Optical tweezers and fluid characteristics of an optical rotator with slopes on the surface upon which light is incident and a cylindrical body

The characteristics of the optical trapping force, optical torque, and viscous drag force for a newly proposed cylindrical optical rotator are analyzed. The optical trapping force and torque are evaluated by use of a ray optics model for both parallel and focused laser beam illumination. The drag force is calculated from computational fluid dynamics to be the sum of the components of both the pressure and the shearing stress on all the surfaces of the rotator. We analyze the rotation rate by balancing the optical torque with the drag force. A cylindrical optical rotator is expected to rotate at a high speed because of its highly efficient generation of optical torque and its small viscous drag force.     

Manipulation of gold nanorods with dual-optical tweezers for surface plasmon resonance control

Gold nanorods are too tiny to be manipulated using conventional mechanical methods. In this paper, we demonstrate the trapping, transferring, positioning and patterning of gold nanorods with dual-optical tweezers. The convenient manipulations are achieved by taking advantage of the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance of gold nanorods and the anisotropic optical trapping forces formed by two linearly polarized Gaussian beams. The trapped gold nanoparticles are positioned extremely firmly and quickly on a substrate compared with randomly dispersed ones. It is observed that gold nanorods show advantages over gold nanospheres with regard to positioning speed and stability. More importantly, versatile plasmon coupling effects have been achieved in some patterned nanorods.     

Trapping and manipulating gas bubbles in water with ultrashort laser pulses at a high repetition rate

We have experimentally observed the trapping of a gas bubble in water by focused laser radiation. The optical trap was provided by 200-fs pulses of a Ti-sapphire laser operating at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. The laser radiation was focused in water by an objective with a numerical aperture of 0.5. The trapping force in water is estimated as ∼200 pN at an average laser power of 20 mW, which is by two orders of magnitude greater than the efficiency of a traditional laser tweezers. The trapping force arises upon local heating of gas inside a bubble due to nonlinear absorption in the focal region.     

Optical selection, manipulation, trapping, and activation of a microgear structure for applications in micro-optical-electromechanical systems

The optical processes involved in laser trapping and optical manipulation are explored theoretically and experimentally as a means of activating a micrometer-size gear structure. We modeled the structure by using an enhanced ray-optics technique, and results indicate that the torque present on the gear can induce the gear to rotate about the gear-arm plane center with light as the driving energy source. We confirmed these findings experimentally by using gears manufactured with conventional semiconductor techniques and from a layer of polyimide. It is expected that such a simple gear design activated by use of light could lead to an entire new class of micro-optical-electromechanical systems.     

Laser annealing of photoluminescent ZnO nanorods grown at low temperature

We report on pulsed laser annealing as an efficient method for improving the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanorods grown at low temperature. We find that the excitonic luminescence at 390 nm can be improved by as much as a factor of 8. We also show that laser annealing can be carried out in typical device structures, in particular by illumination through glass/indium-tin-oxide substrates and through polymer/indium-tin-oxide substrates.     

现代超细粉碎技术在刺五加生产中的应用

阐述了现代超细粉碎技术基本原理及特点及其在刺五加生产中的应用,论述了在相同压力不同转速下和压缩空气压力以及破碎次数对粒度分布特性的影响。通过实验数据分析得出以下结论:破碎粒度随着压力的增大而减小,但当压力增大到一定值时,破碎粒度反而增大;随着转速的增大,破碎粒度变小;随着破碎次数的增加,粒度分布范围变窄,随后又变宽。     

Spectral and kinetic peculiarities of the radiation trapping effect in doped materials

The results of detailed study of the radiation trapping effect in doped materials are presented. A special excitation and detection scheme is developed that allows in fluorescent signals significantly distinguish the contributions from the regions of the crystal excited directly by the laser radiation and excited by radiation transfer of the excitation in the non-irradiated part of the sample. This technique was used to investigate the radiation trapping phenomenon in infrared spectral region around 1.6 μm for YAG:Er³⁺ crystal excited by continuous and pulsed laser radiations at 970 nm wavelength. Spectral redistributions in fluorescent bands of the crystal under study were registered due to presence of the radiation trapping effect. The strong dependence of the luminescence decay times on geometry of both excitation and registration is revealed for the material under study. Within the framework of existing models of radiation trapping effect in doped solids, an analysis of the obtained results is carried out.     

