Internet发展中的新热门话题

在日内瓦举行的ＩＮＥＴ‘９８大会上,涌出现许多Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ发展中热门话题,电子商务将成为发展主流,据Ｆａｒｒｅｓｔ研究公司预测,到２００２年,风上商品交易将达到３２７０亿美元;Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ是否需要管理存在着现任中没看法,对管理的理解亦不同相同,建议以合作、开放的态度支持网络互连协调管理;会上提出了Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ综合计算体系,它包括计量、到帐目、定价和开帐简项目;新的以内容、通信和商务为标     

The ADR Importance of Understanding The Role of the International Court of Justice

In 2010, the world's population topped 7 billion, and is expected to reach more than 9 billion by 2050. Christopher C. Joyner, International Law in the 21st Century: Rules for Global Governance 23 (Deborah J. Gerner, et al. eds., 2005).     

涉及各方重大利益 网络中立之争远未结束

从2010年底美国FCC通过《网络中立条例》至今,整整一年过去了,从全球特别是美欧各国市场的反应和发展态势来看,虽然争论多年的“网络中立”政策终于向前迈出了探索性的关键一步,但仍处在博弈和纠结中,各方的争论也远远没有结束,尤其是,一年来随着以应用商店为特征的移动互联网的深入发展,围绕着未来网络控制权和接人权的争夺愈演愈烈。这不仅要求我们对其进行认真的梳理,也需要更进一步地深入思考。     

Blackout Prevention in the United States, Europe, and Russia

Tens and hundreds of thousands of disturbances occur annually in modern power systems. The overwhelming majority of them are eliminated by relay protection devices and other automatic systems and by the actions of the dispatching personnel. A small fraction of the emergencies (tens of cases in such large power interconnections as those in the United States and Canada, Europe, and the United Power System (UPS) of Russia) result in significant system failures, sometimes of a cascading nature. They are consequences of unusual primary disturbances, failures of automatic emergency control systems, protection device malfunctions, and errors by personnel, but do not cause extreme consequences for the power system and the consumers. Of these, only some rare failures-blackouts-become catastrophes with severe long-term consequences for the national economies and population. Recent blackouts in North America, Europe, Russia, and other countries require specialists once again to pay closer attention to the blackout phenomenon. It is often believed that the philosophy of preventing blackouts should be based on dispatching personnel training, wide-area system visibility,and better computer models for the analysis of the stability and security of power systems. The authors of this paper also think that in emergency situations of a cascading nature, automatic emergency control systems should play a major role. A confirmation for this statement is the fact that from 1975 to 2005 there were no blackouts in the UPS of Russia (where automatic emergency control systems are widely used). At the same time, the Moscow blackout demonstrated that the growing problems in the Russia's UPS (such as aging equipment and load growth) made it also vulnerable to major blackouts. This stresses again that the electrical power industry faces common global problems and that a global effort, cooperation, and exchange of the best practices are needed to prevent blackouts. This paper describes the Russian     

全球物联网发展及中国物联网建设若干思考

 本文首先对物联网的概念及内涵进行分析,并从"物联感知"角度统一了对物联网各类概念的理解;综述了全球物联网发展现状,包括美国,欧盟,日本和中国对物联网发展的战略规划和应用概况;然后详细探讨了当前物联网发展的若干关键技术,主要包括标识技术、体系架构、网络通信、搜索发现、数据处理、安全隐私、标准化和管理,并指出其中尚需研究的问题;最后从国家、企业和学术层面对我国物联网建设提出了若干建议,为中国物联网的发展和研究提供参考.     

信息社会世界峰会及其筹备进程

信息社会世界峰会是根据ITU的相关决议，在ITU的大力倡导下，在联合国和其他国际组织、国际机构的支持和配合下促成的。峰会的目的旨在通过召开尽可能高级别的会议，就信息社会建设问题达成全球共识，通过利用信息通信技术潜力。推动实现联合国《千年宣言》所确定的目标，促进全人类的进步。峰会的整个进程分为两个阶段，第一阶段于2003年12月在日内瓦举行，第二阶段于2005年在突尼斯举行。目前，峰会的主要议题和安排已基本确定，各国，尤其是发达国家和发展中国家在对信息社会的认识和未来的一些做法上还存在明显分歧。     

A Novel Ultrafine Needle (UN) for Innocuous and Efficient Subcutaneous Insulin Delivery

Subcutaneous (SC) insulin injection has been demonstrated to be the most effective method for treatment of diabetes mellitus but is conventionally performed by hypodermic needles, leading to poor management of diabetes because of the pain, needle phobia, and tissue trauma. Identification of a viable, safe, and pain‐free alternative method has been a longstanding challenge in modern health care. Here, the thermoplastic droplet stretching technique is developed to create an ultrahigh‐aspect‐ratio needle mold with simple microstructure control. The optimized ultrafine needle (UN) with 4 mm length, minimized 120 µm outer diameter, and 15° sharp bevel angle is formed via electroplating of a metallic layer on the surface of a needle mold with forcing sharp tip. This novel UN enables minimally invasive 4 mm skin insertion to deliver insulin in the targeted SC layer. The similar relative areas under the curves of insulin concentration within UN and 31G needle in vivo insulin administration indicate that UN can ensure stable insulin absorption for secure blood glucose management. Additionally, the proposed fabrication method may facilitate industrialization and commercialization of the UN, holding great promise for replacement of hypodermic needles and for improvement of quality of life among patients with diabetes.     

