板式换热器黏液形成菌与CaCO3混合污垢实验

为了探究黏液形成菌（SFB）与CaCO₃混合污垢在板式换热器（PHEs）中的成垢规律,对不同浓度的CaCO₃与黏液形成菌混合进行了实验研究。结果表明：混合污垢中,黏液形成菌微生物污垢占成垢的主要地位。微生物污垢的热阻渐近值最大,混合污垢的热阻渐近值介于微生物污垢的热阻渐近值和CaCO₃污垢热阻渐近值之间,CaCO₃污垢热阻渐近值最小。这不同于以往得到的混合污垢之间相互促进的结论,说明CaCO₃对黏液形成菌存在抑制作用。维持其他条件不变,随着CaCO₃浓度的增大,混合污垢热阻值随之减小。反之,随着黏液形成菌浓度的增大,混合污垢热阻值随之增大。     

Optimal design of a heat exchanger undergoing reaction fouling

The design of heat exchangers which resist fouling is examined. It is shown that for asymptotic reaction fouling in a uniform wall temperature exchanger with outlet fluid temperature kept constant, it is possible to obtain an optimum combination of exchanger size and tube-side temperature. This optimum minimises the amount of fouling in the system. An equation which gives a good approximation to the optimum is derived, and its limitations discussed.     

冷却水换热器结垢和腐蚀的原因及处理措施

阐述了冷却水换热器结垢和腐蚀的原因,并对其危害进行了介绍;探讨了结垢和腐蚀的处理措施,为解决冷却水换热器结垢和腐蚀问题提供了借鉴和指导。     

Performance of two heat transfer fouling probes for various fluids

The predictions of two commonly used fouling monitoring devices, namely a heated rod in an annulus and a coiled wire in cross-flow are compared. As fouling fluids, heptane with dissolved styrene (to simulate chemical reaction fouling), heptane with suspended particles (to simulate particulate fouling) and Kraft pulp black liquor (where both the above fouling mechanisms may occur) have been used.     

Influence of operating conditions on particulate fouling

The influence of flow velocity and particle size on the deposition of suspended alumina particles onto heat transfer surfaces was measured with two fouling probes, namely, a heated cylindrical rod in an annulus and a coiled wire in crossflow. Additionally, the response of the fouled probes to such changes as may occur in operating heat exchangers was investigated. The measured influence of flow velocity, wall temperature, bulk temperature, heat flux, particle concentration and particle size on the fouling behaviour as described in this paper and in a companion paper is compared to the predictions of several fouling models from the literature, and recommendations are made for further improvement of these models.     

水系统中微生物和碳酸钙混合垢的形成过程

实验通过固定循环系统中荧光假单孢菌的数量,研究了不同材料表面上,随着水中碳酸钙浓度的改变,混合垢生长曲线的特征。结果发现随着碳酸钙浓度的增大,平均污垢量及标准偏差随之降低;碳酸钙的浓度不是影响非金属材料诱导期的主要因素,但对于金属材料却存在较大影响。同时,实验还确定了垢层的结构及性质,分析了污垢形成的机理:首先是碳酸钙颗粒和有机大分子吸附到材料表面上,然后是微生物的粘附生长。碳酸钙的存在影响微生物与表面的结合,反之亦然。     

Influence of particle size and particle/fluid combination on particulate fouling in heat exchangers

The influence of particle size on particulate fouling rates during convective sensible heat transfer to liquids has been investigated. Experiments have been carried out using aluminum oxide particles with nominal diameters ranging from 0.06 μm to 15 μm, suspended in an organic solvent for a wide range of concentrations. The observed influence of particle size on the asymptotic fouling resistance is compared with the predictions of the Watkinson–Epstein model. The results of this comparison suggest that, in addition to the changes of mass transfer coefficient with increasing particle size, reduced adhesion forces between particles and wall and increasing removal forces have to be considered as well. Additionally, the influence of different particle/fluid combinations was investigated. Experiments were performed with aluminum oxide particles suspended in isopropanol, isobutanol or water, and with kaolin particles suspended in water.     

