一株苯酚菌的鉴定及其降解特性研究

以苯酚为唯一碳源筛选分离纯化降解苯酚菌株;通过形态观察、16S rRNA序列分析对其进行初步鉴定,利用4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定菌株在不同温度、p H、及盐含量条件下的降酚能力。结果表明,筛选分离出的C3菌株为红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)细菌;菌株C3的最佳降酚温度为35℃、最佳p H值为8.0、最佳盐含量范围为0~2%,在最适宜条件下,菌株C3可在28 h内将600 mg/L苯酚完全降解,对浓度高达1000 mg/L的苯酚具有一定的降解能力。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌菌株SMC的间甲酚降解特性及动力学

针对高浓度间甲酚废水难降解的问题,通过筛选获得一株高效降解间甲酚的菌株,并进一步探究其对间甲酚的降解特性和降解动力学.本文从某焦化厂活性污泥中经过驯化、筛选分离得到一株以间甲酚为唯一碳源的高效降解菌株,对其进行16S rDNA分子鉴定;通过测定培养液中间甲酚的剩余浓度,考察在菌株对间甲酚的最佳降解条件;并采用Haldane模型来模拟菌株降解间甲酚的动力学行为.将分离得到的菌株命名为SMC,初步鉴定为Bacillus cereus;在pH值为7.5、温度为30℃、摇床转速为150r/min的最佳培养条件下,菌株SMC在48h内对浓度1600mg/L的间甲酚降解率达97.81%,对间甲酚最大耐受能力为1900mg/L;经过Haldane模型拟合后的动力学参数为μ_max=0.01252h^-1,K_S=34.58mg/L,K_i=479.5mg/L(R²=0.932).菌株SMC对间甲酚有较强的降解能力,在高效处理含酚废水方面具有一定的应用前景.     

柴油污染土壤烷烃降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

从某炼油厂柴油罐区污染土壤中分离筛选出优势柴油降解菌L12,并经过形态学观察、生理生化试验以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter.sp)。采用摇瓶实验研究了菌株L12对正十六烷的适宜降解条件,并考察了该菌对柴油的降解能力。结果表明,菌株L12最佳的培养初始pH为7、接种量为5%、摇床转速为150 r/min、培养温度为30℃,菌株可耐受正十六烷质量浓度高达5 000 mg/L。最优条件下培养7 d,该菌株对正十六烷的降解率高达90.33%,能将质量浓度为3 000 mg/L的柴油几乎完全降解,表明该菌具有良好的用于生物修复柴油污染土壤的潜力。     

一株耐盐菌在长链二元酸废水处理中的应用

从某企业生化污泥中筛选并分离出一株耐盐菌株GXNYJ-12,经鉴定为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.)。该菌株可在0～25%盐度下有效降解苯酚,且具有较强耐受S2-毒性的能力,单因素试验显示其最适pH为8,最适温度为30℃。深入研究表明,该菌株可有效降解COD 8 132 mg/L、硫酸盐质量浓度28 000 mg/L、含盐量42 000 mg/L的长链二元酸酸化废水,在氮源投加质量浓度200 mg/L条件下,经96 h好氧生化,其COD可降至500 mg/L以下,满足进入市政等二级污水处理场要求。GC-MS分析显示该菌株能降解二元酸废水中绝大部分有机物,具有良好应用价值。     

几种降酚菌的降酚效果比较

从土壤中分离出五株能够降解苯酚的菌株,通过研究其对苯酚的降解作用,结果表明,在相同条件下,五种菌株降解速率依次为无色杆菌罗斯特杆菌红串球菌苍白杆菌纤维微球菌;中性偏碱性的环境(pH值7.0~9.0)有利于纤维微球菌的生长和对苯酚的降解。其余四种菌种适合在pH值为6.0~8.0范围内生长和降解苯酚。对于200mg/L的苯酚浓度,单独使用无色杆菌与使用含有无色杆菌与纤维微球菌的混合菌相比,菌株生长更慢,降解速度减慢;对于600mg/L的苯酚浓度,额外加入纤维微球菌对苯酚的降解几乎不起作用。     

低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌筛选及硝化特性

针对生物法处理低C/N比废水存在碳源不足、脱氮效率不高问题,从石化废水处理厂活性污泥中分离得到一株低C/N比异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株WUST-7。通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。通过单因素实验,考察碳源种类、培养温度、初始pH和摇床转速对菌株硝化性能的影响,确定最优异养硝化培养条件为：丁二酸钠为碳源、培养温度30～35℃、初始pH8.0～9.0、摇床转速150～200r/min。在最优异养硝化条件下培养9h,可将初始浓度为107.52mg/L的氨氮去除90.64%,并且在整个培养过程中没有亚硝酸盐氮的积累,硝酸盐氮含量也始终低于3.5mg/L,总氮的去除率达88.63%。实验结果表明,菌株WUST-7在利用氨氮进行硝化反应的同时,还可以利用硝酸盐氮进行反硝化,具有良好的同步硝化反硝化潜能。     

