Determination of three dyes in commercial soft drinks using HLA/GO and liquid chromatography

Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, and Tartrazine usually present in commercial soft drinks were accurately quantified using HLA/GO method, a net analyte signal-based method, without the need for solutes separation. The obtained percent recoveries (R.S.D.) of dyes were 99.8 (2.8), 102 (3.3), and 100 (4.5) for Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, and Tartrazine, respectively. The calibration method was applied for analysis of food dyes in powdered soft drinks with minimum sample preparation measures. The proposed HLA/GO method was validated against a standard HPLC method. Statistical analyses showed insignificant differences between the results of two methods. The developed HLA/GO method offers a simple and rapid procedure for determination of food dyes in powdered soft drinks in comparison with HPLC methodology.     

英美加三国食品监管法规及监督检查现状

近年来,食品安全事件频发,食品安全问题开始受到人们越来越多的重视,成为了公众关注的焦点。纵观世界范围,各国政府都在保障本国食品安全方面做着巨大努力。本文以英国、美国和加拿大等发达国家为例,对其食品监管法律法规及监督检查情况进行梳理和总结,分析了英、美、加3国食品安全监管模式以及值得借鉴的经验与成果,结合我国食品安全监管实际情况提出了意见与建议,为我国下一步食品安全相关法律法规的制修订及食品安全监管工作的开展提供参考。     

美国食品添加剂的安全监管及其启示

食品添加剂在食品行业中占有重要地位,它的使用直接关系着食品的性能与安全,因而食品添加剂安全监管体制在整个社会法制体系中占有重要的地位。美国联邦食品、药品和化妆品法规定,只有经过美国食品药品监督管理局评价和公布的食品添加剂才能生产和在食品中使用。本文综述了美国食品添加剂的法律法规及监管体系。美国十分重视对食品添加剂的法律法规体系建设,并形成了严格、规范、有效的监管,其中有些经验对我国完善食品添加剂管理法规和监管体系具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Prevalence,level and distribution of Salmonella in shipments of imported capsicum and sesame seed spice offered for entry to the United States: Observations and modeling results

In response to increased concerns about spice safety, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated research to characterize the prevalence and levels of Salmonella in imported spices. 299 imported dried capsicum shipments and 233 imported sesame seed shipments offered for entry to the United States were sampled. Observed Salmonella shipment prevalence was 3.3% (1500 g examined; 95% CI 1.6–6.1%) for capsicum and 9.9% (1500 g; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 6.3–14%) for sesame seed. Within shipment contamination was not inconsistent with a Poisson distribution. Shipment mean Salmonella level estimates among contaminated shipments ranged from 6 × 10⁻⁴ to 0.09 (capsicum) or 6 × 10⁻⁴ to 0.04 (sesame seed) MPN/g. A gamma-Poisson model provided the best fit to observed data for both imported shipments of capsicum and imported shipments of sesame seed sampled in this study among the six parametric models considered. Shipment mean levels of Salmonella vary widely between shipments; many contaminated shipments contain low levels of contamination. Examination of sampling plan efficacy for identifying contaminated spice shipments from these distributions indicates that sample size of spice examined is critical. Sampling protocols examining 25 g samples are predicted to be able to identify a small fraction of contaminated shipments of imported capsicum or sesame seeds.     

美国食品防御计划介绍及对中国的启示

本文介绍美国食品防御的概念、形成过程、主要内容、利益各方承担的防御职责以及防御计划实施要点,概括总结了中美两国在食品防御体系方面的特点和异同,探讨中国开展食品防御所面临的问题并提出了工作建议。     

Electrochemical determination of theophylline in foodstuff,tea and soft drinks based on urchin-like CdSe microparticles modified glassy carbon electrode

A simply electrochemical method based on CdSe microparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was developed to determine theophylline using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Theophylline showed a well-defined oxidation peak at the fabricated electrode in phosphate buffer solution and the oxidation peak current is much higher than that at the bare GCE, indicating that CdSe can effectively improve the oxidation of theophylline. Several effect factors on theophylline determination were optimised, such as CdSe amount, solution pH, scan rate and accumulation time. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current of theophylline was proportional to its concentration in the range of 1.0–40 and 40–700 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9974 and 0.9956, respectively. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.4 μM (S/N = 3). The developed method showed good reproducibility and excellent selectivity. The fabricated electrode was successfully used to determine theophylline in tea, carbonated cola drink, fruit juice drink, fermented milk drink and preserved fruit with acceptable recovery.     

