在线去应力退火对线性摩擦焊TiAl合金接头微结构与力学性能的影响机制（英文）

采用在线去应力退火工艺对线性摩擦焊TiAl合金接头进行处理,避免了焊后裂纹的产生。显微组织分析表明,接头焊缝区与热力影响区界限明显,焊缝区主要由等轴γ晶组成,并含有少量的α_2相。靠近焊缝的热影响区内的层状γ晶具有明显的流线特征,其方向与焊接界面热塑性金属的流动方向一致。接头的显微硬度从母材区到焊缝区呈逐渐增加的趋势,焊缝区显微硬度相较于母材区增加了约1700 MPa;接头的室温抗拉强度与母材相当,在683 MPa到717 MPa之间。焊缝区的细晶强化效应是接头强度较高的主要原因。     

TC4钛合金活性激光焊焊缝成形及组织性能

选取CaF₂、NaF和Na₂SiF₆作为活性剂对TC4钛合金进行活性激光焊接,在焊接过程中利用高速摄像机采集焊件上方的光致等离子体图像,焊后借助光学显微镜测量焊缝熔深和熔宽,利用EBSD观察分析焊缝显微组织,采用能谱仪测试焊缝元素组成,测试接头硬度和抗拉强度。结果表明,由于活性剂改变了焊件表面状态和压缩光致等离子体面积从而提高了激光吸收率,这使得焊缝熔化区面积增加;活性剂均可以使未熔透焊缝的熔深增加,正面熔宽减小,熔透焊缝正面熔宽减小,中部和背面熔宽均增加,3种活性剂中Na₂SiF₆对TC4钛合金激光焊焊缝成形的影响最明显;活性剂对焊缝下部显微组织影响不大,涂敷CaF₂和NaF后,焊缝上部β柱状晶的生长方向与未涂敷焊缝β柱状晶生长方向都指向焊缝表面,涂敷Na₂SiF₆焊缝上部β柱状晶的生长方向指向焊缝中心。涂覆CaF₂焊缝针状马氏体α′形态变化不明显,涂敷NaF的针状马氏体α′变得稍细,而涂敷Na₂SiF₆的针状马氏体α′变得短且细,较涂敷CaF₂和NaF的焊缝变化最明显。涂敷Na₂SiF₆的接头抗拉强度提高约12.5%,从改善焊缝成形和提高接头力学性能考虑,Na₂SiF₆可作为TC4钛合金激光焊的首选活性剂。     

基于Ti中间层的SiCp/6061-T6Al MMCs低功率激光-TIG复合焊组织与性能

以0.1mm厚的Ti箔做中间夹层,使用低功率激光-TIG复合焊的方式对SiCp/6061-T6Al MMCs 进行焊接,并对接头的宏观形貌、显微组织、物相、电阻率、抗拉强度及断口形貌进行分析。结果表明：激光功率对焊缝的成形有着较大影响;Ti箔的加入基本抑制了焊缝中针状Al₄C₃生成,并生成TiC增强相以及条状TiAl₃;焊缝区为等轴晶组织,熔合区为柱状晶组织,热影响区组织变化不明显;随着激光功率的增加接头的电阻率呈现出增加的趋势,并明显高于母材;在554W时接头的抗拉强度可达196.98MPa,是母材强度的54.71%。接头断口中几乎没有气孔,韧窝中的第二相粒子以TiC为主,接头呈现出以脆性断裂为主的脆-韧性混合断裂特征。     

SiCp/AlMMCs填充含Sc、Ce、Be的TiB2原位增强焊丝与4047焊丝的TIG焊研究

使用自制的含Sc、Ce、Be的TiB₂原位增强与4047焊丝为填充材料对T6态SiCp/AlMMCs 进行TIG焊,对接头的力学性能、显微组织以及断口形貌和第二相粒子进行分析。结果表明：两种焊丝焊接该种材料的焊缝成型优良,4047焊丝成型更加美观；TiB₂接头的抗拉强度明显优于ER4047接头,平均强度达到171.88MPa,相对于4047接头强度提高40.03%,TiB₂粒子起到了原位增强的作用；两种接头的硬度值在焊缝中心近似呈对称分布,焊缝区硬度最低,平均值分别为：71.65HV、60.02HV,热影响区硬度的“过时效”现象明显；焊缝中SiC颗粒较少,存在严重贫瘠区 ,未发现明显的Al₄C₃脆性物；显微组织都为枝晶组织,但4047接头焊缝枝晶粗大,TiB₂接头焊缝晶粒细小,稀土元素Sc、Ce、Be起到了细化晶粒的作用,且TiB₂粒子在焊缝中分布均匀；TiB2接头断口中气孔较少,为韧-脆性混合性断裂,韧窝中第二相粒子较多；4047接头断口中气孔较多,为韧性断裂,韧窝中第二相粒子较少。     