换热器结垢与换热网络裕量设计方法研究进展

从结垢现象影响换热系统正常运行的角度出发,介绍了近几年换热网络裕量设计以及针对结垢问题不同学者研究出的换热网络优化设计。总结了在换热网络设计中对换热器清洗时序、清洗周期优化或者增加换热网络的裕量设计的不同换热网络设计最优方法,但这些方法都是在换热网络设计之初,考虑换热器结垢最严重的情况即换热网络在“最差”工况下进行的优化,因此优化得到的换热网络难以保证换热网络全运行周期的持续节能优化。本文结合现有换热网络设计方法的利弊,针对结垢过程的慢时变、持续特点,提出一种基于长周期持续节能的换热网络设计优化方法,在换热网络设计之初,定量分析结垢对网络结构的影响,以换热网络全周期累积总费用为目标函数,实现换热网络的最优综合。     

换热设备污垢研究进展

对污垢的形成过程中起始、输运、附着、剥蚀和老化5个阶段的机理进行了简要的概述。综述了近几年国内外换热设备污垢领域的研究进展,以预测、监测和对策3个主要研究方向进行了归纳。综合已有的研究成果,提出了蒸汽污垢研究这一新方向。     

海洋船舶无毒、低毒防污涂料的研究进展

介绍了现代海洋船舶防污涂料的研究和应用情况,分别阐述了电化学防污涂料、化学活性物质释放型防污涂料和非化学活性物质释放型防污涂料的原理及其应用进展,并着重介绍了无毒低毒防污剂及防污涂料,指出长效、无毒的防污涂料将是未来涂料的发展方向。     

Impact of deposit ageing on thermal fouling: Lumped parameter model

The thermal and hydraulic performance of heat exchangers can be seriously impaired by the formation of fouling deposits on the heat transfer surfaces. The thermal effect of fouling can be complicated when the deposit is subject to ageing, represented here as a change in deposit thermal conductivity (but not thickness) over time. In this article, we revisit the ageing concept for crude oil fouling proposed by Nelson (Refiner Nat Gas Manufacturer. 1934;13:271–276, 292–298), using a numerical model incorporating first order kinetics to generate quantitative comparisons of different ageing rates. Results are reported for lumped parameter systems (which also simulate point measurement methods commonly used in laboratory testing) that demonstrate that ageing can have a substantial influence on the rate of heat transfer and hence on the surface temperature and rate of fouling. Rapid ageing (compared with the rate of deposition) does not pose problems, but slow ageing, or the use of constant heat fluxes in experiments, can lead to modified thermal fouling behavior. It is concluded that deposit ageing dynamics should be considered alongside deposition rate dynamics when interpreting experimental fouling data and when modeling fouling behavior in support of heat exchanger design or operation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

板式换热器以松花江水为冷却水条件下的污垢特性

为研究板式换热器在天然水下的污垢特性,实验采用BR0.015F型板式换热器,研究了其在不同的流速和温度下的污垢特性,用扫描电镜观察了已经结垢的换热表面。结果表明：此板式换热器松花江水的污垢类型为渐进型且不存在诱导期,随着流速的增大污垢热阻降低的幅度减小。冷却水温度在27.5～28.5 ℃时污垢热阻较大,温度升高污垢热阻降低;换热表面的混合污垢成片的附着于换热面,有少量的难溶盐析出的晶体生成。     

污水换热器流态化在线防、除垢实验

采用污水源热泵供暖空调是节能减排的有效途径,但换热器结垢问题尚未得到有效解决。本文将固液流态化除垢技术应用到污水源热泵换热器的防、除垢中,并设计了一套污水换热器流态化除垢系统。该系统以沙粒作为除垢颗粒,通过理论分析和实验验证相结合的方法,研究了固液流态化除垢的最佳流速、除垢能力、强化换热效果及减少磨损的最佳工作参数。实验结果表明;当换热管内污水流速达到0.87m/s时,直径2～3mm沙粒可流化,沙粒循环回收率达到95%,实现了污水换热器在线清洗;沙粒对壁面的碰撞力可有效去除换热管壁的软垢及铁锈,除垢效果明显;该除垢系统持续运行24h后,污水换热器传热系数提高了25.6%;沙粒体积分数为4%,流速为扬动流速,是减少磨损和保证除垢效率的最佳工作参数。     

换热器自转螺旋扭带自动阻垢技术应用研究

以内置自转塑料螺旋扭带换热器为研究对象,对换热管中有、无自转扭带时污垢的粘附速率、换热器的动态污垢热阻、管壁的磨腐速率进行了工业应用对比试验研究。研究结果表明:自转清洗扭带的防垢、除垢、清洗效果显著,扭带管的污垢平均粘附速率是普通光管的54%;动态污垢热阻比光管下降了30%;塑料扭带对管壁的磨损微乎其微。为自转螺旋塑料扭带的工业应用推广提供了依据。     