Photoacoustic flow measurements based on wash-in analysis of gold nanorods

In this study, photoacoustic flow measurement methods based on wash-in analysis are presented. These methods use the rod-to-sphere shape transformations of gold nanorods induced by pulsed-laser irradiation. Due to the shape dependence of the optical absorption of the gold nanorods, these shape transitions are associated with a change in the peak optical absorption wavelength. Pulsed-laser irradiation at the wavelength corresponding to the peak optical absorption of the original gold nanorods allows the particles that undergo shape changes to be viewed as "being destructed" by the laser irradiation at that wavelength, hence, flow information can be derived from the change in ultrasound intensity that is directly related to the wash-in rate of the gold nanorods and the laser intensity. Two flow estimation methods based on the wash-in analysis are described. The first method first applies high-energy laser pulses that induce shape changes in all the nanorods. A series of low-energy pulses then are applied to monitor the acoustic signal change as new nanorods flow into the region of interest. The second method uses single-energy laser pulses such that the "destruction" and "detection" are performed simultaneously. The simulation results show that it is valid to fit the time-intensity curves by exponential models. To demonstrate the validity of the proposed methods, an Nd:YAG pulsed laser operating at 1064 nm was used for optical irradiation, and a 1-MHz ultrasonic transducer was used for acoustic detection. Gold nanorods with a peak optical absorption at 1018 nm and a concentration of 0.26 nM were used to estimate flow velocities ranging from 0.35 to 2.83 mm/s. The linear regression results show that the correlation coefficients between the measured velocities and the true values are close to unity (> or = 0.94), thus demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed photoacoustic techniques for relative flow estimation.     

Domain wall trapping and influence of the asymmetry in magnetic nanoring studied by micromagnetic simulations

We have studied the magnetic switching behavior of permalloy asymmetric rings using micromagnetic simulations. The simulation results have revealed that a domain wall trapping feature is present at the narrow arm of the asymmetric ring. This trapping feature is obtained via precise control of the lateral geometric features, the ring asymmetry and the film thickness. Our results show that the trapped domain walls do not annihilate until the magnetization in the wide arm is reversed under a relatively large magnetic field. Furthermore, the magnetic field strength needed to annihilate the domain wall is found to be decreasing with larger asymmetry ratio.     

Axial optical trapping forces on two particles trapped simultaneously by optical tweezers

Optical tweezers, which utilize radiation pressure to control and manipulate microscopic particles, are used for a large number of applications in biology and colloid science. In most applications a single optical tweezers is used to control one single particle. However, two or more particles can be trapped simultaneously. Although this characteristic has been used in applications, no theoretical analysis of the trapping force or the status of the trapped particles is available to our knowledge. We present our calculation, using a ray optics model, of the axial trapping forces on two rigid particles trapped in optical tweezers. The spherical aberration that results from a mismatch of the refractive indices of oil and water is also considered. The results show that the forces exerted by the optical tweezers on the two particles will cause the two particles to touch each other, and the two particles can be stably trapped at a joint equilibrium point. We also discuss the stability of axial trapping. The calculation will be useful in applications of optical tweezers to trap multiple particles.     

基于转镜的激光照明系统设计及实验研究

为了实现区域内快速运动微小目标的激光辅助照明,提出了利用转镜与点激光器组成扇形激光辅助照明系统的设计方案.详细论述了转镜面数、外接圆直径及转速与激光照明光幕的关系.给出了该激光照明系统下目标被照亮部分的平均激光功率密度与点激光光源功率、激光扫描速度、点激光发散角、相机曝光时间和目标与激光光源距离之间关系的计算公式.仿真...     

涡流空气分级机的分级特性

通过对重质碳酸钙和石英在CF型涡流分级机不同转速下进行分级实验,并利用计算流体力学软件对分级特性进行数值模拟。结果表明,随着转速增加,粒度d50和d90都减小,分级效率先增大后减小;在相同的参数下,不同物料的分级效果是不同的;随着转速的增加,涡流分级机流场的涡流现象增强,当转速增加到一定的程度时,出现了反流现象,使已经分离出的细粒又返回到分级区,从而影响分级机的分级效率。     

Spontaneous and stimulated emission of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods of different lengths

The effect of the length of zinc oxide nanorods on their photoluminescence (PL) has been studied in the visible through UV spectral region. Hexagonally faceted columnar nanorods grown on (100) Si substrates have been shown to be aligned almost vertically. The chemistry of point defects in the nanorods depends on their position in the reactor during growth. The room-temperature PL spectrum of the nanorods shows narrow peaks due to stimulated free-exciton emission. The threshold optical pump power density for lasing in the longer ZnO nanorods is 8000 kW/cm², and the laser radiation is directed predominantly along their axis.     

Performance of a rotating aperture for spinning and orienting objects in optical tweezers

Abstract

The spinning of asymmetric objects trapped within optical tweezers that have a rotating rectangular aperture inserted into the trapping laser beam is characterized. The measured maximum rotation rates of various asymmetric micron-sized objects are in agreement with a linear dependence on laser power. Maximum rotation rates of up to 0.2 Hz per mW of laser power suggest that rotation rates in the region of 10–20 Hz should be readily achievable in commercially available tweezers that have been modified by the inclusion of a rotating rectangular aperture. In addition, the possibility to alter the orientation of the aperture allows convenient control over the orientation of tweezed objects.     