Took a licking, kept on ticking [Internet security]

A mysterious assault on its root server system left the Internet unscathed, but chastened. At almost exactly 9 p.m. GMT on 21 October, the Internets 13 root servers started to receive about 10 times their normal traffic. Unknown digital assailants had taken control of other machines on the Internet, making them send a flood of packets that threatened to overwhelm the root servers. Had the attack succeeded, the Web and e-mail would have gradually become unusable. While four of the servers, all in the United States, saw virtually no disruption, the other nine, including the three overseas, failed to respond to legitimate queries for at least a few minutes. The people who run the domain name system say they learned a lot from the October episode. They want lower-level name servers to do even more caching, perhaps of the entire root server database, and for longer than two days. Root server operators also must make sure their own networks are in good working order.     

The Internet multicast from ITS: how it was done and implicationsfor the future

Many sessions at the International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in August 1994, were multicast through the Internet as live audio and pictures to viewers in the US and elsewhere. The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) frequently carries meetings of the Internet community and special events such as Space Shuttle launchings. It is beginning to be used for workshops and other professional gatherings. Making one of its major conferences available through MBONE was a first for the Communications Society and a cooperative effort by many people that relied on the generous loan of equipment and staff members by a number of companies. A special satellite data connection extended MBONE from the United States to Brazil. The authors report on how it was done and what it means for the Communications Society     

Why ICANN can't [failings of Internet Corporation for AssignedNames and Numbers]

In 1998 the US Department of Commerce authorized the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to make them. This nonprofit organization establishes the policies that govern the domain name system. It decides what new top level domains to add to the name system, when to add them, and who will be in charge of them. It settles disputes over name assignments and oversees the dozens of companies, called domain-name registrars, that sell and control domain names. But ICANN is floundering. The organization, based in Marina Del Rey, Calif., has never won over the managers of the country code top-level domains in the rest of the world, such as .uk (United Kingdom) and .de (Germany). Its relations with the root server operators are also strained. The latter maintain the 13 computers around the world in which copies of the key records for the top-level domain names are stored along with their corresponding Internet protocol addresses. Most disturbingly, ICANN recently abandoned its pledge to create a membership structure to elect its powerful, 18-member board of directors. Currently, outside views are in effect excluded because agencies within ICANN, called Supporting Organizations, select most of the board members. At the root of ICANN's troubles is a paralyzing clash of visions of what the organization should be. By regarding itself as a technical priesthood, ICANN has failed as an international policymaking institution     

A reconfigurable ethernet/SONET circuit-based metro network architecture

We propose a service concept in which high-speed Ethernet interfaces from end hosts are dynamically cross-connected to equivalent-rate Ethernet-over-SONET (EoS) optical circuits for transport across metro-area networks and/or wide-area networks. We call our service concept reconfigurable Ethernet/SONET circuits to end users (RESCUE). We describe how RESCUE can be used for two applications: dial-up service to Internet service provider routers and file transfers. We propose to deploy RESCUE service as an "add-on" to current Internet access for many reasons. Primary among these is that it allows a metro optical circuit-switched network to be operated at a high utilization, which is important to achieve a cost-effective bandwidth-efficient network. Given that end hosts with access to RESCUE service will have a choice of two paths, the primary Internet path and a secondary RESCUE option, end-host applications will need to make a routing decision. We carry out a quantitative analysis to provide a basis for this routing decision for both dial-up service and file transfers. For example, with the file-transfer application, if call-blocking probability on the optical circuit-switched network is 30% and the packet-loss rate on the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol path is 1%, a circuit setup should be attempted for files 180 KB or larger in low-propagation delay environments.     

