NEIGHBORHOOD EMPOWERMENT AND URBAN MANAGEMENT IN THE 1980s

A variety of forms of neighborhood empowerment have continued to evolve during the 1970s and 1980s. At the most basic level, neighborhood organizations have shown the capability to articulate successfully community interests to both the private and public sectors. Furthermore, these organizations have also shown the capacity to administer neighborhood services and have begun to take on more comprehensive policy making functions. Recent experiences indicate that these efforts have enhanced neighborhood participation, improved the delivery of neighborhood services, and helped resolve conflicts. While the current urban fiscal crisis provides some political opportunities for extending these neighborhood efforts, neighborhood groups will have to avoid vigilantly the economic and political entrapments present in the current situation.     

创建动态城市规划评估体系——破解我国规划权威性强化之难题

城市规划的公共政策属性决定其具有较强的严肃性和权威性,然而城市规划是对城市未来很长一段时期内的预测和安排,不断变化的社会经济发展形势导致传统的静态规划本身存在着许多不确定性,其稳定性也只是相对的,由此引起了对静态城市规划权威性的较多质疑.在城市规划的实际管理过程中,由于缺乏对城市规划实施过程与贯彻效果的客观评估,也导致了重复规划、过度规划等所谓规划浪费现象的出现.因此,论文首先归纳了我国规划权威性不足的种种具体表现,继而深入分析导致我国规划权威性不足的问题根源,并且提出了强化我国规划权威性的具体对策,以期通过动态城市规划评估体系的创建来进一步提升我国城市规划尤其是法定规划的针对性、稳定性和权威性.     

Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal

Urban renewal policies in The Netherlands already have a long history, which is characterised by varying attention for either smaller-scale (neighbourhood) or larger-scale (city) issues, and for either physical, social or economic questions. These variations run parallel with more general discourses on urban dynamics and perceptions of processes in (urban) society at large. In this paper the recent history of urban renewal policies will be briefly sketched, including their main orientations. Recent Big Citie Policies, currently in the third generation, will receive special attention and the actual policy discourse will be critically evaluated and confronted with some essential empirical findings. In this process, the Dutch policy on integrated urban renewal shows clear parallels with the experience in other Western European countries, demonstrating that a Western European paradigm of urban policies is in the making: integrated, area-based, with involvement of both public and market partners and residents. Nevertheless, the Dutch case is more outspoken than the approaches in other Western European countries, by paying more attention to the issue of social cohesion or integration and to the promotion of social mix as a solution for a lack of social cohesion in neighbourhoods. At the same time it is clear that this new paradigm of urban policies shows the characteristics of a discourse that is not based on research and on empirical facts, but that develops its own momentum from shared beliefs regarding the nature of urban problems and the appropriate policy responses. This new paradigm needs reconsideration.     

Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal

Urban renewal policies in The Netherlands already have a long history, which is characterised by varying attention for either smaller-scale (neighbourhood) or larger-scale (city) issues, and for either physical, social or economic questions. These variations run parallel with more general discourses on urban dynamics and perceptions of processes in (urban) society at large. In this paper the recent history of urban renewal policies will be briefly sketched, including their main orientations. Recent Big Citie Policies, currently in the third generation, will receive special attention and the actual policy discourse will be critically evaluated and confronted with some essential empirical findings. In this process, the Dutch policy on integrated urban renewal shows clear parallels with the experience in other Western European countries, demonstrating that a Western European paradigm of urban policies is in the making: integrated, area-based, with involvement of both public and market partners and residents. Nevertheless, the Dutch case is more outspoken than the approaches in other Western European countries, by paying more attention to the issue of social cohesion or integration and to the promotion of social mix as a solution for a lack of social cohesion in neighbourhoods. At the same time it is clear that this new paradigm of urban policies shows the characteristics of a discourse that is not based on research and on empirical facts, but that develops its own momentum from shared beliefs regarding the nature of urban problems and the appropriate policy responses. This new paradigm needs reconsideration.     

