普鲁兰在喷雾干燥法制备姜油树脂微胶囊中的作用研究

研究了普鲁兰多糖在制备以大豆蛋白和麦芽糊精为壁材的姜油树脂微胶囊过程中对乳化液的稳定作用及其对微胶囊产品的影响,考察了使用不同比例的大豆蛋白和麦芽糊精作为壁材的微胶囊产品的各项指标以及不同工艺条件对最终微胶囊产品的影响。研究结果表明,普鲁兰多糖添加量在1%(w/v)时具有稳定姜油树脂乳化液的作用,同时可以获得最大的包埋率;大豆蛋白与麦芽糊精最佳的添加比例为1∶2,固形物含量为20%(w/v),均质压力为30MPa(两次),进风温度140℃,出风温度80℃。     

Encapsulation efficiency and oxidative stability of flaxseed oil microencapsulated by spray drying using different combinations of wall materials

This study aimed at evaluating the potential of maltodextrin combination with different wall materials in the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency and minimize lipid oxidation. Maltodextrin (MD) was mixed with gum Arabic (GA), whey protein concentrate (WPC) or two types of modified starch (Hi-Cap 100^TM and Capsul TA®) at a 25:75 ratio. The feed emulsions used for particle production were characterized for stability, viscosity and droplet size. The best encapsulation efficiency was obtained for MD:Hi-Cap followed by the MD:Capsul combination, while the lowest encapsulation efficiency was obtained for MD:WPC, which also showed poorer emulsion stability. Particles were hollow, with the active material embedded in the wall material matrix, and had no apparent cracks or fissures. During the oxidative stability study, MD:WPC combination was the wall material that best protected the active material against lipid oxidation.     

Microencapsulation of walnut oil by spray drying: Effects of wall material and drying conditions on physicochemical properties of microcapsules

In this study, the effects of wall material formula and spray drying conditions on physicochemical properties of walnut oil microcapsules were investigated. Three different wall materials including skim milk powder (SMP), SMP + Tween 80, and SMP + maltodextrin were used for emulsion preparation. The prepared emulsions were analyzed for droplet size and stability. The emulsions were then dried in a pilot-scale spray dryer equipped with a two-fluid nozzle at different inlet drying air temperatures and feed atomization pressures in order to determine the optimal drying conditions for maximizing the microencapsulation efficiency. The microencapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution, sphericity, moisture content, bulk density, and morphology of produced microcapsules were also measured experimentally. In addition, the microcapsules with the highest microencapsulation efficiency obtained from each wall material were subjected to surface coverage of oil test using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) after 60 days of storage at room temperature. The emulsion prepared using SMP and Tween 80 combination as wall material resulted in the highest microencapsulation efficiency (91.01%) at drying air temperature of 180 °C and feed atomization pressure of 3 bar. The lowest surface coverage of oil was also observed for microcapsules covered by SMP and Tween 80 combination. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed almost no cracks or fissures on the surface of microcapsules produced using SMP and Tween 80 combination at the optimal drying condition.Industrial relevanceWalnut oil contains highly valuable constituents such as essential fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. However, a direct application of this functional oil in processed foods is problematic due to its low solubility and susceptibility to oxidation. These issues could be greatly overcome by using microencapsulation technology. Nowadays, this technology has received an increasing attention in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique features in protecting the functionality of ingredients. Spray drying technology is one of the most frequently used techniques for this aim. However, comprehensive studies need to be carried out in order to determine suitable operational conditions of spray drying system for improving physicochemical properties of finished powder.     

Microencapsulation properties of two different types of n-octenylsuccinate-derivatised starch

Aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of two different types of n-octenylsuccinate-derivatised starch, which significantly differed in viscosity, for microencapsulation of a fish oil rich in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Stable feed emulsions for microencapsulation could be prepared with both types of n--octenylsuccinate starch, however at a high oil load (50%), a low pH (pH 4.5) of the emulsion was crucial for emulsion stability. At 50% oil content, lower oil droplet size in reconstituted spray-dried emulsions and lower content of non-encapsulated oil was reached by low viscosity starch compared to medium viscosity starch. Conjugated dienes were significantly increased in samples with a high oil load and 40% starch indicating that to a certain degree lipid oxidation already occurred in these samples during the drying process. Finally, moderate spray-drying conditions must be considered as advantageous, since ballooning of the particles and lipid oxidation during spray drying were limited compared to drying at high spray-drying temperatures.     

