固溶时效和快速凝固时效对Cu-Cr-Zr-Mg合金时效性能的影响

研究了固溶时效和快速凝固时效工艺对Cu Cr Zr Mg合金的显微组织、硬度和导电率性能的影响。结果表明快速凝固态晶粒比固溶态晶粒细小得多,细晶强化作用显著。合金经920℃×1h固溶和550℃×0.5h时效后,硬度为100HV,导电率达71%IACS;快速凝固和同样的时效条件下,硬度为126HV,导电率达70%IACS。     

固溶温度对第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD10组织的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)和金相显微镜(OM)组织观察以及能谱(EDS)分析等手段研究了固溶处理温度对第三代镍基单晶高温合金DD10显微组织、枝晶偏析和组织稳定性的影响.结果表明:合金经1290℃/6h固溶后共晶基本消除,1330℃/6h固溶时出现少量微孔,1340℃/6h时则出现初熔.合金经1320℃和1330℃固溶处理...     

定向凝固镍基高温合金CM247LC热处理工艺优化及持久性能研究

目的 研究定向凝固镍基高温合金CM247LC的最优热处理工艺制度,通过优化热处理工艺提高合金的力学性能。方法 分别用JMatPro热力学分析软件和金相法判断CM247LC合金的初熔温度点,并确定合金的热处理窗口温度;利用光学显微镜(OM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)观察合金经不同固溶处理后的微观组织和元素偏析情况;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察合金经不同时效处理及持久断裂后的微观组织形貌。结果 CM247LC合金的初熔温度为1 260 ℃,热处理窗口温度为1 215~1 255 ℃。根据热处理窗口温度,设计了6种固溶处理工艺,对比发现,经1 228 ℃/2 h+1 240 ℃/2 h+1 255 ℃/2 h、AC固溶工艺处理后,合金的组织均匀化程度最高,元素偏析得到了显著改善,γ/γ′共晶的体积分数从铸态时的18.9%降至5.04%,确定此工艺为合金优化固溶处理工艺参数。合金经优化固溶处理后再经1 080 ℃/4 h、AC高温时效处理和870 ℃/22 h、AC中温时效处理,析出的γ′相尺寸(337.3 nm)、体积分数(67.81%)适宜且立方度最高,确定此工艺为最优热处理工艺。经最优热处理工艺处理的合金在980 ℃/205 MPa下的持久寿命为162 h,相比于铸态和固溶态处理的合金持久寿命分别提高了87 h和45 h。结论 通过优化固溶处理和时效处理,确定合金最优热处理工艺参数为:1 228 ℃/2 h+1 240 ℃/2 h+1 255 ℃/2 h、AC(固溶处理)+1 080 ℃/4 h、AC+870 ℃/22 h、AC(时效处理),经最优热处理工艺处理的合金持久寿命显著提高。     

高温固溶热处理对HIP态FGH96合金中碳化物影响规律的体视学研究

利用金相显微镜,扫描电镜和透射电镜并结合体视学基本原理,对在不同固溶温度和冷却方式(空冷和炉冷)下热等静压(HIP)态FGH96合金中碳化物的数量、空间分布及尺寸分布等进行了定量表征和对比研究。结果表明:HIP态FGH96合金中碳化物主要为富Nb和Ti的MC,在原始颗粒边界(PPB)上分布的碳化物主要为块状,在PPB区域以外分布的碳化物主要由块状和花状MC组成。在1180℃以下进行固溶热处理时,碳化物含量增加并且加剧了合金中的PPB;当固溶温度达到1180℃以上时,随着固溶温度的升高,合金中碳化物数量减少,PPB逐渐消失。1200℃固溶后炉冷,固溶在基体中的碳主要以非PPB碳化物形式重新析出,会导致合金中PPB碳化物数量的降低,即使合金中的碳化物总量与固溶热处理前几乎相同。另外,空冷合金中PPB碳化物尺寸为单峰分布,而炉冷合金中则表现为双峰,后者与炉冷过程中碳化物能够重新析出密切相关。     

固溶时间对半固态挤压成形Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用半固态挤压成形工艺制备过共晶Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金,研究固溶时间对过共晶Al-17Si-4Cu-0.5Mg合金组织及性能的影响.结果表明,随着固溶时间的增加,Si相出现球化,固溶时间为10 h时,共晶Si的圆整度为0.72.铸态下Si相周围富集较高浓度的Cu元素,固溶1 h后,Cu元素快速固溶到基体中.固溶时间从1 h增加到16 h,在XRD曲线上的θ(Al2 Cu)和Q(Al5 Si6 Cu2 Mg8)相的衍射峰强降低,合金基体中的位错密度大量减少.经180℃,时效处理12 h后,组织中析出针状的θ'相和短棒状的Q'相.随着固溶时间的增加,合金强度值呈现"双峰"现象.固溶1h后,合金的抗拉强度为269 MPa,屈服强度为233 MPa,与未热处理合金相比,抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提高了43.3％和42.7％,合金强度的提高是由于在固溶初期基体中仍有较大的位错密度,时效处理后析出相对位错有较强的钉扎阻碍作用.固溶时间为10 h时,合金的抗拉强度为311 MPa,屈服强度为263 MPa,达到第二个强度峰值,Si相的圆整化和细小析出相的弥散强化作用是形成第二个强度峰的主要原因.     