Total isothiocyanate yield from raw cruciferous vegetables commonly consumed in the United States

Dietary isothiocyanates are a group of promising chemopreventive agents obtained primarily from cruciferous vegetables. Due to their potent chemopreventive and/or anti-cancer activities, there is a growing interest in assessing dietary isothiocyanate exposure and its impact on human health. Using the HPLC-based cyclocondensation assay, the current study measured total isothiocyanate yield from raw cruciferous vegetables. A total of 73 samples comprising nine types of cruciferous vegetables were analyzed. We observed a wide range of isothiocyanate content across the individual vegetables with an average level of 16.2 μmol/100 g wet weight, ranging from 1.5 μmol in raw cauliflower to 61.3 μmol in raw mustard greens. The data represent the maximum amount of isothiocyanates released from the intake of raw cruciferous vegetables. Given that the vegetables assayed in this study include the most commonly consumed cruciferous vegetables in western diets, the data may be particularly useful in estimation of dietary isothiocyanate exposure in these populations. However, due to the variation observed within each vegetable, biomarkers such as urinary isothiocyanate level may be necessary for accurate estimation of individual exposure.     

Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse in Belgium

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Clostridium difficile in intestinal and carcass samples collected from pigs and cattle at a single slaughterhouse. C. difficile was isolated in 1% and 9.9% of the pig and cattle intestinal contents and in 7.9% and 7% of cattle and pig carcass samples respectively. A total of 19 different PCR-ribotypes were identified, among them types 078 and 014. Seven of 19 ribotypes correlated with the PCR-ribotypes involved in human C. difficile infections in Belgium. This study confirms that animals are carriers of C. difficile at slaughter and ribotypes are identical than those in humans, and that carcass contamination occurs inside the slaughterhouse.     

我国食品安全国家标准与美国食品法规制定程序对比及分析

食品安全国家标准的制定程序是确保标准内容权威公正、科学合理的重要保障,也在一定程度上影响标准的正确认识、理解和执行。本研究对我国食品安全国家标准和美国食品法规的制定程序和特点进行梳理、对比和分析,探讨两者存在的差异及原因,为我国食品安全国家标准的管理提供新的思路和建议。     

反式脂肪酸检测方法研究与应用

研究了甲醇钠-甲醇、氢氧化钾-甲醇、浓硫酸-甲醇和三氟化硼-甲醇4种甲酯化试剂的浓度、用量及甲酯化时间和温度对反式脂肪酸检测的影响,优化了色谱条件,建立了以三氟化硼-甲醇法甲酯化,RT-2560（100m×0．25mm×0．2μm）毛细管柱为基础的反式脂肪酸气相色谱检测方法,C18：1—9t,C18：1—11t,C18：2—9t,12t和C22：1—13t 4种反式脂肪酸的最小检出浓度在0．77—4．08mg／kg之间。4种反式脂肪酸不同添标浓度回收率为98．44％-101．23％,重复测定的相对标准差在0．22％-1．31％之间,有较好的准确度和重现性。应用该方法检测了武汉部分小型市场散装食用植物油和-些餐馆的废弃油脂,以所含脂肪为基准,其反式脂肪酸含量分别为：0．12％-0．25％、3．63％-6．58％。表明天然食用植物油中反式脂肪酸含量较低,但油脂在高温加工过程中会产生反式脂肪酸。     

