Efficiency of dualflow trays in distillation

The mass transfer efficiencies of dualflow trays with open hole areas of 20, 28 and 37% were experimentally investigated under total reflux conditions in a 300-mm diameter distillation column using methanol-water and methanol-isopropanol systems. The results indicate that the efficiency of a dualflow tray is a strong function of the open hole area, the vapor/liquid load, and liquid properties such as surface tension and density. A fundamental model was developed to predict tray efficiency. The prediction was found to agree with the measured data to within 15.3%.     

Performance of combined mesh packing and sieve tray in distillation

The hydraulic and mass transfer performance of a combined knitted mesh packing and sieve tray has been measured for the distillation of methanol-water mixtures. It was found that by adding a shallow bed of packing, the Murphree tray efficiency increased by 40–50% over a wide range of concentrations and flow rates. This increase in tray efficiency can be attributed to a much smaller and more uniform bubble formation on the packed tray. Hydraulic measurements have shown that the packed trays have lower weeping and entrainment, as well as slightly higher froth heights and pressure drops.     

烧结床层的热质分析

基于烧结生产的复杂物理化学过程,建立了烧结床层传热、传质和流动的二维非稳态数学模型,考虑了孔隙率、物料颗粒当量直径等床层结构影响参数的变化,并对气固传热系数进行了修正。通过数值计算,获得了烧结床层的温度场、结构变化和烟气的流场、温度场、浓度场等。烟气出口温度、床层总压降与生产实测值吻合较好,验证了数学模型的正确性。进一步分析了燃料配比、风量和给料温度等操作参数对烧结过程的影响。研究结果表明：燃烧带的厚度、最高温度随着烧结过程的进行而逐渐增加。床层孔隙率、颗粒当量直径的变化主要发生在燃烧带的熔融、冷凝阶段。料层压损最大的是燃烧熔融层,其次是混合料带,最小的是烧结矿层。增加焦粉含量、提高烧结混合料的初温,有利于提高成矿质量;风量过大时,会造成成矿质量下降、生产成本提高。     

酯化反应釜夹套的传热计算

通过计算液相热媒夹套和气相热媒冷凝夹套的给热系数 ,进行定量的比较。指出应用气相热媒冷凝夹套的优点 ,并对它的设计进行了讨论     

泡罩垂直筛板性能研究

选用BVS-1型和BVS-2型泡罩垂直筛板,用水和空气模拟塔内气液二相流动工况,在一定时间内采集雾沫夹带量和漏液量,研究其流体力学性能和操作弹性。结果表明:前者操作弹性比大于2,最大可达到3.5;用微差压计测得在操作弹性范围内的总板压降为850—1 400 Pa;采用氧解吸方法测试单板效率,对流体力学性能较好的BVS-1型泡罩垂直筛板和现有的垂直筛板在传质性能上进行了比较,前者比后者的单板效率提高了约20%。     

分散降液筛板塔传质性能

在筛板塔的基础上,研发了一种新型板式塔--分散降液筛板塔,将传统筛板塔的弓形降液管改为均布于塔板筛孔间的多降液管结构,使整个塔板面成为均匀降液和受液的传质区,并新增淋降和喷溅传质区,在全塔空间内实现立体、连续的微分接触式气液传质过程,另外,塔板之间可以加装填料来强化传质,或装填催化剂以促进伴随化学反应的传质过程。以“氧气-空气-水”为体系,初步研究了分散降液筛板的传质性能及其影响因素,并与传统筛板进行比较,结果表明:分散降液筛板气液分布均匀,接触充分,在同等条件下传质效率比传统筛板提高了8.4%~9.7%。     

气扫式膜蒸馏传质传热过程

对气扫式膜蒸馏（SGMD）的热量和质量传递机理进行了研究,建立了该过程的热量和质量传递模型,并对模型进行了计算,得出了吹扫气流速、组件长度、进料流速和进料温度对膜通量的影响。通过实验对模型计算结果进行了验证。实验结果表明模型计算值与实验值非常接近。随吹扫气流速的增大,通量先增加然后趋近于平衡。组件长度越短通量越高。进料流速对通量的影响很小,随膜丝内Reynolds数的增加,通量稍有增加,随进料温度的升高,通量呈指数倍增加。     

Heat transfer between very shallow fluidized beds and an immersed horizontal tube

A new correlation is proposed for the heat transfer coefficient between an immersed horizontal tube and very shallow fluidized beds (static bed heights of 10-40 mm). The correlation is based upon experimental data obtained in this work for a horizontal tube with an outside diameter of 13.1 mm, immersed in beds of spherical alumina particles with mean particle sizes of 335-1261 microns. The maximum bed pressure drop was 92.5 mm water. The effects of tube elevation, static bed height and distributor design were investigated. Nine different distributors were used, with maximum pressure drops ranging from 3 to 800 mm water and open areas from 2.2 to 36%. A comparison between the proposed correlation and data reported in the literature showed an agreement of approximately ±10%.     

