Electron spectroscopy for chemical analyses (ESCA)—A tool for studying treated textiles

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) has been successfully used to determine the location of flame-retardant polymers or reagents and crosslinking and oil/water-repellent reagents in relation to fiber surfaces of chemically modified cotton fabrics and cotton/polyester blends. Changes in intensity of characteristic ESCA element signals were followed as the particle size of the treated fabric varied. Dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and the flame-retardant polymer formed from tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (Thpc) and urea penetrate and are homogeneously deposited throughout cotton fabrics. The oil/water-repellent finish, FC-218, and the flame retardants from the THPOH/NH₃ reaction and tris(dibromopropyl) phosphate are deposited on the surfaces of both cotton and polyester fibers.     

Flame-retardant Finishing of Textiles

The need for flame-retardant finishing of textiles is examined in the context of the hazards of textile flammability, associated legislation and procedures for assessing textile burning behaviour. The functions of flame-retardant finishes and durable finishes developed specifically for cellulose, wool and man-made fibres are described in depth. Multipurpose finishes for both cellulose and wool textiles in which flame retardancy is only one property conferred on the textile are examined. Fibre blends present a particular problem and special attention is paid to discussing those finishes applied to polyester/cotton blended fabrics. The laundering behaviour and consequent finish durability are reviewed. In addition, the effects that applying flame-retardant finishes have on textile properties and performance are considered. Recent developments in methods used to apply flame-retardant finishes are outlined.     

Environmental aspects of flame-retardant textiles -an overview

Industries throughout the world are being compelled into reviewing their manufacturing processes and disposal techniques because of the implementation of stricter regulations by local and national governments. This paper will attempt to outline some of the areas of concern regarding flame-retardant textiles and highlight areas that require stricter control. In considering a full environmental audit of any chosen flame-retardant textile, comparisons between competing products are neither simple nor, at present, possible. Environmental audits for current flame-retardant finished cotton and inherently flame-retardant polyester are undertaken and compared in order to illustrate this complexity. Any given product appears to have a similar environmental impact to others of the same generic type.     

阻燃涤纶汽车座套面料的研究和开发

采用阻燃涤纶和普通涤纶作为原料,研究了阻燃涤纶和普通涤纶交织混合时,混用的比例对织物阻燃性能的影响;并根据汽车座套面料的要求设计了不同层数的织物,研究其对使用性能和舒适性能的影响。从织物的阻燃性和使用性能综合分析,得出普通涤纶与阻燃涤纶比例为1∶2的双层织物为最佳方案。     

Preparation and performance evaluation of phosphorus-nitrogen synergism flame-retardant water-borne coatings for cotton and polyester fabrics

Three phosphorus-nitrogen content effective synergist flame-retardant water-borne coatings have been synthesized, and their structures were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Cotton and polyester fabrics have been treated by coatings to improve their flame retardancy. The thermal performances and flame retardant properties of treated samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), horizontal flame test, vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The combustion performances of cotton and polyester fabrics have proven to be strongly affected by flame-retardant coatings and HFD-coating performed the best. As a result, the LOI value of treated cotton increased to 22.5, and the UL-94 value of treated polyester achieved V-0. In addition, the antistatic behavior, hydrostatic pressure, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery angle of samples were studied carefully, and the results showed that all of these performances were improved.     

阻燃高分子材料及其阻燃剂研究进展

介绍阻燃高分子材料及其阻燃剂的分类、作用机理、作用途径。阐述了聚酯纤维、聚酰胺、热塑性饱和聚酯塑料、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、复合材料及纳米材料等一些常见阻燃高分子材料的现状。通过分析阻燃剂的发展趋向预测了阻燃高分子材料发展的一些新趋向。     

Zinc stannate–coated fillers: Novel flame retardants and smoke suppressants for polymeric materials

Novel zinc hydroxystannate- or zinc stannate-coated hydrated fillers are shown to be highly effective flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant additives for chlorinated polymers. The performance of these systems is discussed, with reference to PVC, polychloroprene, halogenated polyester resin and polypropylene formulations. Relative to unmodified magnesium hydroxide and alumina trihydrate, coated variants of these fillers can achieve similar fire-retardant properties at significantly lower additive levels.     