Binary Mixtures of Modified Starch, Maltodextrin and Chitosan as Efficient Encapsulating Agents of Fennel Oleoresin

The present study reports on the encapsulation of fennel oleoresin by freeze-drying method using binary mixtures of modified starch, maltodextrin and chitosan, while a ternary one was also evaluated. The encapsulation ability of the used agents was evaluated based on their microencapsulating efficiency and storage stability towards the main compounds of fennel oleoresin. The properties of the initial formed emulsions (emulsion mean diameter, stability and viscosity) and the freeze-dried final products (moisture content, redispersibility, topography and storage stability) were also examined. Comparing the protection offered by the encapsulating agents, modified starch–chitosan mixture provided the greatest protection in terms of storage stability.     

Encapsulation and Oxidative Stability of PUFA-Rich Oil Microencapsulated by Spray Drying Using Pea Protein and Pectin

This study aimed at evaluating the potential of pectin combination with pea protein isolate (PPI) in the microencapsulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich oil by spray drying, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency and minimize lipid oxidation. The feed emulsions used for particle production consisted of PUFA-rich oil droplets coated by either PPI (primary emulsion) or PPI–pectin (secondary emulsion). Dry emulsions characteristics and oxidative stability of microencapsulated oil as a function of relative humidity (RH; from 11 % to 75 %) were determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed considerable structural changes. Oil droplets retained their shape upon drying and reconstitution. However, a shift in oil droplet size upon reconstitution indicated that oil droplet coalescence occurred within the process. Oxidation of microencapsulated oil in secondary emulsion was delayed from that of primary emulsion but followed the same pattern with regards to humidity. A high rate of oxidation was found for intermediate RH conditions (33 % and 57 % RH). The lowest rate of oxidation as followed by hydroperoxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values was found at 75 % RH, a condition that is likely to diverge significantly from the monolayer moisture value. The oxidative stability of encapsulated oil was influenced by both physical state of the emulsions and the different constituents at the oil-in-water interface with PPI–pectin secondary emulsion giving the best protection of the oil.     

Influence of homogenisation conditions and drying method on physicochemical properties of dehydrated emulsions containing different solid components

Dehydrated o/w emulsions containing sodium caseinate and lactose (sample 1), and gelatine, sucrose and maltodextrin (DE 10) (sample 2) were used to study the influence of homogenisation conditions – homogenisation pressure (15 and 70 MPa) and number of passes (1 and 2) – and the drying method – spray‐drying vs. freeze‐drying – on physicochemical parameters, including oil microencapsulation efficiency (ME), oil droplet size in reconstituted emulsions, water activity, glass transition temperature, powder bulk density and time for emulsion reconstitution in water. Results showed that small and uniform oil droplets attained with increased homogenisation pressure were not sufficient for high oil encapsulation. The permeability of the solid wall to the extraction solvent appeared to be the dominant factor, and this may increase with homogenisation pressure. With the exception of oil droplet size in sample 1 and ME in sample 2, the drying method exerted larger changes in the physicochemical parameters studied than the homogenisation pressure. For sample 2, significant changes in the ME were not observed between the freeze‐dried and spray‐dried samples, even though a great emulsion destabilisation was observed in the reconstituted emulsion of the latter.     

热处理对大豆分离蛋白稳定乳液包埋特性的影响

本实验通过喷雾干燥前对SPI溶液95℃1 5 min热处理及形成乳液后加入乳糖溶液制备粉末样品,并将部分干粉储存于RH 75%环境中记录其7 d内等温吸湿线,待吸湿稳定后得到湿粉样品,测定原始乳液及干、湿粉末复溶乳液的粒径大小分布,干、湿粉末的水分含量、包埋效率(ME)、溶解速率并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其微观结构。结果表明热处理和加糖处理能显著提高喷雾干燥SPI稳定乳液的包埋效率,高达98.68%,相对于未经处理的SPI乳液包埋效率高出1倍以上,此外含糖粉末表现出良好的溶解性,但潮湿环境对其溶解性、包埋效率及微观结构有较大影响。     

High-oil-load encapsulation of medium-chain triglycerides and D-limonene mixture in modified starch by spray drying

