Analysis of current controllers for active power filters using selective harmonic compensation schemes

This paper presents a frequency response analysis of current controllers based on selective harmonic compensation schemes for three-phase voltage–source shunt Active Power Filters (APFs). To perform this analysis, the time delay introduced by the inverter and the sampling is taken into account in the current controller closed loop transfer function. Doing this, the differences among the schemes are pointed out, demonstrating the importance and effectiveness of the delay compensation to maintain the whole system stability. In addition, the performance of each current controller is evaluated by means of the total harmonic distortion of the mains line current and time response for fast load variations. The main goal is to identify the most suitable solution in terms of current controllers based on selective harmonic compensation for an industrial implementation. All the considered current control schemes have been tested on the same digital platform. Experimental results are presented for a 25-kVA shunt APF prototype compensating a nonlinear inductive load. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A practical approach to harmonic compensation in powersystems-series connection of passive and active filters

The authors present a combined system with a passive filter and a small-rated active filter, both connected in series with each other. The passive filter removes load produced harmonics just as a conventional filter does. The active filter plays a role in improving the filtering characteristics of the passive filter. This results in a great reduction of the required rating of the active filter and in eliminating all the limitations faced by using only the passive filter, leading to a practical and economical system. The active filter has a much smaller rating than a conventional active filter. Experimental results obtained from a prototype model are shown to verify the theory developed     

A new combined system of active and passive filters to obtain harmonic compensation for large-capacity thyristor converters

Shunt passive filters, which are connected in parallel to harmonic-producing loads, have been used widely for harmonics suppression in power systems because of low cost and high efficiency. However, they have such inherent problems as series and parallel resonance. On the other hand, shunt active filters, which are also placed in parallel, have such an inherent problem as initial and running costs are high compared with those of shunt passive filters. To solve these inherent problems in shunt passive and shunt active filters, the authors have proposed a combined system of a shunt passive filter and a small rated series-active filter. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the required rating of the series-active filter, considering a practical application of the combined power filter to harmonic compensation for large-capacity thyristor converters. The points are summarized as follows:

• 1 The required rating of the series-active filter can be reduced less than one-tenth by connecting a series-resonant circuit in parallel to the secondary of current transformer.
• 2 It is clarified theoretically and verified experimentally that compensation characteristics of the new combined system are equivalent to those of the already-proposed system with no series-resonant circuit.

     

A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems-a combinedsystem of shunt passive and series active filters

A novel approach to compensating for harmonics in power systems is presented. It is a combined system of a shunt passive filter and a small rated series active filter. The compensation principle is described, and some filtering characteristics are discussed in detail. Excellent practicability and validity to compensate for harmonics in power systems are demonstrated experimentally. Although the source harmonic voltage was only 1%, the source harmonic current reached about 10% before the series active filter was started. After it was started, no harmonic current flowed into the shunt passive filter. In addition, no harmonic voltage appeared at the terminals of the shunt passive filter, because the source harmonic voltage was applied to the series active filter. The total loss of the series active filter was less than 40 W. It is concluded that the combined system is far superior in efficiency to conventional shunt active filters     

有源滤波器参考信号的一种新的校正方法

为改善控制延时对有源滤波器(APF)补偿效果的影响,本文从分析数字化有源滤波器产生延时的原因出发,建立了APF控制系统的传递函数模型。用MATLAB对该传递函数进行频域特性分析可以发现,延时不但造成了输出参考电流相位的滞后,而且还对其幅值产生了影响;同时,由于延时的存在,系统电压的量测精度对参考电流的影响也是不可忽略的。在以上分析结果的基础上,本文提出了一种从参考电流的幅值和相位入手,对控制系统延时进行补偿的策略,并且兼顾系统电压量测精度对参考电流的影响。现场实验充分验证了该补偿策略的正确性和易用性。     

