Microstructure and mechanical properties of rapidly quenched L11 alloys in Ni-Al-X systems

Ductile Ll₂-type y′ compounds with rather high strengths and large elongations have been found in rapidly quenched Ni-Al-X (X = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, or Si) ternary systems. The y′ compounds consist of a metastable phase which contains numerous APD with a size as small as about 50 to 75 nm. Further, the ductile y′ wires with circular cross section have been manufactured directly from the liquid state by an in-rotating-water spinning method. The wire diameter is in the range of 85 to 190 μm and the average grain size is about 2 to 5 μam. The H_v, σ_y, σ_f, and ε_ρ of the y′ wires are about 240 to 400 DPN, 390 to 590 MPa, 580 to 910 MPa, and 4 to 10 pct, respectively, for Ni-Al- (Cr, Fe, Co, or Si) systems and about 220 DPN, 260 MPa, 440 MPa, and 27 pct, respectively, for the Ni-Al-Mn system. A cold drawing causes a significant increase in σ_y and σ_f and the attained values are about 2450 MPa and 2480 MPa, respectively, for Ni-20Al-10Cr wire drawn to about 90 pct reduction in area. Around the temperatures where the APB disappear on annealing, the H_v, σ_y, σ_f, and ε_gr of the y′ wires decrease significantly accompanied with a drastic change in fracture surface morphology from a transgranular type to an intergranular type. It has been therefore inferred that the high strengths and good ductility of the melt-quenched y′ compounds are due to the structural changes to a low degree of ordered state containing a high density of APB and the suppression of grain boundary segregation.     

Microstructures,mechanical properties,and electrical resistivity of rapidly quenched Fe-Cr-Al alloys

By the rapid quenching technique, ductile supersaturated ferrite solid solution with high hardness and strength as well as unusual electrical properties has been found in Fe-Cr-Al ternary system. This formation range is limited to less than about 35 at. pct Cr and 23 at. pct Al. The ferrite phase has fine grains of about 10 μm in diameter. Their hardness, yield strength, and tensile fracture strength increase with increase in the amounts of chromium and aluminum, and the highest values reach about 290 DPN, 720 MPa, and 740 MPa. These alloys are so ductile that no cracks are observed even after closely contacted bending test. The good strength and ductility remain almost unchanged on tempering for one hour until heated to about 923 K where a large amount of Cr₂Al compound begins to precipitate preferentially along the grain boundaries of the ferrite phase. The room-temperature resistivity increases with increasing chromium and aluminum contents and reaches as high as 1.86 μ Ώ m for Fe₅₀Cr₃₀Al₂₀ alloy. Also, the temperature coefficient of resistivity in the temperature range between room temperature and 773 K decreases with increasing chromium and aluminum contents and becomes zero in the vicinity of 20 to 30 at. pct Cr and 15 at. pct Al. Thus, the present alloys may be attractive as fine gauge high-resistance and/or standard-resistance wires and plates because of the unusual electrical properties combined with high strength and good ductility. formerly with the Research Staff of Tohoku University formerly Graduate Student of Tohoku University,     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ternary intermetallic compound dispersed P/M Al-Mn-X-Zr (x=Cu,Ni) alloys

Heat-resistant aluminum alloys are generally developed by dispersing stable intermetallic compounds by adding transition metals (TM) whose diffusion coefficient in aluminum alloys is low even at high temperatures. Commonly used intermetallic compounds include Al-TM binary intermetallic compounds, for example, Al₆Fe, Al₃Ti and Al₃Ni. By contrast, multicomponent intermetallic compounds are hardly used. The present study focuses on Al-Mn-Cu and Al-Mn-Ni ternary intermetallic compounds, and by finely dispersing these intermetallic compounds, attempts to develop heat-resistant alloys. Through the atomization method, Al-(4.96–5.96)Mn-(6.82–7.53)Cu-0.4Zr and Al-(5.48–8.76)Mn-(2.23–4.32)Ni-0.4Zr (in mass%) powders were fabricated, and by degassing these powders at 773 K, intermetallic compounds were precipitated. These powders were then solidified into extrudates by hot extrusion at 773 K. The microstructural characterization of powders and exrudates was carried out by XRD analysis, SEM/EDX and TEM. The mechanical properties of extrudates were determined at room temperature, 523 K and 573 K. In Al-Mn-Cu alloys, while a small amount of Al₂Cu was crystallized, precipitated Al₂₀Mn₃Cu₂ intermetallic compounds were mainly dispersed. In Al-Mn-Ni alloys, while a small amount of Al₆Mn intermetallic compounds was precipitated, the precipitated A₆₀Mn₁₁Ni₄ intermetallic compounds were mainly dispersed. Both ternary intermetallic compounds were about 200 nm in size. The compounds were elliptical, and their longitudinal direction was oriented along the extrusion direction. In the Al-Mn-Cu alloys, since the work hardening at room temperature was high, the tensile strength became 569 MPa. At elevated temperatures, since hardly any work hardening was observed, the tensile strength decreased markedly. However, in Al-Mn-Ni alloys, since the work hardening is low even at room temperature, the roomtemperature strength is not high. Thus, the decrease in tensile strength at elevated temperatures is relatively small and a high strength was obtained at 523 K and 573 K: 276 MPa and 207 MPa, respectively.     