转型期城市交通规划应对策略研究

我国社会经济的快速发展带动城市发展进入转型期,城市交通规划作为影响城市未来发展的重要公共政策安排,应针对转型期城市的特征变化采取积极应对策略。"十二五"发展新阶段来临之际,城市在发展方式、发展基础、发展结构、发展动力及外部发展环境等方面将出现重大变化,建议在交通规划中采取交通环境承载力校核,发展低碳交通模式,鼓励集约运输,协调交通改善与城市历史环境关系,引导城市开发,保障城乡统筹,倡导科技创新,加快都市圈一体化融入进程等应对策略,适应并引导城市的健康转型。     

基于气候变化的城市规划研究进展与展望

基于科学网络引文数据库(WOS),本文采用CiteSpace知识图谱软件,梳理了1990—2016年国外气候变化与城市规划的研究热点和发展趋势。研究发现:在经历了20世纪七八十年代的迅速发展,1990年代初、中期的研究停滞以及1990年代末期以来的复兴后,研究视角和方法更加多元化,呈现学科交叉化与内容广泛化的趋势;研究内容主要趋向于气候复合效应与城市系统的互动机制、基于气候变化的城市系统分析评估以及城市规划应对气候变化策略三个方面。最后,论文评论指出,基于气候变化的城市规划研究正沿着内容体系多元化与综合化、方法体系从静态到动态模拟分析、重心倾向于规划行动的政策体系研究的路径发展。今后这一领域将深化气候多效应综合作用的适应性规划的研究,建构动态协作式规划方法。这一研究对我国未来城市空间发展应对气候变化的研究进展和关键技术的提升具有重要参考价值。     

Sustainable Urban Development Issues in Chinese Transitional Cities: Hong Kong and Shenzhen

Post-colonial capitalist Hong Kong and rapidly developing Shenzhen in China's socialist market economy have both adopted a pro-growth strategy to cope with challenges imposed by a globalizing economy. This development philosophy has exerted tremendous pressure on both cities, pushing them further away from the path of sustainable urban development. Despite the policy rhetoric of pursuing sustainable development, both city governments have refrained from identifying and analysing sustainable urban development issues. While the top-down elite-dominated polities in Hong Kong and Shenzhen are working hard to attain world city status, both cities lack a sustainable development strategy. Without a critical rethink of the growth-first mentality, sustainability principles such as an ethical utilization of natural resources and aspirations for intra- and inter-generational equity are not put on the policy agenda. Despite recent efforts to clean up the environment, it is uncertain how these two growing cities will proceed as the global economy itself is starting to capitalize on sustainability efforts to further capital accumulation.     

The Politics of Poverty Deconcentration and Housing Demolition

Concentrated poverty is the organizing framework for much housing policy at the federal and local levels. This article examines the effect of concentrated poverty on the politics of housing and community development at the local level. A case study of the Minneapolis‐Saint Paul metropolitan area suggests that in high‐poverty neighborhoods efforts to deconcentrate lead to political battles reminiscent of the urban renewal era in which poor and minority residents fight to save their housing and communities from slum clearance. For central cities, the deconcentration of poverty as a policy objective introduces a new set of criteria against which community development efforts are judged, making the development of subsidized and affordable housing more difficult to initiate or sustain. At the regional level, concerns about the concentration of poverty can create new alliances of resistance to affordable housing and even justify demolition in older, inner‐ring suburbs.     

城市交通与土地使用一体化的探讨及启示

城市交通与土地使用的一体化对于城市可持续发展至关重要。立足于城市经济学,试图在理论层面理清交通与城市之间错综复杂的关系,进而在实践层面分析总结国际城市处理城市交通与土地使用一体化之间关系的成功经验。在此基础上对上海既有的规划进行反思,并对未来城市空间发展政策的导向提出建议。     

CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP AND URBAN PROBLEM SOLVING: THE CHANGING CIVIC ROLE OF BUSINESS LEADERS IN AMERICAN CITIES