Oil mixtures of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and D-limonene in mixing ratios from 10 to 100 wt% were encapsulated in modified starch (wall material) by spray drying to produce oil-rich powders. The oil load (mass ratio of oil mixture to wall material) of the infeed emulsion markedly influenced the properties of the infeed liquid and the characteristics of the resulting powder. The viscosity of the infeed liquid and the particle size of the powder exponentially decreased with increasing oil load, while the emulsion droplet size in the infeed liquid increased. In addition, retention of D-limonene during spray drying also decreased markedly with increasing oil load. Irrespective of the different oil loads and concentrations of the wall material, D-limonene retention was well correlated with the emulsion droplet diameter of the infeed liquid. The encapsulation efficiency of the oil mixture exhibited a maximum value (almost 100%) at an oil load between 0.5 and 1.0, before decreasing at higher oil loads. At an oil load of 2.0, the encapsulation efficiency of D-limonene was reduced to almost zero, while around 40% of the initial MCT was encapsulated in the powder. The increase in oil load also led to increased amounts of surface oil of MCT and D-limonene in the resulting powder due to the increasing emulsion droplet diameter of the infeed liquids. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study proposes the microencapsulation of medium-chain triglycerides under high-oil-load conditions by spray drying. The powders prepared by this process provide significant benefits in terms of rapid energy conversion after consumption without accumulation in the body. Important quality factors of the powder products such as the encapsulation efficiency and the amount of surface oil were examined to understand the optimum process conditions for spray drying.     

Arabic Gum Mixtures as Encapsulating Agents of Freeze-Dried Fennel Oleoresin Products

The present study reports on the encapsulation of fennel oleoresin by freeze-drying method using binary and ternary mixtures of gum arabic (GA) combined with modified starch, maltodextrin, and chitosan. The encapsulation ability of the final mixtures was evaluated based on their microencapsulating efficiency and storage stability towards the main compounds of fennel oleoresin. The partial replacement of gum arabic with modified starch provided the greatest encapsulating mixture (GA–MS) in terms of storage stability, microencapsulating efficiency (74.88 %), and redispersibility (D _4,3?=?2.74 μm). The properties of the initial formed emulsions (emulsion mean diameter and stability) influenced the freeze-dried final products mainly in respect moisture content and redispersibility. GA in mixtures proved to be effective to encapsulate and protect fennel oleoresin compounds (fenchone, estragole, trans-anethole, and d-limonene) during storage.     

Microencapsulation of flax oil with zein using spray and freeze drying

Microencapsulation of flax oil was investigated using zein as the coating material. Central Composite Design - Face Centered was used to optimize the microencapsulation with respect to zein concentration (x₁) and flax oil concentration (x₂) using spray drying. Also, freeze drying was carried out at two zein:oil ratios. The quality of microcapsules was evaluated by determining encapsulation efficiency, flowing properties (Hausner ratio), and evaluating the morphology with scanning electron microscopy. The response surface model for microencapsulation efficiency showed a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.992) and a non-significant lack of fit (p = 0.256). The maximum microencapsulation efficiencies were 93.26 ± 0.95 and 59.63 ± 0.36% for spray drying and freeze drying, respectively. However, microcapsules prepared by spray and freeze drying had very poor handling properties based on the Hausner ratio. The bulk density decreased with an increase in zein concentration at the same flax oil concentration. The morphology of the flax oil microcapsules depended on the zein:flax oil ratio and the process used for microencapsulation. Flax oil microcapsules prepared by spray drying appeared to be composed of heterogeneous spheres of various sizes at high zein:flax oil ratios. Microcapsules prepared by freeze drying resulted in agglomerated small spheres. These microcapsules might find a niche as functional food ingredients.     

乳清分离蛋白-阿拉伯胶复合体系制备的共轭亚油酸粉末油脂的理化特性及稳定性

本实验采用乳化活性优异的乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和阿拉伯胶(GA)分子内复合物为乳化剂,通过高压均质制备稳定的共轭亚油酸(CLA)乳液,并对乳液粒径和稳定性进行了评价。利用喷雾干燥法制备CLA粉末油脂,研究了进风口温度和CLA浓度对粉末油脂包封率的影响,并对CLA粉末油脂的复溶稳定性、机械性能和氧化稳定性进行了评价。结果表明,当复合乳化剂浓度为2%,进风口温度为130 ℃,CLA浓度为15%~25%时,包封率大于90%,粉末油脂分散均匀、复溶性好、法向应力Fn达到最大、耗氧速率0.005 μmoL/(mL·min)明显低于其他浓度下的0.01 μmoL/(mL·min)。通过乳化活性优异的WPI-GA分子内复合物制备出稳定的共轭亚油酸粉末油脂,提高了其稳定性,扩大了功能因子共轭亚油酸的应用范围。     

多层鱼油微胶囊的层层自组装工艺优化及贮藏稳定性研究

以鱼油为芯材,鱼骨明胶和褐藻多糖为壁材,利用层层自组装技术制备多层鱼油乳状液,通过喷雾干燥法制得多层鱼油微胶囊并研究其贮藏稳定性。根据Zeta电位的大小确定制备多层乳状液所需的最适壁材浓度。采用正交试验确定多层鱼油微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件为:超声时间10min,超声温度25℃,均质时间4min,均质速率5 000r/min,鱼油微胶囊的包埋率达82.03%。过氧化值的结果表明微胶囊化可明显提高鱼油的贮藏稳定性,且3层鱼油微胶囊的氧化速率最低。     