光镊中米氏微粒子的捕捉力仿真

为了使所建立的光镊中粒子捕捉力的数学模型适宜任意形状粒子,将米氏粒子表面离散为多个微面元,基于几何光学理论得到光线与微面元相互作用产生的光辐射压力及光线追迹方程.基于所建立的数学模型,实现了对任意形状米氏粒子(球形、圆锥形、多面体形和任意形状光滑曲面粒子)受力的计算机仿真.经过仿真分析,验证了仿真软件的正确性,从而为光镊技术在纳米测量和微细加工等的应用提供了有利的分析和设计工具.     

Laser levitation of superfluid helium

We describe experiments on the laser levitation of superfluid helium. Liquid drops of 10–20 m diameter are produced by a submerged piezoelectric transducer and suspended in vapor at 2K for up to 3 minutes. The optical trap is formed by two counter-propagating, horizontal, focused laser beams. Calculations show that Brillouin and Raman scattering of the laser light in the liquid helium produces a negligible rate of evaporation of the drop. Evaporation caused by the enhanced vapor pressure of the curved drop surfaces appears to be a significant effect limiting the drop lifetimes. We calculate the characteristics of the optical trap and the deformation of the liquid drops by the light forces. The observed simultaneous trapping of multiple drops is also discussed.     

压缩机吸气消声器气动噪声辐射特性研究

以某变频压缩机吸气消声器为研究对象,在不同压缩机转速下,研究消声器内流场气动噪声辐射特性。通过仿真分析消声器内部流场和声场,采用FW-H声学模型计算其声场参数,获得噪声源数据,计算气动噪声辐射特性,并与整机测试结果进行对比分析。结果表明,吸气消声器噪声源强度从入口至出口沿气流方向逐渐增大,主要噪声源位于出口附近;随转速增加,噪声源强度逐渐增大;出口和入口的声压级都随转速上升而增大,且声压级的最大值所在频段随转速上升逐渐向高频移动;相同转速下,出口处的声压级高于入口处;消声器气动噪声表现为一种宽频噪声,主要集中于400 Hz至6 000 Hz频段内,吸气消声器气动噪声对压缩机整机噪声影响较大。     

Oscillatory Dynamics and In Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging Performance of Plasmonic Nanoparticle‐Coated Microbubbles

Microbubbles bearing plasmonic nanoparticles on their surface provide contrast enhancement for both photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. In this work, the responses of microbubbles with surface‐bound gold nanorods—termed AuMBs—to nanosecond pulsed laser excitation are studied using high‐speed microscopy, photoacoustic imaging, and numerical modeling. In response to laser fluences below 5 mJ cm^?2, AuMBs produce weak photoacoustic emissions and exhibit negligible microbubble wall motion. However, in reponse to fluences above 5 mJ cm^?2, AuMBs undergo dramatically increased thermal expansion and emit nonlinear photoacoustic waves of over 10‐fold greater amplitude than would be expected from freely dispersed gold nanorods. Numerical modeling suggests that AuMB photoacoustic responses to low laser fluences result from conductive heat transfer from the surface‐bound nanorods to the microbubble gas core, whereas at higher fluences, explosive boiling may occur at the nanorod surface, producing vapor nanobubbles that contribute to rapid AuMB expansion. The results of this study indicate that AuMBs are capable of producing acoustic emissions of significantly higher amplitude than those produced by conventional sources of photoacoustic contrast. In vivo imaging performance of AuMBs in a murine kidney model suggests that AuMBs may be an effective alternative to existing contrast agents for noninvasive photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging applications.     

Phase transformation in semi-transparent TiO2 films irradiated with CO2 laser

Anatase (TiO₂) thin films were obtained by immersion of glass plates into a titanium sol-gel precursor followed by calcination at 450 °C for 3 h. The Raman results for the CO₂ laser irradiated TiO₂ films show that laser radiation is able to promote favorable changes of anatase phase in anatase/rutile mixtures. Nevertheless, the transformation process level depends on laser characteristics and scan speed of the radiation treatment.     

Synthesis and micrometer-scale assembly of colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods prepared by a seeded growth approach

Key limitations of the colloidal semiconductor nanorods that have been reported so far are a significant distribution of lengths and diameters as well as the presence of irregular shapes produced by the current synthetic routes and, finally, the poor ability to fabricate large areas of oriented nanorod arrays. Here, we report a seeded-growth approach to the synthesis of asymmetric core-shell CdSe/CdS nanorods with regular shapes and narrow distributions of rod diameters and lengths, the latter being easily tunable up to 150 nm. These rods are highly fluorescent and show linearly polarized emission, whereby the emission energy depends mainly on the core diameter. We demonstrate their lateral alignment as well as their vertical self-alignment on substrates up to areas of several square micrometers.