美国宽带战略项目如何落地？

美国在《2009年美国复兴与再投资法》中设立了72亿美元的宽带发展基金，两年来，美国电信和信息管理部门如何处理相关项目申请，又通过哪些机制管理并监督这些宽带建设项目的实施？     

Building the wireless Internet

Everybody's talking about the wireless Internet, but what on earth is it? And who's building it? The trade press is adrift in a bewildering jumble of acronyms from the cellular telephony industry that claim to point the way. Or maybe dozens of LEOS (low-earth-orbiting satellites) will furnish the wireless Internet. Or perhaps it's really two way pagers on steroids-powered by WAP (the wireless access protocol). Proceeding from first principles, the author believes that none of the well-known technologies will, in the end, provide the wireless Internet. Instead a dark-horse technology-a “pure Internet” system based on technology familiar from a multitude of wireless local-area networks (LANs)-has good grounds to prevail. The author discusses which RF frequency bands should be used for the Internet, the use of nanocells to build the network, and gives a brief outline of the economics involved     

因特网发展中的困境与出路

本首先指出了因特网在发展中所遇到的三大问题,即IP地址空间不足、QoS以及网络安全问题,并指出因特网正面临着被复杂化到难以驾驭的危险。这些问题虽经长期研究,但至今仍没有得到解决或完满的解决。章对此进行了分析研究,并指出问题的根源是在因特网协议（即IP协议)本身,是由于网络服务是无连接的,而占统治地位的要求的传送服务是连接方式的。在此基础上,章主张充分发挥因特网技术的优势,克服传统电信数据网的缺点,探索一个新的采用连接方式的因特网协议,并提出了对相关方案的设想。     

Do educational inequalities affect Internet use? An analysis for developed and developing countries

This study investigates whether the existence of educational inequalities at the country level affects Internet use. Additionally, we explore the extent to which these impacts depend on countries’ economic development levels. We use a logit model and data set of 69 high- and middle-income countries for the period 2005–2015. We find a negative relationship between Internet use and education inequality for the whole sample. The results confirm that, in addition to the level of education and other socioeconomic variables, the distribution of formal education among citizens within a country is also important to explain Internet use. We also obtain that this distribution affects Internet use to a higher extent in middle-income economies in comparison with high-income ones. Unlike the positive influence of educational levels obtained in the academic literature, the existence of within-country educational disparities negatively influences Internet use. This study demonstrates the influence of countries’ educational structure in relative terms in explaining Internet use.     

A performance evaluation of BGP‐based traffic engineering

Many Internet Service Providers tune the configuration of the Border Gateway Protocol on their routers to control their traffic. Content providers often need to control their outgoing traffic while access providers need to control their incoming traffic. We show, by means of measurements and simulations, that controlling the flow of the incoming interdomain traffic is a difficult problem. For this purpose, we first rely on detailed measurements to show the limitations of AS‐Path prepending. Then, we show by using large‐scale simulations that the difficulty of controlling the flow of the incoming traffic lies in the difficulty of predicting which BGP route will be selected by distant Autonomous Systems (ASs). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

构建移动互联网应用基础设施——打造“开放花园”

良好的移动互联网应用基础设施,从用户接入层面可以为用户提供接入移动互联网应用的便捷通道;从业务提供的层面可以提高用户访问速度和业务质量,加强对内容资源的掌控力度,降低内容存储成本和管理开销;从业务层面可以降低业务开发门槛和运营维护成本,提升业务上线速度。文章建议国家应立足于现有网络,从战略高度推动移动互联网应用基础设施的技术研究和产业化进程。     

基于FAHP方法的互联网金融风险评估分析

随着互联网技术的迅猛发展,互联网金融应运而生,构成国家经济积极发展的重要组成部分,而互联网金融风险问题亟待解决。文章根据传统金融的风险特点,建立互联网金融风险二级指标,基于模糊层次分析法构建模型,对互联网金融风险进行定量分析评估。实证结果显示互联网金融信用风险和运营风险为主要风险,为未来风险防控和风险监管提供了参考依据。     

Fundamental design issues for the future Internet

The Internet has been a startling and dramatic success. Originally designed to link together a small group of researchers, the Internet is now used by many millions of people. However, multimedia applications, with their novel traffic characteristics and service requirements, pose an interesting challenge to the technical foundations of the Internet. We address some of the fundamental architectural design issues facing the future Internet. In particular, we discuss whether the Internet should adopt a new service model, how this service model should be invoked, and whether this service model should include admission control. These architectural issues are discussed in a nonrigorous manner, through the use of a utility function formulation and some simple models. While we do advocate some design choices over others, the main purpose here is to provide a framework for discussing the various architectural alternatives     

Adaptive Gateway Discovery in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. A Low-overhead and Scalable Solution based on Proxies.

In the last years, many authors have addressed the problem of interconnecting Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) to the Internet, via one or more attachment points called gateways. The protocol employed to discover available gateways and set up routes to the Internet should not incur in a big overhead, due to the scarce resources of ad hoc networks. However, previous proposals do not meet this requirement either when the number of traffic sources or available gateways increases. In this paper, we develop a gateway discovery algorithm which dynamically adapts its behavior depending on the number of active traffic sources which are in the MANET. In addition, the approach employs proxies (intermediate nodes which make use of available local information) to further reduce the control overhead. A mathematical model for this algorithm and the previous approaches is provided. By means of both an analytical and a simulation-based study, our proposed scheme is shown to greatly outperform the remaining solutions in terms of overhead reduction, while it is still able to provide a high packet delivery ratio. Besides, our proposal scales well regarding the number of sources and gateways.