串联型有源电力滤波器的谐波电压检测方法

根据串联型有源电力滤波器的工作原理,基于瞬时无功功率理论,提出了一种谐波电压的瞬时检测方法。该方法具有快速、准确的特点,实验结果证明了所提出方法的正确性和可靠性,为有效抑制谐波提供了可靠的保证。     

The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) as an effective tool to evaluate active power filters for harmonic compensation

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) ‘Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems’ sets limits for the current and voltage harmonic distortions at the point of common coupling in order to maintain an acceptable quality of electric power in the presence of nonlinear loads. Both the utility and its customers share a common responsibility since enforcement of the above practice by the utility would require that the affected customer use a suitable harmonic mitigating method. To this effect, this paper demonstrates how the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) may be used to investigate two harmonic mitigating methods, namely, the use of shunt passive power filters and the combination of a series active (APF) and shunt passive (PPF) power filters. Both methods reduce the harmonic currents injected into the distribution system; however, the combination of the series APF and shunt PPFs has a better compensation characteristic with a higher capital cost than only shunt PPFs. Before a final decision is reached, the cost of the higher harmonic losses throughout the distribution system when using only shunt PPFs must be taken into account.     

Generalization of active filters for EMI reduction and harmonics compensation

This paper provides generalized analysis of active filters used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters and active-power filters. Insertion loss and impedance increase of various types of active-filter topologies are described with applicable requirements and limitations as well as the rationale for selecting active-filter topology according to different applications.     

一种基于改进广义积分控制的有源滤波器谐波补偿方法

针对传统广义积分控制存在的稳定性问题,提出一种基于改进广义积分控制的谐波补偿方法,以增强有源电力滤波器的补偿性能。通过在传统广义积分控制器中引入一阶微分环节,抵消被控对象极点并等效降低系统阶数,从而使得系统相位裕度提升。同时构建同步旋转坐标系下的多通道改进广义积分控制结构,使得改进广义积分控制器数量和需整定的控制器参数减半,降低了设计复杂度且有效避免滤波频段交叉问题。接着开展离散域下的控制器关键参数影响特性分析,得到不同积分系数下的系统稳定性演化趋势,校核结果表明了参数设计的合理性。最后,通过仿真验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

APF中一种改进的变步长LMS自适应谐波检测算法

在有源电力滤波器(Active Power Filter, APF)的低信噪比(Signal Noise Ratio, SNR)环境下,为了提高变步长最小均方(Least Mean Square, LMS)自适应算法对谐波电流检测的跟踪速度及精度,提出改进的变步长LMS算法。该算法在MVSS-LMS算法的基础上,增加历史误差的遗忘加权和估计并控制步长更新,动态控制步长更新范围,采用滑动窗遗忘加权减小了计算复杂度。同时,对改进算法性能进行稳定性分析。实验结果表明,该算法不仅具有较快的动态响应速度,而且在APF的低信噪比情况下,稳态误差有所减小,具有较高的抗干扰能力,谐波电流检测效果较好。     

基于特定消谐技术的单相有源滤波器设计

设计了一种新型的单相有源电力滤波器（APF）,应用特定消谐技术,不需实时检测负载的无功电流和高次谐波电流,即可实现同时补偿负载无功及高次谐波电流的需求。给出了一种优化特定谐波消除PWM技术开关角的求解方法;设计了单相有源电力滤波器PI控制器。仿真结果表明该滤波器具有响应速度快,稳定性好,能有效地消除和抑制,谐波,并能够对无功功率进行灵活地调节等特点。     

基于特定消谐技术的单相有源滤波器设计

设计了一种新型的单相有源电力滤波器(APF),应用特定消谐技术,不需实时检测负载的无功电流和高次谐波电流,即可实现同时补偿负载无功及高次谐波电流的需求.给出了一种优化特定谐波消除PWM技术开关角的求解方法;设计了单相有源电力滤波器PI控制器.仿真结果表明该滤波器具有响应速度快,稳定性好,能有效地消除和抑制谐波,并能够对无功功率进行灵活地调节等特点.     