德国食品安全与日常生活用品的法律基础

食品安全的法律建设 ,既是保证食品安全的需要 ,也是在国际贸易中实施本国环境战略的需要。简要论述了德国食品安全的法律法规以及与人类健康相关的日常生活用品的法律要求 ,以期在我国食品安全的法律建设中起参考作用     

Acrylamide levels and dietary exposure from foods in the United States,an update based on 2011-2015 data

ABSTRACT

Acrylamide is a contaminant that can form in certain plant-based foods during high-temperature cooking. From 2011–2015, the Food and Drug Administration conducted extensive sampling and analyses of acrylamide in foods, as a follow-up to surveys from 2002–2006. We compared acrylamide occurrence data and exposure estimates based on 2011–2015 data with data and exposure estimates from 2002–2006. Acrylamide levels in selected food categories generally did not decrease significantly in 2011–2015 compared with 2002–2006. However, significant decreases in acrylamide concentrations were observed for potato chips and crackers, which may be related to the availability and use of mitigation techniques for reducing acrylamide in foods. Mean dietary intake for those 2 years and older based on 2011–2015 data was 0.36 µg/kg bw/day, comparable to the 0.44 µg/kg bw/day reported by FDA in 2006. French fries and potato products, breakfast cereal, cookies, potato chips, and crackers continue to be the greatest contributors to dietary intake of acrylamide. Infant snack foods were identified as an important contributor to acrylamide intake relative to infant jarred foods. The continued presence of acrylamide in food suggests that manufacturers and governments should continue to pursue efforts to reduce acrylamide in foods that are important contributors to acrylamide intake.     

浅析食品安全事故法律责任的认定

结合苏州市查处一起不明原因的细菌性食物中毒,对食品安全事故的法律责任、法律适用和存在问题进行分析,并提出加强食品安全事故法律责任认定的对策。     

国家食品污染和有害因素监测发展设想

食品安全工作是保障健康中国建设的重要技术支撑,其中食品污染和有害因素监测又是食品安全工作中最为重要的技术基础。该项监测在我国开展已超过20年,获得了2 400万条监测数据,在了解我国食品安全现状、掌握污染发展变化趋势、服务风险评估和标准制定/修订等食品安全风险管理,发现风险等方面发挥了巨大的作用。但在新冠疫情暴发后面临的新形势、新要求下,如何更好地对监测工作进行提升,并在国家食品安全风险管理中发挥出更大的作用是本文重点研究的内容,同时给出了相应的建议。     

Microfluidic chip based chemiluminescence detection of L-phenylalanine in pharmaceutical and soft drinks

A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method on chip coupled with microfluidic system has been reported for the determination of L-phenylalanine (L-PA). A microfluidic chip device with the detection chamber capable of fast sensing light emitted from the luminol and hydrogen peroxide CL reaction catalyzed by copper sulphate was fabricated for the determination of L-PA. The microfluidic chip was fabricated by a soft-lithographic procedure using polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS). The fabricated PDMS microfluidic chip had four inlet microchannels for introducing the sample, chemiluminescent reagent, Cu(II), and oxidant, and a 500 μm wide, 250 μm deep, and 82 mm long microchannel. The detection was based on the enhancement effect of L-PA on the CL signals of luminol–H₂O₂–Cu²⁺ system in an alkaline medium. The CL intensity of the system was enhanced linearly with the concentration of L-PA in the range of 1.5 × 10⁻⁹–1.2 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹. The limit of detection was found to be 2.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ with the relative standard deviation of 1.8%. The presented method offers a simple, rapid and easy to handle analytical technique in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range and low detection limit for the determination of L-PA in diet soft drinks and pharmaceutical injection samples.     

