固体超强酸树脂催化合成邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的工艺研究

以固体超强酸树脂为催化剂合成了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯,分别对醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间进行单因素和正交试验,并通过极差和方差分析对酯化过程中显著影响酯化率的因素进行统计分析。结果表明最佳的合成工艺条件为:醇酸摩尔比4.5、催化剂用量2.5%、反应温度115℃、反应时间160min,在此工艺条件下酯化率可达99.5%。该催化剂具有良好的耐磨性,可重复使用。     

癸二酸二正己酯的催化合成

以癸二酸和正己醇为原料、SO42-/ZrO2为催化剂、甲苯为带水剂合成了癸二酸二正己酯。考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、带水剂用量对癸二酸酯化率的影响。确定了最佳工艺条件:醇酸摩尔比为2.9,催化剂用量为4.8%,反应温度为195℃,反应时间为1.5h,带水剂用量为75%。在最佳工艺条件下,癸二酸的酯化率可达98%以上。     

耐寒塑料助剂十二碳二元酸二酯的合成工艺研究

采用非酸催化剂钛酸四异丙酯,以十二碳二元酸与C8-C10混合醇为原料,合成十二碳二元酸二酯,分别研究了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,非酸催化合成十二碳二元二酯的最佳工艺条件:醇酸摩尔比2. 8、催化剂用量0. 08%、反应温度230℃、反应时间5 h。钛酸四异丙酯具有催化活性好,无环境污染、不腐蚀设备等优点。     

SO_4~(2-)/SnO_2-TiO_2-Al_2O_3固体酸催化合成壬二酸二辛酯

以壬二酸与2-乙基己醇为原料,采用SO42-/SnO2-TiO2-Al2O3固体酸催化剂合成壬二酸二辛酯,考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、原料的摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度对酯化率的影响。结果表明,该固体酸具有良好的催化活性,催化剂量为壬二酸质量的0.8%,醇酸摩尔比3∶1,反应时间2.5 h,反应温度210℃的条件下,酯化率可达98.6%。催化剂不经处理可循环使用。     

超声辅助SiW_(12)/SiO_2催化合成乙酸苄酯及动力学

制备负载型硅钨酸(SiW12/SiO2)催化剂,并在超声条件下将催化剂应用于乙酸苄酯的合成中。采用红外光谱仪(IR)和X线衍射仪(XRD)对催化剂进行表征。考察反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比和反应时间对酯化率的影响,并建立了动力学方程。结果表明:所制备的催化剂具有Keggin的结构;在超声频率10 kHz、超声声强1.0 W/cm2的条件下,得到最适宜的反应条件为反应温度110℃、催化剂用量1.5 g、醇酸摩尔比值1.5、反应时间75 min。在最优条件下,酯化率可达95.3%。     

强酸性树脂催化制备柠檬酸三丁酯

以强酸性树脂为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯。主要考察了催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比、反应时间及催化剂重复使用对酯化反应的影响。结果表明酯化反应的最佳条件为:醇酸摩尔比为5.5∶1,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的11%,反应温度为130℃,反应时间为小时4 h,此条件下酯转化率达到91%以上。并且经过简单处理后可以重复使用。     

树脂D001负载磷钨酸催化合成肉桂酸酯

以肉桂酸和正丁醇反应为例,采用强酸性阳离子树脂D001负载磷钨酸为催化剂,合成了肉桂酸酯。考察了醇酸摩尔比、反应时间和反应温度、催化剂用量和催化剂的重复使用性对反应酯化率的影响。结果表明,在反应温度100℃、反应时间3 h、酸醇摩尔比1∶3、催化剂质量占肉桂酸总质量15%的较优条件下,酯化率达92.4%。催化剂不经处理重复使用4次,酯化率都在83%以上。依据该较佳的工艺条件,进一步催化合成其他肉桂酸酯,酯化率均超过85%,表明树脂D001负载磷钨酸催化效果良好。     

对甲苯磺酸铜催化合成丙酸乙酯

研究了对甲苯磺酸铜催化丙酸与乙醇的酯化反应,考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对酯化率的影响。实验结果表明,其较优条件为:丙酸0.1mol,醇酸摩尔比1.5∶1,催化剂用量1.8%(mol%)(基于丙酸的摩尔百分数),回流温度下反应2.0h,在此条件下酯化率可达93.6%。反应结束后对甲苯磺酸铜经过简单的相分离就可重复使用,无需再生,兼有均相和多相催化剂的优点。     

玉米粉炭基固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究

以炭化-磺化方法制备的玉米粉炭基固体酸为催化剂,催化油酸与甲醇反应制备生物柴油,并考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为反应温度bt,催化剂用量7%(与油酸质量比),醇酸摩尔比10∶1,反应时间10 h,并以此条件进行反应,油酸转化率达到91.07%。通过GC-MS对产品进行分析,该工艺所得产品中甲酯含量为92.20%。     

玉米粉炭基固体酸催化制备生物柴油研究

以炭化-磺化方法制备的玉米粉炭基固体酸为催化剂,催化油酸与甲醇反应制备生物柴油,并考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,最优的反应条件为反应温度bt,催化剂用量7%(与油酸质量比),醇酸摩尔比10∶1,反应时间10 h,并以此条件进行反应,油酸转化率达到91.07%。通过GC-MS对产品进行分析,该工艺所得产品中甲酯含量为92.20%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。