壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚对环境的影响

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEs）的代谢物，主要是壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚羧酸盐（NPEC1、NPEC2）和壬基酚（NP）。本文介绍了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEs）及其代谢物在环境中的生物降解能力和毒性，以及相关的评估方法OECD301B法（Sturm的修正方法）和OECD301F法（用压力计测量氧气消耗量的呼吸运动计量法）。认为壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在自然环境中可以高度生物降解、无明显积累，污水处理以后还在继续降解。因此对其控制使用和生产宜慎重，加强对于废水的处理是必要的。     

剩余污泥中赋存有机污染物的好氧和厌氧生物降解

综述了三类典型有机污染物,即多环芳香烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO)在污泥中的污染现状及其在好氧及厌氧两种条件下的降解转化规律,并分析了相关机理。对今后污泥中有机污染物的研究发展方向进行了展望,指出今后应重点研究微生物降解机理、筛选和分离高效降解微生物等,以利于后续污泥土地利用。     

光催化降解壬基酚聚氯乙烯醚的研究

研究了以悬浮态TiO2为催化剂，在H2O2存在的条件下，对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的光催化降解反应。分别考察了pH值、TiO2和H2O2的加入量、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明：在pH值为5，H2O2质量浓度为30mg／L的条件下，对初始质量浓度为50mg／L的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液光照4h后降解率达46．32％。     

不同农药助剂的初级生物降解性研究

以新型复配农药助剂——松脂基表面活性剂1号和2号以及传统农药助剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚、松香酸聚乙二醇酯和直链十二醇聚氧乙烯醚为目标物,通过实验考察了不同类型农药助剂的初级生物降解特性。8 d的生物降解实验结果表明,松脂基表面活性剂1号的初级生物降解度为79.1%,松脂基表面活性剂2号的初级生物降解度为82.4%,松香酸聚乙二醇酯的初级生物降解度为84.2%,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初级生物降解度为91.1%,直链十二醇聚氧乙烯醚的初级生物降解度大于99%。新型复配农药助剂的组成结构更为复杂,其初级生物降解度要低于直链醇类、酚类的聚氧乙烯醚及单一结构酸类的聚乙二醇酯等农药助剂。     

表面活性剂降解研究进展

简述了表面活性剂对环境的影响及其降解的发展概况，着重讨论了表面活性剂的各种生物降解的研究方法和特点，降解动力学，结构与降解性能间的关系，影响降解的环境因素及直链烷基苯磺酸盐（LAS），烷基硫酸盐（AS）等几类常见表面活性剂的生物降解机理。并对近年发展起来的表面活性剂光催化降解的研究方法，降解机理及降解动力学作了简要介绍。     

聚乙烯醇生物降解性研究

对中国石化集团四川维尼纶厂生产的聚乙烯醇（PVA）产品的生物降解性进行了全面的评价，对提高PVA的生物降解性的途径进行了探讨。研究还包括了对该厂污水、污泥中的微生物种类及其对PVA降解性的研究和生物降解环境的建立；对不同醛试剂和缩醛化程度的PVA的生物降解性的测定；对不同形态和结晶度的PVA的生物降解性的探讨等。     

光催化降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究

研究了以悬浮态TiO2为催化剂,在H2O2存在的条件下,对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的光催化降解反应。分别考察了pH值、TiO2和H2O2的加入量、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初始浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响。结果表明:在pH值为5,H2O2质量浓度为30mg/L的条件下,对初始质量浓度为50mg/L的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液光照4h后降解率达46.32%。     

环境中的二噁英及降解技术的研究

二噁英是一类毒性很强的有机氯化合物,已被联合国环境规划署列为持久性有机污染物和一级致癌物。文章简要介绍了二噁英及其对环境和人类健康的影响,并主要对光降解和生物降解进行了较为详尽的探讨,指出多种方法联合降解是今后的一个发展方向。     

壬基酚同分异构体生物降解性与其结构相关性

为分析壬基酚在环境中的积累行为,基于间歇活性污泥实验和质谱解析方法,结合环境水体中NP检测分析,研究了污水生物处理过程中壬基酚同分异构体的生物降解差异与壬基分支结构的相关性.结果表明,生物处理出水和活性污泥中有3种壬基酚异构体残留量显著高于其他异构体,生物降解性较差;壬基酚异构体的生物降解性与其壬基取代基的链长、支链大小和数目具有相关性.由于壬基取代基的分支程度差异,活性污泥对壬基酚不同异构体的降解具有选择性,壬基取代基的支链长、数量多时不利于生物降解,容易在环境中积累.     

附着态TiO2光催化降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究

采用Sol-Gel法制备TiO2薄膜.以该薄膜为催化剂,研究了在H2O2存在的条件下,对内分泌干扰物质壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的光催化降解反应.分别讨论了pH值、H2O2的加入量、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初始浓度、光照时间对降解反应的影响.结果表明在pH=5、30 mg·L-1的H2O2中对初始浓度为50 mg·L-1的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液光照4 h,有较好的降解效果.     