磷腈化合物在阻燃聚合物领域的研究进展

简述了近几年来磷腈衍生物在阻燃高分子材料领域的应用,重点介绍了其对于环氧树脂(EP)、聚氨酯(PU)、聚酯、聚碳酸酯(PC)/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)合金等材料的热稳定性、阻燃性能的影响.阐述了可能存在的阻燃机理,并对磷腈阻燃剂的发展方向进行了展望.     

阻燃剂2-羧乙基苯磷酸在阻燃聚酯中的应用

选用磷系共聚阻燃剂 2 羧乙基苯磷酸在 40 0 0t/a半连续聚酯装置上开发磷系阻燃共聚酯 ,阻燃剂加入方式的对比表明 ,先把阻燃剂调制为阻燃剂的EG溶液在酯化结束后缩聚前加入有利于生产高质量的阻燃切片 ,同时适用于未干燥的阻燃剂。     

磷系阻燃聚酯性能的研究

用红外光谱表征了磷系阻燃聚酯的结构,研究了磷系阻燃聚酯的特性粘数、DSC、氧指数、可纺性等性能.结果表明,磷系阻燃单体分子中的柔性链段亦被引入大分子主链中,使磷系阻燃聚酯的玻璃化温度(Tg)、熔点(Tm)相应降低.磷系阻燃聚酯具有良好的阻燃性,当磷系阻燃单体含量为4.5%时,磷系阻燃聚酯氧指数为32.8%.但由于侧基的空间体积较大,使得磷系阻燃聚酯的结晶性有所降低,导致拉伸强度降低.实验结果表明磷系阻燃聚酯纤维的物性指标能够满足后加工要求.     

Flammability characteristics of cotton and polyester fibers

This study was undertaken to measure quantitatively the flammability characteristics of cotton and polyester fibers. The smoke density generated during the burning of these fabrics was also studied at various temperature conditions. A mathematical relationship was established between the results obtained in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere chamber and those obtained in a chamber in which there was constant replenishing of an oxygen and nitrogen atmosphere. Three commercially available flame-retardant treatments were utilized in this study. The effect of temperature as well as the influence of fabric weight on the flammability behavior and the smoke density of these fabrics were investigated. A novel instrument built according to ASTM standards was employed throughout this study; it was found to be versatile, convenient, and highly reproducible in the generation of the data. It was found that polyester fabrics generate far more smoke than cotton fabrics without the phenomenon of afterglow. It was found also that as the temperature increases, the smoke density of cotton fabrics increases as well, but in the case of polyester fabrics the opposite relationship was obtained.     

全消光阻燃聚酯切片工业制造及性能表征

采用2-羧乙基苯基次磷酸(CEPPA)、[(6-氧(6H)-二苯并(c,e)(1,2)-氧磷杂己环-6-酮)甲基]-丁二酸(DDP),在连续化聚酯装置上工业化生产全消光阻燃聚酯切片。介绍了全消光阻燃聚酯切片的生产过程,并对产品性能进行了表征。结果表明:生产过程稳定,产品质量优异,全消光阻燃聚酯切片的结晶性能低于常规全消光切片,热稳定性能优于常规全消光切片,阻燃性能优良。     

硫化黑染涤/棉织物的两浴法染色工艺研究

本文研究了固体硫化黑染料对涤/棉织物的染色工艺,讨论了硫化黑染料和分散黑染料用量、染棉和染涤的先后顺序、是否经过前处理等工艺对涤/棉织物染色深度和染色牢度的影响,结果证明,使用两浴法用硫化黑染涤/棉的染色效果很好,并且可省去前处理工艺.     

Thermal analyses of flame-retardant twills containing cotton,polyester and wool

Medium weight twill fabrics constructed from cotton and cotton blended with polyester and/or wool were analyzed under nitrogen by three thermoanalytical techniques. Fabrics were tested both before and after treatment with [tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium] sulfate (THPS), urea, and trimethylolmelamine. The presence of all fibers was distinguishable in differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC) of untreated fabrics; the relative positions of the endothermic, decomposition peak temperatures were only slightly changed. After flame-retardant (FR) treatment, the blended cotton and wool fibers were altered. Both fibers decomposed as exotherms during DSC analysis. These data supported earlier microscopical, X-ray evidence that wool fibers were actually reacting with the FR treatment. The two DSC peaks for polyester polymer melting and decomposing remained unaffected by either blending with other fibers or the presence of the FR finish on the fabric. There was excellent agreement between DSC peak temperatures and the temperature of maximum rate of weight loss obtained from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Blending cotton with either of these fibers increased the residue measured after TGA. The increased residue correlated with increased flame resistance as measured by the 45° angle, edge-ignition burning rate test.     