Spray drying behaviour and functionality of emulsions with β-lactoglobulin/pectin interfacial complexes

Aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of atomization and drying on the functionality of emulsions with a bilayered oil–water interface consisting of a globular protein (β-lactoglobulin, bLG) and anionic polysaccharides (pectins with varying degree of methoxylation). With regard to the atomization process, the emulsion spray droplet size generally decreased with increasing atomization energy. The spray droplet size distribution was narrower with rotary atomization compared to two-fluid nozzle atomization. The single droplet drying behaviour of the differently stabilized emulsions was similar as examined by acoustic levitation. With more than 95%, microencapsulation efficiency was high in all spray-dried particles. However, a shift in oil droplet size upon reconstitution indicated that oil droplet coalescence occurred within the process which was less pronounced in bilayer emulsions compared to the bLG-stabilised single layer emulsion. Data from interfacial viscoelasticity measurements showed distinct differences, which may explain oil droplet coalescence. The oxidative stability of encapsulated oil was influenced by both the physical state of the emulsions and the different constituents at the o/w-interface with bLG and low methoxylated pectin giving the best protection of the oil.     

不同壁材对大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊品质的影响

为拓宽大豆生物解离乳状液的综合应用,有效解决破乳困难问题,本文采用喷雾干燥法制备大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊,以乳液的乳化活性、乳化稳定性、粒径分布、流变学性质和喷雾干燥制得的微胶囊包埋率、热稳定性、表面微观结构为指标,研究5种复合壁材对大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊品质的影响。结果表明,喷雾干燥前,CMC-MD为壁材的混合乳液的黏度最高,为39.18 mPa·s,且乳化性较好,粒径分布向较小粒径方向移动至0.6~2.0 μm。CMC-MD复合壁材制备的微胶囊包埋率最高,达到90.3%,热稳定性最好,结构变化起始温度最高,为98.3℃。扫描电镜图(SEM)显示不同壁材包埋的微胶囊呈现规则的球形或椭球形颗粒,颗粒直径有一定的差异,以CMC-MD为壁材的微胶囊大小均一,结构致密,具有良好的包埋结构,说明CMC-MD能够作为大豆生物解离乳状液微胶囊的壁材,制备出的微胶囊具有良好的包埋率、热稳定性及表面微观结构,对于生物解离乳状液加工应用领域的拓展和产业化的发展具有重大意义。     

Impact of chitosan and oregano extract on the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated fish oil stored at different temperature

Fish oil is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and is easily susceptible to oxidation. Microencapsulation is a commonly employed technique to protect fish oil against oxidation. In the present study, the potential of chitosan in combination with bovine gelatin and maltodextrin as wall material for microencapsulation of fish oil by spray drying was evaluated. To improve the oxidative stability of the fish oil microencapsulates, oregano (Origanum vulgare L) extract was added at 0.50 g/100 g of emulsion. The spray-dried powder showed a moisture content of 2.8 – 3.2 g/100 g of spray-dried powder. The powder contained spherical microparticles with different sizes as indicated by scanning electron microscope images. Encapsulation efficiency of microencapsulates ranged between 68.94% and 81.88%. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis of microencapsulates revealed the possible structural stabilization of core and wall material. The oxidative stability of fish oil microencapsulates were monitored under three different temperature (60°C, 28 ± 2°C, and 4°C). Incorporation of oregano extract minimized the generation of secondary and tertiary oxidation products as indicated by lower peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values compared to control. Overall, the results suggested that combination of chitosan along with bovine gelatin and maltodextrin as wall material improved the surface morphology of the microparticle and encapsulation efficiency, whereas incorporation of oregano extract in fish oil before spray drying enhanced the oxidative stability during storage.     

