水治理在全世界范围内都在关注废水回用,提高水循环利用率,减少水资源消耗和废水排放污染。膜分离技术是在一定压力下进行混合液分离的技术,近年来膜分离技术快速发展,在海水淡化、化工、食晶、医药、电子等工业废水处理中应用较多,本文对膜分离技术在国内外造纸工业废水回用中的应用研究进行了介绍,并对膜分离技术在造纸工业废水回用的研究方向进行了论述。     

膜蒸馏海水淡化研究进展及发展趋势

海水淡化是解决我国水资源短缺的重要措施之一。膜蒸馏海水淡化技术可以充分利用太阳能等低品位热源，具有成本低、设备简单、操作容易、能耗低等优点，在海水及苦咸水淡化方面应用前景广阔。     

The application of membrane technology for reuse of process water and minimisation of waste water in a textile washing range

Recycling of process streams and reduction of waste disposal using membrane technology in a continuous textile washing process after dyeing with reactive dyes have been investigated theoretically. A mathematical process model of a conventional open-width washing range has been extended by membrane processes to determine the benefits and limitations of the modified washing processes. The concentrations of hydrolysed reactive dyes, sodium chloride, urea and caustic soda have been calculated with this process model. Reverse osmosis for desalination and decolourising and nanofiltration for decolourising have been implemented as membrane technology. Reusing filtered wash water in a previous wash step results in more water saving than recycling to the same wash step according to the process calculations. The total fresh water demand can be reduced by 70% and the total waste water volume by 90% compared with the conventional process. Greater reduction of fresh water use is limited by the osmotic pressure difference between the retentate an permeate streams.     

电渗析苦咸水淡化技术研究进展

电渗析苦咸水淡化技术具有脱盐效果好、成本较低、绿色环保等优点,但存在制膜工艺繁琐、传质模型不够精确、能效有待提升等问题。本文首先分析了苦咸水电渗析用离子交换膜的制备及改性方法,对膜材料存在的问题进行了探讨。综述对比了苦咸水电渗析在简化模型、理论模型、半经验模型方面的原理及最新进展,系统总结了常规苦咸水电渗析过程的运行方式和工艺优化策略,并进一步介绍了以新型电去离子、冲击电渗析、可再生能源驱动电渗析为代表的新型电渗析过程在苦咸水淡化方面的原理及应用。在此基础上,提出了今后的研究方向集中于降低制膜成本、优化传质模型、探究集成膜法淡化工艺以及新型电渗析过程等方面。     

Potential of heat pipe technology in nuclear seawater desalination

Heat pipe technology may play a decisive role in improving the overall economics, and public perception on nuclear desalination, specifically on seawater desalination. When coupled to the Low-Temperature Multi-Effect Distillation process, heat pipes could effectively harness most of the waste heat generated in various types of nuclear power reactors. Indeed, the potential application of heat pipes could be seen as a viable option to nuclear seawater desalination where the efficiency to harness waste heat might not only be enhanced to produce larger quantities of potable water, but also to reduce the environmental impact of nuclear desalination process. Furthermore, the use of heat pipe-based heat recovery systems in desalination plant may improve the overall thermodynamics of the desalination process, as well as help to ensure that the product water is free from any contamination which occur under normal process, thus preventing operational failure occurrences as this would add an extra loop preventing direct contact between radiation and the produced water. In this paper, a new concept for nuclear desalination system based on heat pipe technology is introduced and the anticipated reduction in the tritium level resulting from the use of heat pipe systems is discussed.     

An industrial perspective on membrane distillation processes

Process intensification has led to significant developments in both distillation and membrane technology. Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging technology for fluid separations that are typically performed by conventional separation processes, such as distillation or reverse osmosis (e.g. water desalination, or water removal). Compared with other membrane technologies, the driving force in MD is the difference in vapor pressure across the hydrophobic membrane, rather than the total pressure. MD can be a cost effective separation process, especially when more sustainable alternative sources of energy (e.g. geothermal and solar) or waste heat sources are used. Many review papers on MD are available in the open literature, but most of them focus on the membrane characteristics (e.g. material aspects). This industrial perspective paper assesses the MD technology and reports on relevant issues by offering a concise overview of MD technology, addressing different MD configurations, current major applications, operating parameters and their effect on the MD process, commercially available membranes, as well as cost estimations to determine the feasibility of MD processes. While successfully applied in desalination and a few other niche applications, MD has failed to make a strong industrial impact in other areas still dominated by distillation. A key message is that membrane distillation is still a growing technology for separation and purification processes, but it needs further exploration and optimization to become a mature technology applicable to more industrial processes in the chemical process industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Progress and trends in hydrate based desalination (HBD) technology: A review

The shortage of freshwater boosts the development of seawater desalination technology. As a novel method, the hydrate based desalination technology has been put forward for decades and achieved considerable development in the past years. This review focuses on the experimental progress at the aspects of the hydrate former choice, formation promotion and ion removal efficiency and conceptive innovation of hydrate separation and energy utilization. It should be noted that gaseous hydrate former with low formation pressure and insoluble liquid hydrate former are worthy for further study. Besides, the water migration caused by propane deserves to be investigated much more deeply for the potential value of wide application. Moreover, the utilization proposal of LNG cold energy brings more possibility of commercial application. In a word, the hydrate based desalination technology is hopefully an environment friendly, low-cost and widely used desalination technology in the near future.