Occurrence and biodegradation of nonylphenol in the environment

Nonylphenol (NP) is an ultimate degradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE) that is primarily used in cleaning and industrial processes. Its widespread use has led to the wide existence of NP in various environmental matrices, such as water, sediment, air and soil. NP can be decreased by biodegradation through the action of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. Half-lives of biodegradation ranged from a few days to almost one hundred days. The degradation rate for NP was influenced by temperature, pH and additions of yeast extracts, surfactants, aluminum sulfate, acetate, pyruvate, lactate, manganese dioxide, ferric chloride, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, heavy metals, and phthalic acid esters. Although NP is present at low concentrations in the environment, as an endocrine disruptor the risks of long-term exposure to low concentrations remain largely unknown. This paper reviews the occurrence of NP in the environment and its aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation in natural environments and sewage treatment plants, which is essential for assessing the potential risk associated with low level exposure to NP and other endocrine disruptors.     

表面活性剂生物降解性能的研究进展

对表面活性剂的生物降解性能进行了全面概述。着重讨论了表面活性剂的降解性能测试方法、生物降解机理、降解动力学及用于量化分析可生物降解的同位素标记反应运移模型,并对各类表面活性剂结构与降解能力作了评价。最后,指出了我国表面活性剂生物降解度研究的发展方向。     

Synthesis and characterization of polyethoxylate surfactants derived from phenolic lipids

Polyethoxylates from cardanol and from cardol, the main component phenolic lipids in technical cashew nutshell liquid derived from the replenishable source Anacardium occidentale, were obtained by reaction with ethylene oxide under base-catalyzed conditions. Oligomeric mixtures resulted. In the cardanol series, the first six members of the mixture were independently synthesized for characterization purposes by a variety of reactions. The members in the oligomeric mixture were separated by HPLC, and the composition was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and by chromatography. These studies were preparatory to surfactant and biodegradation studies involving comparison with commercially available polyethoxylates derived from petrochemical nonylphenol.     

洗涤剂和化妆品中烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的检测进展

概述了壬基酚、辛基酚、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的性质、应用情况和安全性评价;简单介绍了国内外与洗涤用品中烷基酚和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚相关的法规和标准;综述了一些标准和论文中关于洗涤剂和化妆品中壬基酚、辛基酚、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚的检测方法,并对一些检测方法所采用的技术和注意事项进行了重点说明。     

甲基叔丁基醚的降解技术研究进展

随着汽油添加剂甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）的普及使用和用量增加,其对环境和人体的危害受到了人们的普遍重视。主要介绍了MTBE在污染环境中的检测分析方法和降解技术研究进展,包括：物理吸附和曝气吹除、化学降解、生物降解和植物修复技术。分析了各种技术的原理及特点后指出,化学和生物降解MTBE可以将其对环境的危害降低到最低限度,是在修复由MTBE污染的环境时优先考虑的处理技术。     

壳聚糖降解研究进展

壳聚糖已被广泛应用于化工、环保、医药等众多领域,将壳聚糖降解到需要的分子量是其应用的前提。本文介绍并评述了化学降解、物理降解和生物降解等壳聚糖降解方法的研究进展。     

Nonionic detergent degradation. II. Thin-layer chromatography and foaming properties of alkyl phenol polyethoxylates

In Part I of this series (1) a study of the degradation of a number of commercially available alcohol polyethoxylates is described. This paper describes the application of the same procedures to the less degradable class of alkyl phenol polyethoxylates. It appears that, for these materials, the rate and extent of degradation is dependent on the environment in which the degradation occurs. Experiments are described that were carried out under neutral and high pH conditions, but it may well be that other variations in the environment could influence the degradation rate. Slow degradation was observed under conditions comparable with those used for the alcohol polyethoxylates, for example, a common alkyl phenol 9-ethoxylate initially at a concentration of 5 mg per liter showed approximately 50% loss after six weeks. No degradation residues of the polyethylene glycol type and no additional acid degradation products of the types derived from the alcohol ethoxylates were observed. The only visual evidence of degradation was a retardation of the spots on the thin-layer plates, and it was most readily observed on chromatograms prepared so that they showed a resolved series of spots. In the course of some of the degradation experiments using sewage effluent as the medium, an increase in pH value was observed. Under these conditions the degradation of the alkyl phenol ethoxylate was much more rapid and complete than usual, and the resolved trace on the thin-layer plate showed a predominance of ethoxy groups near the top of the chromatogram. In this series of experiments, as in those described in Part I, the foaming capacity during degradation could be closely correlated with the results obtained by using the thin-layer chromatographic procedure.     

聚乙烯塑料的微生物降解

综述了近期聚乙烯(PE)微生物降解的研究进展,主要包括参与生物降解的微生物和实验表征方法,从中发现在降解能力测试中由于所用PE类型的不同和表征方法的误用等因素,造成无法对各类型降解菌的降解效率进行对比,最后,提出了对PE微生物降解的实验流程的改进建议和补充,为进一步研究PE的微生物降解特别是降解菌的高效性定义提供参考.