假单胞菌QLD-9的分离鉴定及其对喹啉的生物降解

[方法]采用富集培养法从受杂环类污染的土壤中分离喹啉降解菌株。[结果]分离得到1株以喹啉为唯一氮源、葡萄糖为碳源生长的QLD-9菌株,经16S rDNA鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.),该菌株能在48 h内将300 mg/L的喹啉降解99.9%以上,对600 mg/L以内喹啉具有良好的降解效果。[结论]QLD-9菌株对环境中喹啉的生物修复具有很好的应用潜力。     

源于SBR池的短程反硝化聚磷菌的鉴定及培养基优化

利用序批式反应器(SBR)富集短程反硝化聚磷菌,并对其进行分离纯化及鉴定,同时采用计算机响应面方法进行培养基的优化。结果表明:SBR系统中分离纯化得到菌株Si,细菌形态观察、生理生化指标和16S rDNA系统发育树表明Si菌与Acinetobacter beijerinckii最相似,同时生理生化指标显示Si菌具有短程反硝化和聚磷功能,因此Acinetobacter beijerinckii是短程反硝化聚磷菌;影响Si生长的关键因素次序为pH值≈碳源氮源;Si菌最佳培养基中碳源为4060mg/L,氮源为1090mg/L,pH值为8,此时菌浊平均值为0.867。     

高效脱氮菌株的筛选、鉴定及氨氮降解特性的研究

降低氨氮是水污染治理或污水处理的重要指标之一,微生物脱氮是非常环保有效的方法。本文从活性污泥中分离筛选出多株具有很强脱氮能力的微生物,其中活性最强的一株菌A2初步鉴定属于Comamonas属,属于一株肠杆菌。对菌株A2进行了生长和生物脱氮能力的系统研究,考察了不同氨氮浓度对生物脱氮效果的影响,结果表明:A2具有高效去除氨氮的能力,当培养基中氨氮浓度为100 mg/L、200 mg/L、300 mg/L、400 mg/L时,脱氮率分别为97%,88%,82%,79%。     

好氧反硝化菌在含硫酸盐废水中的脱氮性能研究

考察了不同硫酸盐浓度对好氧反硝化菌铜绿假单胞菌CP1反硝化过程的影响。结果表明,随着硫酸盐浓度的增加,菌株CP1反硝化时间逐渐缩短,脱氮速率加快,硫酸盐为300 mg/L,菌株CP1获得最优的脱氮效果;当硫酸盐增加到750 mg/L时,反硝化时间大大延长,脱氮速率降低。在硫酸盐为450 mg/L时,菌株获得最大的脱氮速率,可达到48.83 mg/(L·h)。在0~1 200 mg/L硫酸盐质量浓度范围内,出水均无NO2--N累积。硫酸盐含量在整个反硝化过程中无明显变化。     

壳聚糖超细纤维的制备及其铬离子吸附性能研究

利用静电纺丝和热交联技术,制备了良好形貌的交联壳聚糖/聚甲基丙烯酸(CS/PMAA)纤维膜,然后采用正丙醛化学改性得到改性CS/PMAA纤维膜。Cr(Ⅵ)离子吸附实验发现,铬元素浓度为6.50 mg/L时,CS/PMAA纤维膜的吸附量可以达到4.98 mg/g;而当铬元素浓度为3.75 mg/L时,铬的去除率可以达到81.0%;而且提高壳聚糖的含量有利于提高CS/PMAA纤维膜的吸附性能。改性CS/PMAA纤维膜吸附结果显示,正丙醛改性CS/PMAA纤维膜降低吸附性能,而进一步还原后的纤维膜的吸附性能优于未改性CS/PMAA纤维膜。实验结果表明,CS/PMAA纤维膜对铬离子具有良好的吸附性能;CS/PMAA纤维膜的吸附性能主要通过纤维氨基与Cr2O72-的相互作用进行,提高氨基的碱性和数量有利于提高纤维膜的吸附性能。     