ABSTRACT:  Our concern in this article is corporate civic elite organizations and their role in social production and urban policy in the United States. Recent urban literature has suggested that the power and influence of CEO organizations has declined and that there has been some disengagement of corporate elites from civic efforts in many urban areas. Yet while these trends and their likely consequences are generally acknowledged, relatively little empirical research has been conducted on the nature and extent of the shifts in corporate civic leadership and on how these shifts have affected the civic agendas of central cities and metropolitan regions. In this study we obtain data from 19 large metropolitan areas in order to more systematically examine shifts in corporate civic leadership and their consequences. Our results suggest that the institutional autonomy, time, and personal connections to the central cities of many CEOs have diminished and that the civic organizations though which CEOs work appear to have experienced lowered capacity for sustained action. These trends suggest that while many CEOs and their firms will continue to commit their time and their firms' slack resources to civic enterprises, the problems they address will differ from those tackled in the past. We discuss the important implications these shifts have for the future of corporate civic engagement in urban problem solving and for the practice of urban governance.     

山水城市之中国理念

在未来的城市设计中，遵循生态原则是必然的趋势，而山水城市正是生态规划思想以及中国传统理念在城市规划和城市设计中的体现，是城市生态环境可持续发展的中国方式，山东城市集中反映了人们所追求的人与自然相和谐的理想境界，体现了中国传统的“天人合一”的自然观。     

将“湾区”作为滨海城市人居环境发展新载体——以厦门为例

按照城市规划,未来厦门海湾城市空间结构框架将形成以本岛为主,以岛外行政区为辅的发展态势,湾区势必成为未来厦门城市空间拓展和建设的重点.湾区作为城市人居环境发展新载体的内涵,必须以城市生态环境的修复与改善为前提,以多样化的城市功能为发展依托,以滨水空间景观环境的创造为重点,注意整体环境保护下的适度填海,追求全面的开发目标,推行"紧缩"的建设模式,实行以城市大交通为支撑的开发策略.     

Private initiatives in German urban development policy

Business Improvement Districts (BID) and Housing Improvement Districts (HID) are a new instrument of urban development policy in Germany. Their use reflects the fact that public assistance for urban development, while necessary, is not sufficient on its own to bring about the required change. They can be seen as a specific version of public–private partnership, which is to some extent also the philosophy underlying government-backed public assistance. Based on private initiative, they may be formalized (on the basis of legislation) or more informal. The first formalized German BID was established in Hamburg in 2005; a HID will follow soon. The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs has set up a scientific research initiative, Urban Improvement Districts in Urban Restructuring, with 14 model projects around Germany, on a more informal basis. The Ministry wants to learn how BIDs and HIDs will fit into legislation on, and give financial assistance to, urban development, as public engagement will increasingly reach its fiscal limits and the role of private initiatives in urban development will increase.     

A scenario-based approach to assess Ho Chi Minh City’s urban development strategies against the impact of climate change

This paper presents an approach to quantifying current and future city-wide flood risks to Ho Chi Minh City. Here urban planning scenarios linking urban development and climate change explore the main driving forces of future risk. According to the redefined role of urban environmental planning in times of climate change, spatial planning needs to go beyond traditional planning approaches to bring together, draw upon and integrate individual policies for urban adaptation strategies for land-use planning. Our initial research results highlight that the spatiotemporal processes of urban development, together with climate change, are the central driving forces for climate-related impacts. The influence of planned urban developments to the year 2025 on future flood risk is seen to be significantly greater than that of projected sea-level rise to the year 2100. These results aid local decision making in an effort to better understand the nature of future climate change risks to the city and to identify the main driver of urban exposure.     

英国绿带政策的起源、发展和挑战

英国绿带政策的规划模式和控制方法对世界现代城市规划发展有着深远的影响.叙述了英国绿带政策的起源、发展和主要内容,通过对其特点和先进经验以及存在的矛盾和问题的分析,指出只有以更加积极和灵活的态度,切实理顺经济发展需求和长远利益的关系,才能更好地促进对绿带的保护,实现城市的可持续发展.     