A torque-ripple compensation scheme for harmonic drive systems

This paper presents a scheme for controlling the output torque of a harmonic drive actuator equipped with a torque sensor. The proposed control is composed of a feedback control and a feedforward learning control, in which the feedback control shapes nominal system dynamics using the internal model control structure. The feedforward learning controller employs a disturbance observer (DOB) to evaluate compensation error of the feedforward control for the learning, so as to compensate for torque ripples induced by harmonic drives. Robust stability conditions of the proposed DOB-based learning control system are provided. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in alleviating the major component of torque ripples whose frequency is twice the angular frequency of the input shaft.     

带有谐波补偿功能的主动移频式孤岛检测法

首先利用快速傅里叶变换分析了用于孤岛检测的传统主动频率偏移(AFD)法引起的谐波,基于分析结果,得出了传统AFD法引起的3、5、7次谐波电流的公式。通过引入与上述谐波电流相位相反的电流,对谐波进行补偿。给出了所提带谐波补偿功能的AFD法在数字化控制系统中的实现方法。仿真和实验结果表明,所提方法有效地减少了系统中的谐波电流,同时不影响孤岛检测。     

Proper use of active harmonic filters to benefit pulp and papermills

This paper is a basic primer for defining and applying active harmonic filters (AHFs). AHFs are sophisticated electronic devices that offer significant advantages over traditional harmonic mitigation and displacement power-factor-correction methods. This paper introduces the AHF and discuss when and where these advantages apply. Additionally discussed is the simplicity in selection of the AHF. The author present specific examples for the various applications to which AHFs have been applied     

有源电力滤波器指定次谐波补偿优化限流策略研究

为保障有源电力滤波器(Active Power Filter,APF)在超过其额定容量的工况下稳定运行,提出了一种基于负载谐波电流重构的限流策略,实现有源滤波器输出指定次谐波电流的精确限流。根据补偿后电网电流总谐波畸变率(THD)最小原则构建补偿结果的评价体系,通过对电流重构波形中各次谐波含量的调整,提出了一种有源滤波器的最优补偿方案。最后利用半实物平台进行了相关实验,对比分析了负载电流在稳态和动态下,谐波电流重构与传统方法的限流与补偿效果,验证了所提重构补偿方案的正确性与优越性。     

基于无谐波检测和选择性谐波补偿原理的组合式同相供电系统控制策略

针对组合式同相供电系统同相补偿装置(CCD)的常规控制方法受负载电流检测精度影响严重,且不能良好跟踪高速铁路负载高次谐波电流的缺陷,提出一种选择性谐波电流控制策略。该控制策略仅需要保留CCD的两单相变流器输出电压、电流的检测部分,不需要检测负载电流;并通过矢量比例积分控制器对连接负载的单相变流器输出电流误差中的各次谐波单独跟踪。该设计方法不受负载电流检测精度的影响,对牵引负荷各个频段谐波都具有良好的跟踪性能。利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建组合式同相供电的常规控制模型、改进控制模型和基于改进控制策略的半桥四臂模块化多电平电路模型,对交-直型、交-直-交型、混跑3种负载分别进行控制,仿真验证了改进电流控制方法的正确性以及在实际工程实现中的有效性。     

FPGA-based fully digital fast power switch fault detection and compensation for three-phase shunt active filters

This paper discusses the design, implementation, experimental validation and performances of a fully digital fast power switch fault detection and compensation for three-phase shunt active power filters. The approach introduced in this paper minimizes the time interval between the fault occurrence and its diagnosis. This paper demonstrates the possibility to detect a faulty switch of the active filter in less than 10 μs by using simultaneously a “time criterion” and a “voltage criterion”. In order to attain this fast detection time a FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is used. The other feature introduced in this approach is that the control scheme used to compensate the current load harmonics and fault tolerant scheme are both programmed in only one FPGA. “FPGA in the loop” prototyping results and fully experimental results based on a real active power filter verify satisfactory performances of the proposed method.