2018年广东省酒类中三种邻苯二甲酸酯类的污染状况调查

目的 调查广东省酒类中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的污染状况。方法 采用随机采样的方法, 抽取2018 年在广东省内生产环节、流通环节和餐饮环节的酒样样本577份。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对常见的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯进行监测。结果 广东省酒样中邻苯二甲酸酯类总超标率为4.68% (27/577)。生产环节、流通环节和餐饮环节的超标率分别为4.50% (15/333)、5.02% (11/219)和4.00% (1/25)。3种邻苯二甲酸酯类中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯污染情况较多。结论 广东省酒类中在一定程度上存在邻苯二甲酸酯类污染, 应继续加强监督管理, 保障食品安全。     

Hydrophobic properties and extraction of Bacillus anthracis spores from liquid foods

The objectives of this study were to characterize the hydrophobic properties of three strains of Bacillus anthracis using the microbial adherence to hydrocarbons (MATH) assay and determine the recovery of spores by hexadecane extraction from water, milk and orange juice using a modified version of this assay. In water mixtures, the hydrophobicity of B. anthracis spores ranged from 5 to 80% as the concentration of hexadecane and the mixing time increased. Two of the three strains showed significantly different hydrophobicity values. Increased pre-incubation temperature of the spore suspension had inconsistent effects on hydrophobicity across the three strains. The hydrophobicity of spores did not change significantly during storage at 4 °C. However, recovery of spores in the hexadecane fraction from aqueous mixtures was always less than 5% even at conditions in which the hydrophobicity values were greater than 40%. The recovery of spores in the hexadecane fraction increased to almost 20% when the hexadecane was mixed with milk or orange juice, although the majority of spores remained in the aqueous phase. The B. anthracis spores were relatively hydrophobic according to the MATH assay, but this test was not a good predictor of the partitioning of B. anthracis spores to hexadecane. The separation of B. anthracis from food matrices using hexadecane extraction was ineffective. Although the modified MATH assay was not able to efficiently extract B. anthracis from various food media, development of methods for rapid concentration and separation of this and other select agents from food remains vital to food defense.     

On the origin of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes in virgin olive oil-further results

Investigations into the sources of contamination of virgin olive oil by gasoline components were concluded. Olives on the tree contained volatile aromatic hydrocarbons at concentrations exceeding those corresponding to the equilibrium with the environment. Present knowledge indicates that up to 10 g/kg of benzene and 250 g/kg for the sum of benzene, toluene, and the C₂-benzenes must be considered as possible background concentrations. Aside from the oil mills, the rooms for intermediate storage of the olives were found to be an important source of contamination by gasoline vapours, since they often contain vehicles and other gasoline-driven engines. Parking of a small, hot grass mower into a similar room released an amount of gasoline that was sufficient to contaminate the oil in olives above the proposed limit by a factor of 100. Recommendations are derived for the producers to avoid contamination of olive oil with gasoline components.     

Improved method for the determination of benzene in soft drinks at sub-ppb levels

An automated, simple, and reproducible method based on isotope dilution headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry developed previously for the determination of benzene in soft drinks was further improved by adding sodium sulfate to samples, lowering the gas chromatography oven starting temperature to narrow benzene peak width, and increasing sample injection volume. This improved method had a lower detection limit (0.016 µg l^?1) and good repeatability, and was used in a follow-up survey to assess benzene levels in 139 samples of soft drink products. Benzene was detected in 67% of the 139 products tested. Compared with the previous survey, the average benzene concentrations in most products from this survey were lower, and only a few products had benzene at elevated levels.     

Improved method for the determination of benzene in soft drinks at sub-ppb levels

An automated, simple, and reproducible method based on isotope dilution headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry developed previously for the determination of benzene in soft drinks was further improved by adding sodium sulfate to samples, lowering the gas chromatography oven starting temperature to narrow benzene peak width, and increasing sample injection volume. This improved method had a lower detection limit (0.016 µg l^-1) and good repeatability, and was used in a follow-up survey to assess benzene levels in 139 samples of soft drink products. Benzene was detected in 67% of the 139 products tested. Compared with the previous survey, the average benzene concentrations in most products from this survey were lower, and only a few products had benzene at elevated levels.