LETTERS TO THE EDITORS

Community groups from low-income neighborhoods have the most to gain from full access to data, yet the least capability to achieve that access or make use of the data once they have it. The gap is being filled by intermediaries providing access to data and assistance with analysis and policy development. These efforts are empowering community groups, allowing them to participate fully in planning and policy discussions that affect their neighborhoods. This paper explores the nature of the information providers, the services they provide to community organizations, and the challenges they face in doing so. Combining their experiences with our view of the coming technical and societal issues allows us to forecast what the future might look like. We conclude that community groups will become more self-sufficient, but will continue to need outside expertise. Since not all community groups now have access to such intermediaries, more research and development should be undertaken to support the movement.     

The compact city: Theory versus practice—The case of Cambridge

Urban compaction has become a policy direction which has been followed in a number of European countries throughout the 1990s. Although this policy direction may have both theoretical and political appeal, there is concern over the likelihood of being able to concentrate the majority of future development within existing urban areas. Most analysis would suggest that urban decentralisation is set to continue. Reversing these established patterns, as well as past policies which have encouraged dispersal, is likely to be a tall order. The aim of this article is to provide a closer examination of a particular city-region to assess whether national policy, which promotes compact cities, is feasible at the local level. The Cambridge subregion, within the UK, has been chosen as it has a tradition of policies which have encouraged dispersal and are in direct contrast to Government's new policy direction. Past spatial planning policies within the sub-region have left a legacy of dispersed settlement patterns, separating homes from workplace and encouraging inward commuting into Cambridge. The effects of this past policy stance are so ingrained that it will be hard to reverse such trends and accommodate additional development, particularly housing, within Cambridge's existing boundaries. Nicola Morrison (Dr) is research associate and affiliated lecturer in the Property Research Unit, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge. Her research interests are focused on housing and land use planning issues within the UK context.     

Creating a Positive Future for a Minority Community: Transportation and Urban Renewal Politics in Miami

Overtown, once the center of African American life in Miami, lost 40% of its population when Interstate 95 was built through the heart of the community in the 1960s. Even though a variety of non‐policy factors played a role in the decline of the area, expressway construction and urban renewal greatly accelerated the process. Just as important, efforts to mitigate the impact of the highway were delayed for many years, thus magnifying the negative effects of public policies. The political barriers preventing the redevelopment of Overtown are described and analyzed. The future of Overtown is critically examined and evaluated.     

Urban Development of Macao:Challenges and Opportunities

This paper reviews the socio-economic development and the spatial evolution patterns of Macao. It argues that urbanization and intense land development have posed three challenges to Macao's future development pathway, namely, limited provision of resource, lack of diversification ofindustries, and incomplete planning legislation. The General Agreement on the Cooperation between Guangdong and Macao signed in 2003 represents a strong policy incentive that offered a comprehensive institutional framework to promote economic integration. The Agreement is conducive to achieving economic development through proposing dynamic and diversified economic activities, which will also benefit tourism. The development of Hengqin will serve as a test bed for furthering the implementation of "one country, two systems" constitutional principle, which will also improve the existing regional cooperation mechanisms. A comprehensive urban planning system should be established to avoid marginalization in regional development. Better reallocation of resources and prevention of over-competition in the market are two critical components in achieving sustainable development of Macao.     

Obscuring difference through shaping debate: A Lacanian view of planning for diversity

Lacanian theory posits that human subjectivity implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction, difference and ambiguity to fulfil aspirations for a harmonious and complete world. Planning traditionally relies on this “social” desire for its effectiveness in shaping policy frames, or ideological perspectives, from which to strategically orientate urban policy towards the future. This may sit at odds with the conceptualization of the postmodern city as constituted by spaces of difference and diversity. Lacanian discourse theory will be used to examine how the beliefs of the planning profession are shaped and then implemented in our urban environments. The implications of addressing diversity as both a fundamental planning reality underlying many of our urban environments and as a major planning ideal, exemplified by multiculturalism, will be explored in this context and found to be of concern without revision to established institutional planning practices and wider societal expectations of urban management.