A stochastic approach to the analysis of chemically reacting systems—VII. Influence of external noise on the behaviour of a fluid bed with nonlinear reaction rates

The basic model of Ligon and Amundson (1981, Chem. Engng Sci.36, 653–660) has been employed to assess the influence of white and nonwhite external noise on the behaviour of a fluidized bed where nonlinear reaction occurs. The paper presents a self-consistent linearization scheme for such problems and illustrates its use by considering an example. The analysis gives a quick and easy solution for such complex cases. The analysis for other examples indicates that white and coloured (or nonwhite) noise have different effects on the reactor's behaviour and also reveals that the presence of noise destroys features such as multistationary behaviour which exists in the absence of noise.     

改善弹性白胶浆印花手感的一些探讨

本文通过研究成膜基料及防粘剂对弹性白胶浆性能的影响,确定了适用基料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)范围及合适的防粘剂类型及用量。     

A Reliable Method to Measure the Adhesive Force with a Tiny Amount of Adhesive Material

A new method is proposed and developed to measure adhesive forces by use of the force-distance curve of a micro cantilever with an extremely small amount of testing material such as adhesive proteins. The contact area should be well-controlled at a reasonable value. Even though the area is desired to be as small as possible, a contact region of several micrometers by several micrometers is adopted in order to avoid obtaining meaningless measured values and uncertainty in the contact areas. An AFM cantilever is used after having been modified with a micro glass bead to enlarge the contact area for adhesion. A glass plate with micro-scale circular patterns is fabricated from a glass wafer by micro-machining processes in order to control precisely the contact area in adhesion tests. In the proposed method the adhesive materials are directly applied to the bead attached at the AFM cantilever before it is applied on the top area of the truncated cone on the fabricated glass plate. The developed method is applied to measure the adhesive forces of Cell-Tak® (which is a commercial extracted mussel adhesive) and recombinant Mgfp-5 (which is a recombinant mussel adhesive protein) and the statistical credibility of the measured adhesive force data is enormously improved as a result.     

A Reliable Method to Measure the Adhesive Force with a Tiny Amount of Adhesive Material

A new method is proposed and developed to measure adhesive forces by use of the force-distance curve of a micro cantilever with an extremely small amount of testing material such as adhesive proteins. The contact area should be well-controlled at a reasonable value. Even though the area is desired to be as small as possible, a contact region of several micrometers by several micrometers is adopted in order to avoid obtaining meaningless measured values and uncertainty in the contact areas. An AFM cantilever is used after having been modified with a micro glass bead to enlarge the contact area for adhesion. A glass plate with micro-scale circular patterns is fabricated from a glass wafer by micro-machining processes in order to control precisely the contact area in adhesion tests. In the proposed method the adhesive materials are directly applied to the bead attached at the AFM cantilever before it is applied on the top area of the truncated cone on the fabricated glass plate. The developed method is applied to measure the adhesive forces of Cell-Tak® (which is a commercial extracted mussel adhesive) and recombinant Mgfp-5 (which is a recombinant mussel adhesive protein) and the statistical credibility of the measured adhesive force data is enormously improved as a result.     

Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein is Associated with Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein in Subjects with Different Levels of Cardiovascular Risk

Dyslipidemias and physicochemical changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are very important factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, pathophysiological properties of electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(−)] remain a controversial issue. Our objective was to investigate LDL(−) content in LDL and its subfractions (phenotypes A and B) of subjects with different cardiovascular risk. Seventy-three subjects were randomized into three groups: normolipidemic (N; n = 30) and hypercholesterolemic (HC; n = 33) subjects and patients with CAD (n = 10). After fasting, blood samples were collected and total, dense and light LDL were isolated. LDL(−) content in total LDL and its subfractions was determined by ELISA. LDL(−) content in total LDL was lower in the N group as compared to the HC (P < 0.001) and CAD (P = 0.006) groups. In the total sample and in those of the N, HC, and CAD groups, LDL(−) content in dense LDL was higher than in light LDL (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.033, respectively) The impact of LDL(−) on cardiovascular risk was reinforced when LDL(−) content in LDL showed itself to have a positive association with total cholesterol (β = 0.003; P < 0.001), LDL-C (β = 0.003; p < 0.001), and non-HDL-C (β = 0.003; P < 0.001) and a negative association with HDL-C (β = −0.32; P = 0.04). Therefore, LDL(−) is an important biomarker that showed association with the lipid profile and the level of cardiovascular risk.     

Covalent Coupling of Nanoparticles with Low-Density Functional Ligands to Surfaces via Click Chemistry

We demonstrate the application of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (“click” reaction) to couple gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) functionalized with low densities of functional ligands. The ligand coverage on the citrate-stabilized Au NPs was adjusted by the ligand:Au surface atom ratio, while maintaining the colloidal stability of the Au NPs in aqueous solution. A procedure was developed to determine the driving forces governing the selectivity and reactivity of citrate-stabilized and ligand-functionalized Au NPs on patterned self-assembled monolayers. We observed selective and remarkably stable chemical bonding of the Au NPs to the complimentarily functionalized substrate areas, even when estimating that only 1–2 chemical bonds are formed between the particles and the substrate.     

Adhesive Properties of Medium-Density Fiberboards Fabricated with Rapeseed Flour-Based Adhesive Resins

This study examined the adhesive properties of adhesives formulated with rapeseed flour (RSF), a by-product of edible oil and bio-diesel manufacture, for medium-density fiberboards (MDFs). The RSF was hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid (AC-RSFH) and sodium hydroxide (AK-RSFH) solutions of 3%, 5%, and 7%. Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) prepolymers were prepared with formaldehyde to phenol molar ratios of 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 (1.5-, 1.8-, and 2.1-PF). RSF-based adhesives were formulated by cross-linking 35% AC-RSFH, 35% AK-RSFH, and 30% PF prepolymers on a solid weight basis. The mechanical strength and dimensional stability of the MDFs were improved by decreasing the concentration of RSF-hydrolytic agents. The properties of the MDFs bonded with RSFH/1.8-PF resins were superior to those of RSFH/1.5- or 2.1-PF resins. These results suggest that RSF can be used as a raw material for environment-friendly adhesives used in MDF production.     

The Strength of Joints Combining an Adhesive with a Bolt

In this paper, discussion is made on the strength of joints combining adhesives with bolts. The stress distributions in adhesives and the variation in bolt axial force are analyzed when an external load is applied to the combination joint. The joint consists of two hollow cylinders clamped by a bolt and a nut with an initial clamping force after they are joined by an adhesive. The analytical result is almost consistent with the experimental result, therefore the strength of the combination joints can be estimated. The strength of the combination joint is greater than that of the adhesive joint. In addition the variation in bolt axial force in the combination joint is less that that in the bolted joint. The characteristics and the availability of combination joints are made clear.