不锈钢缩放管中典型致垢微生物致垢能力

以电厂循环冷却塔塔底黏泥中分离纯化出的3种致垢微生物铁细菌（IB）、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、黏液形成菌（HB）为实验菌种,利用污垢热阻动态模拟实验台,在恒定工况下（水温30 ℃,流速0.4 m/s）,动态模拟了3种致垢菌及其混合菌的微生物污垢形成过程。实验测得了3种致垢菌和混合菌的污垢热阻,并对垢样成分进行了ICP-MS和阴离子分析。结果表明：污垢诱导期分别为28 h、45 h、70 h和18 h;污垢热阻渐近值为2 10?4 m2?K/W、1.75 10?4 m2?K/W、1.45 10?4 m2?K/W和4.9 10?4 m2?K/W。由此表明致垢菌的致垢能力大小为：混合菌＞IB＞SRB＞HB。垢样成分分析结果表明：IB垢样成分分析中Fe、C和NO3?含量较多,而重金属离子及Cl?含量较少,说明其具有较强的致垢能力而腐蚀能力较弱;SRB垢样分析显示,S、Fe及Cl?相对较高,且重金属Ni、Cr含量较多,说明其致垢的同时具有较强的腐蚀特性;HB形成的污垢主要以C、N及NO3?为主,且含有一定量的Cl?,表明此菌也具有一定的腐蚀性质。     

修饰表面抑制不同物系污垢现状

简要综述了近年来采用表面修饰方法抑制不同物系在换热表面上的污垢形成方面的研究现状,并提出了进一步研究的方向。易结垢物系包括:牛奶等食品类、无机盐类、海水及地热水等;表面修饰方法涉及:溅射、离子植入、真空蒸镀、化学气相沉积、自催化或化学镀、溶胶凝胶、液相沉积、低压电子束和等离子氩弧沉积等。     

基于技术系统进化理论的换热器化学除垢方法的研究

基于技术系统进化理论预测换热器化学除垢方法的研究方向,寻找一种能够代替或改善现有的除垢方法,从而解决现有化学法存在的污染环境、损伤设备、成本较高等缺点。     

换热器垢物清洗剂的实验室评价

通过对三种馏分油溶解度性能的考察，筛选出一种性能良好的清洗剂，并对清洗剂选用的试验方法进行了讨论。     

Estimation of fouling in a plate heat exchanger through the application of neural networks

Pasteurization is an important, if not the most important, process step in the packaging of milk. It is subject to alterations stemming from the variation in the temperature, pH and raw milk quality. The variability may manifest itself in changes in the formation of the deposit (fouling) in the pasteurization unit, such that there is a need for tools, both instrumentation and computational, to help in monitoring the process and keeping it on the desired course. In this paper we describe a practical procedure based on artificial neural networks (ANN) that allows prediction of the deposit thickness, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the critical time (the time that the unit has to be stopped for cleaning) for reducing the impact of fouling on such processes. The procedure determines when the cleaning operation is required once the system is under critical conditions of operations. A combination of fundamental studies and plant measurements were used for study of the operating conditions and thus evaluation of the trades‐offs between operating conditions and longer operating life span. The results are encouraging, enough to validate current operating industrial techniques. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ca2+环境下水质参数变化对板式换热器铁细菌微生物污垢的影响

换热设备微生物污垢形成机制和影响因素复杂,污垢数据和规律的获取难度较大。本文采用搭建的板式换热器循环冷却水实验系统,获得了加入Ca²⁺后板式换热器冷却水铁细菌微生物污垢热阻数据,研究了加入Ca²⁺后不同运行工况下冷却水水质参数（OD、pH、电导率）的变化,进一步分析了水质参数变化对微生物污垢生长带来的影响。结果表明,加入Ca²⁺后微生物污垢热阻渐变化明显。随着低温循环冷水进口温度增加,含有Ca²⁺和铁细菌的循环冷却水OD逐渐降低,pH则逐渐升高,电导率减小,微生物污垢热阻逐渐降低;随着流体速度的增加,循环冷却水OD则升高,pH降低,电导率增大,但流速的增大同样加剧了冷却水对通道壁面的剥蚀作用,导致微生物污垢热阻随流速增逐渐下降。