Proposing Novel Encapsulating Matrices for Spray-Dried Ginger Essential Oil from the Whey Protein Isolate-Inulin/Maltodextrin Blends

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the blending of whey protein isolate (WPI) with maltodextrin (MD) and inulin (IN) biopolymers as encapsulating matrices for spray-dried ginger essential oil. Encapsulation was performed by ultrasound-assisted emulsification and using spray drying, and the stability parameters of the emulsion (with or without ultrasound-assisted) were evaluated. The influence of these different wall material systems was investigated based on various functional properties of microparticles such as stability of the emulsion, encapsulation efficiency, reconstitution properties, chemical profile, microparticle stability, morphology, particle size distribution, and crystallinity. Higher viscosity values were obtained for the emulsions prepared with WPI and IN which had the apparent viscosity increased by the ultrasound-assisted emulsification process. Creaming index values indicated that ultrasound-assisted emulsions had higher stability. The composition of the wall materials did not affect the solubility and the moisture content of the particles. The wettability property of the powders was improved by the addition of IN. The lowest level of water adsorption under conditions of high relative humidity was also observed in microparticles containing IN. The partial replacement of WPI by MD significantly affected the efficiency of encapsulation. Moreover, MD led to high thermal microparticle stability. Larger particles were observed in the powders prepared with WPI. The powders obtained from WPI, WPI:IN, and WPI:MD treatments exhibited amorphous structures and did not have any cracks on the surface. The findings of this study indicate that IN and MD together with WPI proved to be good alternative secondary wall materials for spray-dried ginger oil.     

Optimization of Microencapsulation of Fish Oil with Gum Arabic/Casein/Beta‐Cyclodextrin Mixtures by Spray Drying

Fish oil was encapsulated with gum arabic/casein/beta‐cyclodextrin mixtures using spray drying. The processing parameters (solids concentration of the barrier solutions, ratio of oil to barrier materials, emulsifying temperature, and air inlet temperature) were optimized based on emulsion viscosity, emulsion stability, encapsulation efficiency, and yield. A suitable viscosity and high emulsion stability could increase encapsulation efficiency and yield. Encapsulation efficiency and yield were significantly affected by all the 4 parameters. Based on the results of orthogonal experiments, encapsulation efficiency and yield reached a maximum of 79.6% and 55.6%, respectively, at the optimal condition: solids concentration of 35%, ratios of oil to barrier materials of 3:7, emulsifying temperature of 55 °C, and air inlet temperature of 220 °C. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that fish oil microcapsules were nearly spherical with a smooth surface with droplet size ranging from 1 to 10 μm.     

Impact of Wall Materials on Physicochemical Properties of Microencapsulated Fish Oil by Spray Drying

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of wall materials composition on physicochemical characteristics of fish oil microcapsules produced by spray drying (180 °C). Four different combination of coating materials (fish gelatin, chitosan, combination of gelatin and chitosan, and a mixture of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) with maltodextrin) were applied to two different fish oils to produce 40 % solid emulsions. Scanning electron microscopy and extraction of surface and encapsulated oils revealed that fish gelatin provided the highest preserving effect on the covering fish oil. Meantime, addition of MTGase to gelatin could also increase this ability and reveled less surface oil than chitosan treatment (2.63 and 2.80 % versus 4.66 and 5.23 %, respectively; P?<?0.05). Mixture of gelatin and maltodextrin with MTGase as wall material led to the highest encapsulation efficiency, being selected as the best microencapsulation condition; meantime, application of chitosan with maltodextrin provided the worse encapsulation efficiency (P?<?0.05). All indices of powders (encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology, and particle size) showed that powders prepared from gelatin and gelatin with MTGase increased the encapsulation efficiency and would increase the stability of microcapsule powders.     

添加玉米低聚肽的紫苏籽油乳状液及其微胶囊的制备

为制备含玉米低聚肽的紫苏籽油微胶囊,选择阿拉伯胶、可溶性大豆多糖、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉钠（HI-CAP 100）、酪蛋白酸钠和大豆分离蛋白5 种乳化剂,并添加不同质量分数的玉米低聚肽制备紫苏籽油乳状液,筛选出制备紫苏籽油乳状液的最适乳化剂及最佳的玉米低聚肽添加比例;进而采用喷雾干燥法制备高载油量的玉米低聚肽紫苏籽油微胶囊,筛选和评价高载油量玉米低聚肽紫苏籽油微胶囊的壁材。结果显示：HI-CAP 100制备的紫苏籽油乳状液的液滴粒径主要分布在0.1～2 μm之间,并且玉米低聚肽添加量为5%时,乳状液的不稳定性指数为0.275,粒径为（0.76±0.02）μm;以HI-CAP 100为壁材经喷雾干燥制成的目标微胶囊（载油量≥50%）表面油含量为3%,表明HI-CAP 100对紫苏籽油的包埋效果较好,并且微胶囊粒径分布均匀,表面较光滑适合作为高载油量玉米低聚肽紫苏籽油微胶囊的壁材;通过加速贮藏实验证明玉米低聚肽与茶多酚棕榈酸酯复配,能提高紫苏籽油微胶囊的抗氧化性。