Orange juice residues as dietary fiber source for foods

Food snacks using powdered residues from the orange juice industry as a source of dietary fiber were formulated. Six formulations utilizing powdered orange residues with three different moisture levels (25%, 15% and 10%) were elaborated. There were used two basic blends. The first one was 33.3% of orange dry powder, 33.3% of honey, 16.6% of roasted peanut, 16.6% of raisins; the second one was 28.6% of orange powder, 35.7% of honey, 17.85% of roasted peanut, 17.85% of raisins. Snacks had spherical shape with 2.5 cm diameter and a weight close to 10g. The snack moisture was between 12.6 and 17.4%, and their aw between 0.65 and 0.71. The snack chemical composition, on dry matter basis, was 1.6 and 1.9% of ash; 12.3 and 15.2% of lipids; 6.1 and 7.1% of proteins; and 56.2 to 59.6% of carbohydrates; the caloric contribution (calculated) was between 326.8 and 342.9 kcal/100g. The powdered orange residue had 64% of total dietary fiber, 54% of insoluble dietary fiber and 10% of soluble dietary fiber. In the snack the fiber amount fluctuated between 20 and 26% of total dietary fiber; 18 and 22% of insoluble dietary fiber, and 3.0 and 4.5% of soluble dietary fiber. The snack with the higher content of orange residue presented the higher content of dietary fiber. The snacks were well accepted by a sensory panel, without showing differences among treatments.     

微乳液型反相破乳剂的研制及应用

研制了对反相原油乳状液兼有良好清水和快速脱水作用的微乳液型破乳剂,并将其应用于大庆油田喇Ⅱ-1联合站的原油脱水和采出水处理中。在喇Ⅱ-1联合站原有的一段游离水脱除加二段电脱水原油脱水工艺和一级沉降加一级纤维球过滤采出水处理工艺不变的情况下,在采出液中投加15mg/L研制的反相原油乳状液破乳剂后,游离水脱除器放水的平均含油量由投加微乳液型破乳剂前的2004·5mg/L降低到442·8mg/L,处理后采出水的平均含油量由投加微乳液型破乳剂前的31·2mg/L降低到4·1mg/L,药剂费用为0·14元/m3。     

Fenton氧化与SBMBR组合工艺处理腈纶废水

对腈纶废水进行Fenton氧化预处理后,运用序批式膜生物反应器进行处理。腈纶废水进水COD平均为1259mg/L;NH4 -N质量浓度平均为57.67 mg/L,经过本工艺处理后,最终出水COD平均仅为76.88 mg/L,其去除率平均达93.89%;出水NH4 -N质量浓度平均为2.57 mg/L,其平均去除率95.54%;出水SS、氰化物、硫氰化物、硫化物等有毒有害物质均低于国家排放标准。再用高浓度腈纶聚合废水对本套工艺进行冲击试验,发现对难降解的腈纶聚合废水也具有很好的处理效果,出水的COD与NH4 -N质量浓度平均为160.66 mg/L和3.16 mg/L,去除率平均达91.86%与92.03%。     

玉米秸秆工业化生产纤维素板的工艺研究

介绍利用玉米秸秆生产纤维素板的新型工艺,相比传统生物制浆、湿法纤维板有较大的优势,可充分提取秸秆中纤维素,产品纤维含量超过90%,达到资源的有效利用。本工艺中产生的废水不外排,通过五效蒸发装置浓缩处理后全部回收用于生产,可产生副产品乙醇和有机肥料。经收集处理后的废水水质为COD<50mg/L、SS<10mg/L,满足纤维板生产工艺用水要求。从清洁生产的角度,本工艺不产生传统意义上的废水,工艺用水循环使用,不外排,避免了对环境的污染。     

膜萃取去除水中对氨基苯磺酸的研究

以特定混合物 (2 0 %TOA 30 %辛醇 50 %煤油 ) -对氨基苯磺酸 -水为实验体系 ,应用中空纤维膜萃取技术处理含对氨基苯磺酸的水溶液。研究了两相流速、溶液pH、初始浓度对传质性能的影响。结果表明 ,传质由水相侧阻力控制 ,在相比(有机相 /水相 )较小的情况下 ,可使初始质量浓度为 1 0 0 0mg/L的溶液降至 30mg/L ,证明了中空纤维萃取去除水中对氨基苯磺酸的高效性。     

Bioactive Constituents from “Triguero” Asparagus Improve the Plasma Lipid Profile and Liver Antioxidant Status in Hypercholesterolemic Rats

