热镀锌层柠檬酸改进型铈盐转化膜的生长机理

将热镀锌钢板浸入含有25 g/L Ce(NO3)3·6H2O、4~6 g/L H2O2(30%)、15~20 g/L H3Cit的处理液中,在70℃下处理10 s~240 min,从而在其表面获得铈盐转化膜。采用中性盐雾试验(NSS)和电化学极化曲线来分析膜层耐蚀性能,确定最佳成膜时间范围。采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察膜层的微观形貌,利用能谱仪(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、红外吸收光谱仪(IR)分析膜层的化学组成。结果表明:处理时间为10 min左右的铈盐转化膜耐腐蚀性能最优,最佳工艺条件下得到的铈盐转化膜的耐蚀性能与铬酸盐转化膜的相当;随着处理时间的延长,膜的厚度增加,膜层的裂纹变宽;处理时间超过10 min后膜层逐步产生脱落,耐腐蚀性能也随之降低;转化膜的生长过程中,前期以柠檬酸铈吸附膜的沉积为主,后期以Ce(OH)3/Ce2O3及Ce(OH)4/CeO2的沉积占主导。     

热镀锌钢表面铈转化膜的表征与腐蚀电化学行为

将热镀锌钢在20 g/L Ce(NO3)·6H2O溶液(pH=4,25℃)中处理10s~24 h,获得铈转化膜试样.应用极化曲线和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)研究铈转化膜试样和空白热镀锌试样在5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性能.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究转化膜的形貌和组分.结果表明:经硝酸铈溶液处理后的镀锌钢板,其腐蚀电流密度下降,极化电阻升高,同时,锌腐蚀过程中的阳极和阴极反应受到抑制,腐蚀保护效率显著提高;低频阻抗值随成膜时间的增加而先增大后减小,表明腐蚀电解质在转化膜层孔隙中扩散的难易程度先增加后下降;当成膜时间在30 min～1 h之间时,所得转化膜的阻抗值最大可达8~9 kΩ·cm2,耐蚀性最佳.铈转化膜随处理时间的增加首先在锌晶粒晶界附近发生开裂,逐渐形成"干涸的河床"样形貌.铈转化膜含铈、锌、氧等元素,主要由CeO2、Ce(OH)4(或CeO2·2H2O)、ZnO和少量Ce2O3、Ce(OH)3(或Ce2O3·2H2O)等混合组成.     

热浸镀锌层表面钛盐转化处理的研究

研究一种热浸镀锌层钛盐化学转化处理技术,分析了钛盐溶液各成分及工艺参数对热镀锌层表面转化膜形成及耐蚀性能的影响,对钛盐转化膜层的表面形貌和元素组成进行了表征,分析了钛盐转化液的稳定性。结果表明:采用含TiOSO40.9g/L,C2H2O42.5g/L,磷化合物3.0g/L的转化液,在pH=1.3,温度25℃的条件下处理热浸锌试片5min,获得的试片防腐性能良好,盐雾实验时间达160h;用C2H2O4替代H2O2,可大大提高钝化液的稳定性。     

镁锂合金无铬转化膜的制备工艺研究

利用无铬化学转化技术来提高Mg-10Li-1Zn合金的抗腐蚀性能。采用磷酸盐-高锰酸盐转化液，在合金表面形成一层均匀的化学转化膜。用正交试验优选了转化液组分含量、温度及时间等工艺参数，并进一步分析了该无铬转化膜的显微结构。结果表明，此转化膜的最佳工艺条件是KH2PO4为50g／L，KMnO4为40g／L，成膜温度为55℃，成膜时间为20min。EDX测试结果显示，该转化膜主要由P、Mn、K、Mg和O元素构成。动电位极化曲线结果表明，与传统的铬酸盐转化膜相比，该磷酸盐-高锰酸盐转化膜能够对Mg-10Li-1Zn合金提供更好的腐蚀防护。     

水轮机用6063铝型材的表面转化膜制备与表征

采用化学浸泡法在水轮机用6063铝型材表面制备化学转化膜,研究了Ce(NO_3)_3浓度、KMn O_4浓度、成膜时间和p H值对表面转化膜层耐点滴腐蚀时间和膜厚的影响,并研究了转化膜层的耐腐蚀性能和形貌,得到了适宜的转化膜制备工艺。结果表明,水轮机用6063铝型材表面转化膜的最佳成膜时间为30 min,Ce(NO_3)_3和KMn O_4浓度分别为10 g/L和2 g/L,p H值为2。最佳成膜工艺下的转化膜的耐腐蚀性能相对6063合金基材有明显提高。     