溴系阻燃聚酯纤维的试制研究

本文采用添加型溴系阻燃剂,研完了它与聚酯的相容性、阻燃聚酯的制备及其成纤性能、制得阻燃纤维的物理性能和阻燃性。研究表明:①阻燃剂HAL_1与PET有一定的相容性,于缩聚结束后添加8％的阻燃剂HAL-1于PET中,制得的阻燃聚酯呈均相,具有良好的成纤性能;②该添加量对制得的阻燃聚酯纤维的物理性能没有明显的影响,其织物LOI达27。     

Flame retardant finishing of the polyester/cotton blend fabric using a cross‐linkable hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer

Blend fabrics of cotton and polyester are widely used in apparel, but high flammability becomes a major obstacle for applications of those fabrics in fire protective clothing. The objective of this research was to investigate the flame retardant finishing of a 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabric. It was discovered previously that N,N′‐dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) was able to bond a hydroxy‐functional organophosphorus oligomer (HFPO) onto 50/50 nylon/cotton blend fabrics. In this research, the HFPO/DMDHEU system was applied to a 50/50 polyester/cotton twill fabric. The polyester/cotton fabric treated with 36% HFPO and 10% DMDHEU achieved char length of 165 mm after 20 laundering cycles. The laundering durability of the treated fabric was attributed to the formation of polymeric cross‐linked networks. The HFPO/DMDHEU system significantly reduced peak heat release rate (PHRR) of cotton on the treated polyester/cotton blend fabric, but its effects on polyester were marginal. HFPO/DMDHEU reduced PHRR of both nylon and cotton on the treated nylon/cotton fabric. It was also discovered that the nitrogen of DMDHEU was synergistic to enhance the flame retardant performance of HFPO on the polyester/cotton fabric.     

环保、阻燃型聚酯研究进展

聚酯（PET）和大多数高分子材料一样，具有可燃性，氧指数较低等弱点。随着对建筑保温材料环保、阻燃要求的不断提升．环保阻燃型聚酯研究开发受到了广泛的关注。文中对近几年环保阻燃型聚酯的种类及其阻燃机理进行了分析。     

Dyeing of polyester and its blends with some disazo dyes derived from the disodium salt of chromotropic acid and their chelates with transition metal ions

Disazo dyes derived from the disodium salt of chromotropic acid and their chelates with metal ions were applied on polyester, polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blend fibres as disperse dyes. The fastness to washing, perspiration, rubbing and light of the resultant dyeings were measured. The bonding of dye or its complexes to the fibre and the effect of substituent groups on the colour fastness of the dyes are discussed.     

Deep‐coloured polyester/cotton blends with low concentrations of polymethylol dyes by a one‐pass continuous dyeing process

An obvious limitation of the one‐pass continuous dyeing process for polyester/cotton blends is its inability to achieve deep colour depth, which is caused by the low dye fixation yields of commercial reactive dyes. In this study, the performances of polyester/cotton blends dyed with high‐fixation polymethylol dyes and disperse dyes were compared with those of polyester/cotton blends dyed with a mixture of reactive dyes and disperse dyes. Polymethylol dyes were observed to be suitable for dyeing polyester/cotton blends when used in low concentrations; the required concentrations of polymethylol dyes were only 23–58% of the concentrations of commercial reactive dyes required to reach a given colour level on polyester/cotton blends. The wash and crocking fastness of polyester/cotton blends dyed with polymethylol dyes were similar to those of polyester/cotton blends dyed with reactive dyes.     

阻燃聚酯现状及发展趋势

简要介绍了国内外阻燃聚酯的发展概况,聚酯阻燃机理,聚酯纤维阻燃化方法以及用于阻燃聚酯的阻燃剂,并指出了阻燃聚酯的发展趋势。