Super-Ni/NiCr叠层材料Ni-Cr-Si-B高温钎焊接头的组织特征及抗剪强度

采用Ni-Cr-Si-B高温钎料对Super-Ni/NiCr叠层复合材料和Cr18-Ni8不锈钢进行真空钎焊,并分析钎焊接头的显微组织及物相组成、显微硬度、抗剪强度及断口形貌.结果表明,钎缝主要由γ-Ni固溶体、Ni₃B、CrB和Ni₃Si组成;钎缝的显微硬度波动较大,γ-Ni基体显微硬度为450 MPa,Ni₃B的显微硬度最高650 MPa.钎焊温度升高至1120℃时,接头的抗剪强度最高可达158 MPa,NiCr基层钎缝区呈脆性断裂,出现撕裂韧窝.钎缝区与Super-Ni复层之间形成Ni₃B界面,Super-Ni复层钎缝区断裂于Ni₃B界面.     

纳米贝氏体钢TIG焊接头组织和性能

采用TIG焊接方法对1500 MPa级纳米贝氏体钢进行焊接.利用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)对焊接接头的微观组织和断口形貌进行了观察与分析,通过硬度测试与拉伸试验考察了接头的力学性能.结果表明,纳米贝氏体钢的焊接性较差,TIG焊焊缝和淬火区组织为淬硬的马氏体,硬度高达1000 HV;焊缝偏析严重,在枝晶间出现残余奥氏体;焊接接头出现冷裂纹,且为沿晶脆性断裂;回火区析出大量碳化物,主要为M₇C₃(M表示Fe,Cr,Mn)和渗碳体Fe₃C,并随着回火温度的升高,碳化物析出量增大,成为焊接接头的又一薄弱环节.     

船用铜合金搅拌摩擦焊研究

针对典型的船用铜合金开展了搅拌摩擦焊试验研究,通过金相显微镜、投射电子显微镜和能谱分析观察研究了焊缝的组织形貌,通过显微硬度、拉伸性能试验测试了接头的力学性能。结果表明,采用搅拌摩擦焊可以得到性能良好的船用铜合金焊缝。接头焊核区由均匀细小的等轴晶粒组成,顶锻区、热机影响区的等轴晶由于摩擦热作用晶粒有所增大,热影响区晶粒受热长大。焊核晶粒发生动态再结晶,得到细晶强化,同时强化相细小分布均匀,实现了弥散强化。焊缝厚度方向硬度比较均匀,没有明显的软化区,水平方向硬度从焊核到母材逐渐降低。接头抗拉强度与母材相当,屈服强度高于母材。     

700℃超超临界电站锅炉用高温合金617B和740H管道氩弧焊接头微观组织特征

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度计等手段,研究了617B和740H管道氩弧焊接头微观组织和显微硬度。结果表明:617B焊件焊缝晶粒外延生长明显,焊缝主要存在Mo、Ti元素偏析,枝晶间分布着不连续颗粒状碳化物M6C,焊缝硬度略高于母材。740H焊件焊缝主要存在Nb、Ti元素偏析,枝晶间有较多不规则颗粒状碳化物MC,没有观察到γ-γ′共晶相;热影响区晶粒稍有长大,晶内强化相γ′减少,晶界碳化物M23C6和MC发生回溶,焊缝硬度明显低于母材。     

厚板铜镍合金电子束焊的接头组织与力学性能

采用真空电子束焊接实现了船用厚板铜镍合金的优质可靠连接,焊后对接头组织、显微硬度、拉伸性能和冲击性能进行了测试研究。研究结果表明,焊缝为粗大的枝晶组织,热影响区为晶粒大小不等的孪晶组织,靠近焊缝处晶粒有异常长大;接头显微硬度最高值为HV0.2122,出现在热影响区;焊接接头最大抗拉强度达到342 MPa,与母材等强,拉伸试样均在母材断裂,拉伸断口分布大小不一的韧窝,呈明显的韧性断裂特性;焊缝最高冲击吸收功达到160 J,高于母材的,热影响区最低冲击吸收功121 J,略低于母材的。     

闪光焊FeCrAl合金管材的接头组织及性能

采用闪光焊对FeCrAl合金进行对接接头焊接,通过扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪等手段研究了焊接接头的显微组织特征、不同区域氧化物颗粒的分布情况及力学性能. 结果表明,闪光焊焊接FeCrAl合金所得焊接接头显微组织主要为等轴晶,在焊缝和热影响区氧化物未出现明显聚集及向晶界偏聚的现象,且在晶内和晶界都可以呈现弥散分布的特征;焊接接头抗拉强度值达到594 MPa,为母材强度的90.5%;接头断裂在焊缝区,整体呈现脆性断裂模式;焊缝晶粒的粗化导致焊缝区硬度降低,最终引起焊接接头出现软化.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。