Heat transfer by radiation and convection in fire testing

Fire safety engineers, especially those experts writing fire test standards, often have different understandings of the concepts of heat transfer from a fire to a surface by radiation and convection. The concepts are therefore often not very well defined, in e.g. ISO and CEN standards, leading in many cases to confusions, misunderstandings and considerable errors. This paper is an effort, in a very simple way, to make the issue a little clearer, particularly for use in international standardization work. ISO/TC92 and the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors are currently endorsing very important work on procedures to calibrate heat flux meters. The two entities, heat transfer by radiation and convection, may be treated independently. The presentation below is deliberately very short and basic avoiding many phenomena that are not immediately needed in most fire standardization work. Recommendations are reached on how to define and measure heat transfer in fire testing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat transfer and gas holdup studies in a bubble column: Air-water-sand system

Air-holdup and heat transfer coefficient data are reported for the air-water and air-water-sand system as a function of air velocity in the temperature range 297-343 K as measured in a 0.305 m diameter bubble column operating in semi-batch mode and equipped with either a five- or seven-tube bundle. A 65 μm average size sand powder is used at concentrations of 5 and 10 mass percent in the slurry. Available correlations of gas holdup and heat transfer coefficients are examined on the basis of these data. These are found inappropriate and inadequate for representing these experimental data. Gas holdup data are well represented by an approach based on Nicklin's (1962) work, and heat transfer data are adequately represented by a simple semi-empirical expression. Accurate experimental data on additional systems are needed to develop a reliable heat transfer theory particularly for process representation at temperatures higher than ambient.     

全容式LNG储罐传热分析与数值计算

LNG储罐储存介质与环境温度存在较大温差,保冷和罐体结构复杂。以全容式LNG储罐为例分析储罐各部分的传热计算方法,建立了储罐罐体的二维和三维稳态温度场数值计算模型,计算得到罐壁、罐底及各连接部位的温度场分布图,并进行了分析。研究结果对LNG储罐的结构设计具有参考价值。     

过冷中间流体气化器换热过程实验

中间流体气化器(IFV)是液化天然气浮式储存与再气化装置中关键设备之一。IFV较多采用丙烷作为中间流体,利用其蒸发、冷凝相变过程将LNG气化,而过冷中间流体换热流程可以减小气化器体积。通过对过冷丙烷换热流程进行实验,充分结合实际FSRU海平面运行背景,验证中间流体丙烷在水平面和倾斜角度下的换热特性及对整个换热过程的影响因素。实验发现海平面的略微晃动对其换热有一定的增强;当海水温度随四季发生改变升高时,中间流体提供给LNG的气化换热量也会增大,海水进出口温度差也会增大;当海水流量变大时,整个过程的换热强度增大。     

间歇釜传热时间和传热面积的计算

通过对间歇釜传热过程的分析,推导出间歇釜传热时间和传热面积的计算公式。附有说明计算方法的实例。     

Heat transfer coefficients in coiled stirred-tank systems

Steady-state and transient heat transfer coefficients were determined in coiled, stirred-tank systems with single-tank and two-tanks-in-series arrangements, using flat-blade turbine impellers and water. Flowrates, hot water temperature and agitator speed were varied for Re between 19,000 and 77,000 for the agitated side, covering the Re = 20,000–40,000 range for which published data are not available.     

鼓泡塔内热质同时传递过程研究

在鼓泡塔内的热模实验表明,塔内存在一个适宜的液汽比。比较鼓泡塔和填料塔得出,完成相近的传热和传质负荷,鼓泡塔传热传质效率不及填料塔、鼓泡塔的蒸汽利用程度比填料塔高;鼓泡塔的操作弹性、设备堵塞等问题优于填料塔。故鼓泡塔亦是较理想的热水塔塔型,可用于水煤浆气化系统。     

圆形自由射流冲击曲面的换热特性

采用直接表面温度测量的方法对水喷射高温曲面的传热过程进行实验研究.通过实验得到了驻点区及附壁射流区的对流传热系数的分布情况,并且系统地研究了射流出口速度、喷嘴至加热面的间距等参数对对流传热系数的影响.结果表明,圆形射流冲击曲面的局部传热系数沿传热面随X/D的增大而逐渐减小,驻点处的传热系数最大并且随射流速度的增大而增大,但是当射流速度增大到一定值时,驻点的对流传热系数的增大比较缓慢.在射流速度较低的情况下,喷距对局部传热系数的影响较为显著.     

氯气干爆泡沫塔花板的设计

氯气干燥泡沫塔的重要设计参数是空塔速率,但仅满足此项指标是不够的,在空塔速率保持不变的基础上,通过筛孔气速等参数的调整,效果显著。     

橡胶热传导性能的测定

介绍橡胶热传导性能测定的基本原理及导热系数,热扩散系数和比热容的测量方法。     

生物质热解气喷雾冷凝的传热传质特性

生物质热解气的快速冷凝是影响生物油品质和出油率的关键因素之一。喷雾冷凝是实现快速冷凝的有效方法。文中以生物质热解气的关键组分所形成的多组分体系为研究对象,采用多组分体系传热传质经典的膜模型,使用Maxwell-Stefan方程描述其质量传递,结合气液相际传质的特点,进行了喷雾冷凝过程中的传热传质耦合计算。通过计算获得了液滴直径、液滴平均温度以及混合气体平均温度的变化规律,并探讨了初始流速、喷雾液滴直径和气液质量流量比对热解气冷凝过程的影响。     

叉排三维外肋管的传热特性

以纯净水为换热工质,空气为换热气体,搭建了换热实验台。对光管和叉排三维外肋管进行了传热实验研究。详细介绍了传热实验台的搭建以及实验步骤,并为求解传热系数进行了理论模型的推导。结果发现,由于叉排三维外肋管的特殊结构,相同条件下其传热系数是光管传热系数的3.1倍左右。对光管和外肋管的传热系数进行线性拟合,得到了各自的换热关联式,为叉排三维外肋管的工业应用提供了参考。最后对实验数据进行了误差分析,实验数据可信。