AZ91镁合金表面铈基稀土转化膜的制备及腐蚀电化学行为

考察了铈盐溶液中的AZ91镁合金电化学行为,包括开路电位,阴、阳极极化行为等,并据此开展了Ce(NO3)3为主盐的稀土盐转化膜研究,在AZ91镁合金表面形成无毒、无污染的铈盐化学转化膜,并研究成膜规律及其耐蚀行为.采用电化学阻抗谱技术优化了处理时间、温度、Ce(NO3)3液浓度和促进剂等因素对膜层结构和膜层耐蚀性能的影响,并获得了最好的成膜条件:处理温度为35℃,时间为30 min,主盐Ce(NO3)3的浓度为0.02 mol/L和促进剂H2O2浓度为4 mL/L.结果表明:采用优化后的工艺能够在AZ91镁合金表面获得宏观黄色致密、微观具有微小裂纹并分层的膜层,表层Ce含量较高.工艺优化制备的稀土化学转化膜能有效提高镁合金的耐蚀性能,有效抑制阴、阳极反应,自腐蚀电位提高250 mV,自腐蚀电流密度降低2个数量级.长期全浸实验结果表明,转化膜能有效提高镁合金的耐腐蚀性能,浸泡60 h后,保护性大大降低.     

6063铝合金中性无铬转化膜制备及膜层性能分析

目的 提高铝合金微小器件的耐蚀性,开发一种条件温和可控的转化膜成膜工艺。方法 采用中性无铬转化工艺,在6063铝合金表面制备转化膜。通过研究NaF、NH₄HF₂、KMnO₄、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和没食子酸等几种添加剂对转化膜外观与耐蚀性的影响,确定NH₄HF₂为最佳添加剂。采用电化学方法分析膜层的耐蚀性,用SEM和EDS分析表面形貌及元素组成,并采用XRD和XPS表征膜层晶态结构和化合物组成。基于检测结果,简要分析转化膜的成膜过程。结果 最终得到了中性转化处理的最佳成膜工艺为EDTA-2Na 8.0 g/L,单宁酸1.0 g/L,Na₂WO₄ 6.0 g/L,H2Zr F6 4.0 g/L,NH₄HF₂ 3.0 g/L,p H 6.6,成膜温度为30℃,成膜时间为15 min。该工艺所制备的转化膜外观致密均匀,颜色为浅黄色。电化学测试结果表明,转化膜具有良好耐蚀性,自腐蚀电流密度由基体铝...     

铝活塞顶面宽温快速陶瓷化处理工艺研究

试验研究了一种在大脉冲电流密度下对铝活塞顶面宽温快速处理的工艺,以w(H2SO4)=18%的H2SO4溶液为基础液,电流密度为5.5 A/dm2～8 A/dm2,温度范围为-5℃～20℃,氧化时间为0～60min,脉冲电源与冷却装置协同工作,生成的膜厚107μm,成膜速度约为1.78μm/min,经检测膜层质量稳定。     

AM60镁合金活化及对电镀效果的影响

对AM60镁合金轮毂材料进行了活化工艺研究,采用金相法、3.5%NaCl溶液浸泡试验、划格试验研究了AM60镁合金活化对电镀效果的影响.结果表明,三种活化工艺都是在去除镁合金基体表面的氧化膜和氢氧化膜后形成新的含微孔的保护性膜,控制浸锌和电镀的速度,得到质量更好的镀层.焦磷酸钾活化的效果最好,当K4P2O7·3H2O的浓度为120～200 g/L、Na2CO3为10～30 g/L、KF·2H2O为11 g/L时,电镀镍层耐蚀性好,结合力强.     

环保型电解质对镁合金氧化膜性能的影响

采用四因素三水平正交实验,系统研究硅酸钠（Na2SiO3）、植酸（C6H18O24P6）、碳酸钠（Na2CO3）和硼酸钠（Na2B4O7）对AZ91HP镁合金氧化膜性能的影响。结果表明,电解液组成和用量对氧化过程和氧化膜性能影响很大。影响氧化最终电压、氧化膜厚度和耐蚀性的因素从大到小依次分别为：C6H1O24P6〉Na2B4O7〉Na2SiO3〉Na2CO3、Na284O7〉Na2SiO3=Na2CO3〉C6H18O24P6和C6H18O24P6〉Na284O7〉Na2SiO3〉Na2CO3。最佳耐蚀性时的环保型工艺配方为：Na2SiO38g／L,C6H18O24P65g／L,Na2CO325g／L,Na284O710g／L,并且氧化膜层耐蚀性与厚度之间不存在简单的相关性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。