We have previously shown that the Andalusian-cultivated Asparagus officinalis L. “triguero” variety produces hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects on rats. This asparagus is a rich source of phytochemicals although we hypothesized there would be some of them more involved in these functional properties. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of asparagus (500 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) and their partially purified fractions in flavonoids (50 mg/kg bw/day), saponins (5 mg/kg bw/day) and dietary fiber (500 mg/kg bw/day) on oxidative status and on lipid profile in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. After 5 weeks treatment, plasma lipid values, hepatic enzyme activities and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured. With the exception of the saponin fraction (SF), the administration of lyophilized asparagus (LA), fiber fraction (FF), and flavonoid fraction (FVF) to hypercholesterolemic rats produced a significant hypolipidemic effect compare to a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). In addition, the LA and FVF groups exhibited a significant increase in enzyme activity from multiple hepatic antioxidant systems including: superoxide dismutase, catalase, and gluthatione reductase/peroxidase as well as a decrease in MDA concentrations compared to HCD group. These results demonstrate that “triguero” asparagus possesses bioactive constituents, especially dietary fiber and flavonoids, that improve the plasma lipid profile and prevent hepatic oxidative damage under conditions of hypercholesterolemia.     

Ascorbic acid consumption and serum levels in smokers and non-smokers adult men in Hermosillo,Sonora, México

Ascorbic acid is one of the important antioxidant nutrients that can aid in the prevention of oxidative cellular damage. Adequate dietary intake is essential as humans can not synthesize this vitamin. It has been reported that smokers require higher dietary intakes to maintain their serum levels. The objective of this study was to determine serum levels of ascorbic acid in young male smokers and non smokers in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In addition, their dietary intake of ascorbic acid was determined by a 24 h dietary recall. The dietary intake of ascorbic acid in 12 smokers was 64 +/- 11 mg/d and in 13 non smokers it was 70 +/- 12 mg/d. The smokers in this study did not meet the dietary recommendation of 100 mg/d. Serum ascorbic acid values in smokers and non smokers were 24.2 +/- 6.9 mumol/L and 30.9 +/- 3.7 mumol/L respectively. No significant difference was found among the 2 groups. Although the average serum ascorbic acid values fell within the range considered normal, 50% of the smokers had individual values that were below 23 mumol/L, indicating that these subjects have hipovitaminosis. A positive correlation between intake and serum levels was obtained for smokers (r = 0.71; p = 0.03). The results of this study suggest smokers may be at increased risk for chronic diseases due to their low intake and low serum levels of ascorbic acid.     

溶胶-凝胶固相微萃取涂层的制备及特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法,将含高化学活性的四乙氧基硅烷（前驱体）与羟基硅油混和,以三氟乙酸为催化剂,经水解、缩合化学反应,形成溶胶体系,在石英纤维表面经陈化胶粒间聚合形成凝胶。将键合于石英表面上的凝胶作为固相微萃取涂层。采用FTIR红外光谱法表征了溶胶-凝胶的三维网络结构。应用溶胶-凝胶法制备的固相微萃取涂层热稳定性好,不易脱落。采用HS-SPME-GC技术萃取分析了水中的氯苯、苯、甲苯,以色谱峰高对浓度作外标曲线,在0.1~20 mg/L范围内,苯、甲苯、氯苯的线性相关系数分别为0.991 2、0.978 2、0.974 4,最低检测限分别为0.06、0.04、0.10 mg/L。实验结果表明自制的硅橡胶涂层对芳香化合物具有良好的吸附特性。     

Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of flour of orange (Citrus sinensis), tangerine (Citrus reticulata) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peels cultivated in Venezuela

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and some bioactive compounds in the peel's flour of some of the most consumed citrus fruits cultivated in Venezuela. Chemical composition as well as some trace elements, ascorbic acid, carotenoids dietary fiber, total polyphenols and their antiradical efficiency, using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhidracyl (DPPH) were assessed in the dried peels of orange (Citrus sinensis), tangerine (Citrus reticulata) and white grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). Moisture, fat, protein and ash content for all samples showed statistical differences (p < 0.05). Tangerine's peel showed the highest magnesium and carotenoid content, while highest ascorbic acid and carotenoid content was found in the grapefruit's peel. Dietary fiber content presented significant high value in the tangerine peel. All samples presented high content of extractable polyphenols (4.33; 7.6 and 5.1 g/100g). The highest antiradical efficiency was shown by the tangerine's peel, value which correlates with the polyphenol content. These results suggest that tangerine peel should be the most suitable, to reduce risk of some diseases such as cardiovascular and some associated to lipid oxidation. Studied samples are good sources of dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, whose use could be useful in the formulation of functional foods, taking advantage of the presence of dietary fiber and antioxidant compounds in only one ingredient.