电弧离子镀AlCrN涂层结构和摩擦性能的研究

采用电弧离子镀技术在硅片和高速钢基体上沉积AlCrN涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪、能谱仪、透射电子显微镜、纳米划痕以及摩擦实验等对AlCrN涂层的结构和摩擦性能进行了研究。结果表明,AlCrN涂层为柱状晶结构,主要由固溶态的fcc-(Cr,Al)N结构组成,在固溶强化的作用下涂层的硬度提升到了32 GPa左右。常温摩擦中AlCrN涂层出现了比较明显的龟裂纹,400和600℃下涂层磨损方式主要表现为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损以及氧化磨损。     

热处理对Ti-35V-15Cr-0.15Si-0.05C合金热稳定性能的影响

通过对Ti-35V-15Cr-0.15Si-0.05C合金轧制环件取样进行热处理和热稳定性能实验,研究了850℃和950℃固溶处理和950℃固溶后在600℃和700℃实效后的热稳定性能和微观组织。结果表明:合金仅经过固溶处理α相析出不明显,而经过固溶加时效处理后α相在晶界和晶内大量析出,在热稳定性能测试时,经过540℃100h热暴露后,α相进一步析出。合金α相是影响合金拉伸性能的主要因素,在晶界析出的连续α相导致合金塑性急剧下降;通过850℃固溶热处理能够获得较好的室温拉伸和热稳定性能。     

固溶温度对DZ951镍基高温合金组织和持久性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了固溶温度对定向凝固DZ951镍基高温合金组织和持久性能的影响.结果表明:合金经固溶处理后,枝晶偏析降低,合金强度增加.碳化物由铸态时的骨架状变成块状,呈不连续状分布在晶界,对裂纹的萌生和扩展都有抑制作用.γ′相经固溶处理后,尺寸变小,分布更加均匀.合金在1100℃/60MPa的持久性能得到提高.在1300℃固溶处理时,合金元素分布更加均匀,γ′相体积分数增加,使DZ951合金具有较高的持久寿命.     

机械合金化方法制备AlxCoCrCu0.5FeNi高熵合金组织结构和性能研究

采用机械合金化和真空热压烧结方法制备了Al_xCoCrCu_(0.5)FeNi高熵合金,研究Al含量对合金系的晶体结构、显微组织、硬度、压缩性能以及摩擦磨损行为的影响。球磨60h和真空热压烧结后的晶体结构均为FCC和BCC双相结构,但相对含量发生变化。Al含量的增加使合金塑性降低,硬度和强度增大,低Al含量的Al_0、Al_(0.5)合金塑性好,强度低,压缩量高达30%和25.6%;高Al含量的Al_(1.0)、Al_(1.5)合金塑性较差,强度高,压缩强度达到1855MPa和2083 MPa,原子半径大的Al含量增加造成严重的晶格畸变,使固溶强化效应增加是合金硬度和强度升高的主要原因。随着Al含量的增加,合金的断裂方式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变。合金的耐磨性与硬度呈正相关关系,Al_0、Al_(0.5)、Al_(1.0)的磨损机制为黏着磨损与磨粒磨损,Al_(1.5)合金则为磨粒磨损。     

形变时效对FeMnSiCrNi合金形状回复率和相变温度的影响

为了进一步提高Fe-14Mn-6Si-8Cr-5Ni合金的形状记忆效应,对固溶态合金采用了形变时效的方法处理,并利用光学显微分析、X射线衍射分析和透射电子显微分析的测试手段分析了时效温度和时效时间对合金形状回复率和相变温度的影响.结果表明,固溶态合金经10%拉伸和600℃时效10 min时,形状回复率提高幅度最大,由固溶态的48%提高到84.7%,并且合金γ→ε马氏体转变的起始温度Ms由固溶态的34℃降低到13.2℃.合金的形状回复率得到提高的主要原因是合金中热诱发ε马氏体已经消失,组织为奥氏体和大量定向α’马氏体,这样的组织特征有利于应力诱发γ→ε马氏体相变以及它们的逆相变.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

The Influence of Nitrogen and Boron Implant into Silicon Substrate on the Phase and Internal Stress of c-BN Films

Cubic boron nitride(c-BN) film was deposited on a Si (100) substrate by the RF-magnetron sputtering.The mainly problems for fabrication of c-BN films are the low purity and high intrinsic compressive stress. In order to solve the two problems, the c-BN film with the buffer interlayer was deposited on the substrate which had been implanted with nitrogen and/or boron ions. The results show: the implantation of nitrogen ions can obviously increase c-BN content and reduce the internal stress slightly; while the implantation of boron shows no obvious improvement to the content of c-BN, which can reduce the internal stress in the film obviously. In addition, it is suggested that the implantation of nitrogen and boron shows the best result, which not only can increase the content of c-BN, but also reduce the internal stress in the c-BN film obviously.