The improvement of cryogenic mechanical properties of Fe-12 Mn and Fe-8 Mn alloy steels through thermal/mechanical treatments

An investigation has been made to improve the low temperature mechanical properties of Fe-8Mn and Fe-12Mn-0.2 Ti alloy steels. A reversion annealing heat treatment in the two-phase (α+ γ) region following cold working has been identified as an effective treatment. In an Fe-12Mn-0.2Ti alloy a promising combination of low temperature (-196°C) fracture toughness and yield strength was obtained by this method. The improvement of properties was attributed to the refinement of grain size and to the introduction of a uniform distribution of retained austenite (γ). It was also shown that an Fe-8Mn steel could be grain-refined by a purely thermal treatment because of its dislocated α martensitic structure and absence of ε martensite. As a result, a significant reduction of ductile to brittle transition temperature was obtained. formerly with the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Fe-25%Cr-5%Al ribbons produced by planar flow casting

Catalyst substrate foils of the highly oxidation resistant Fe-25Cr-5Al alloy (mass contents in %) with a thickness ranging from 40 to 180 μm have been produced by planar flow casting. The rapidly solidified ribbons showed a monophase ferritic microstructure of columnar grains. The grain size determined over a section parallel to the ribbon wheel side ranged from 5 μm for the thin ribbons (40 μm) to 18 μm for the thicker ones {180 μm). This anisotropic columnar solidification microstructure exhibits a strong <100> fiber texture, with the fiber axis nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ribbon. The position of the maximum in the pole figure was tilted from the center point toward the casting direction. Results of uniaxial tensile tests showed that only the yield stress data of the ribbons in the as-cast condition are reproducible, whereas the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation to failure data show a wide scatter band. The fracture mode exhibits ductile features such as glide bands and dimples.     

Structure formation in binary Al-TM (TM = Mn,Co, Ni,Cu) melts

The structures of binary Al-TM (transition metal TM = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) melts at near-liquidus temperatures are studied by X-ray diffraction and simulation using the reverse Monte Carlo method. The melts are found to have chemical local atomic ordering, and this ordering depends on the nature and content of TM. Chemical local atomic ordering leads to a medium-range order as a result of TM atom localization at distances of 0.4–0.5 nm in the composition of polytetrahedral clusters having icosahedral symmetry. A medium-range order in the melts is identified due to the presence of an additional maximum (prepeak) in the left slope of the first peak in experimental structure factor curves. The local atomic orders in the melts and the corresponding crystalline and quasicrystalline phases are found to correlate with each other.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-alloyed ductile iron upon casting and austempering

In the current study, Al was added to ductile iron (DI) in the range of 0·68–2·70 wt-% and its influence on the mechanical properties and on the microstructure at different section thicknesses was investigated. It was observed that increasing Al addition up to 2·70 wt-% improves the hardness and strength in the as-cast condition. However, this effect was completely reversed after austempering, where the mechanical properties decreased gradually with increasing Al content. In conclusion, Al reduced the strength of DI after austenitising at 900°C. Higher austempering temperatures may be required to achieve the desired properties depending on the Al content of the as-cast DI.     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

两相区退火处理含铝中锰钢的组织和力学性能

 为了研究两相区退火处理对冷轧含铝中锰钢(0.2C-0.6Si-5Mn-1.2Al)(质量分数,%)微观组织和力学性能的影响规律,利用SEM、XRD及单轴拉伸等试验方法表征了不同工艺状态后的微观组织及测试了拉伸性能。结果表明,冷轧试验钢在退火过程中组织发生奥氏体逆转变,在退火温度为670 ℃、退火时间为10 min时可获得较佳的力学性能,即抗拉强度达到1 276 MPa,总伸长率达到51.8%,强塑积高达66.1 GPa·%。随着退火温度升高,残余奥氏体组织逐渐粗化且向马氏体组织转变,机械稳定性逐渐降低。残余奥氏体机械稳定性主要受残余奥氏体中碳质量分数及其晶粒尺寸的影响,而残余奥氏体中锰质量分数对其影响较小。     

Al-3Si-0.6Mg-(Cu,Mn)合金薄板的组织性能

采用拉伸试验、金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜高分辨组织分析方法,研究了水冷铜模铸造的扁锭轧制的Al-3.0Si-0.6Mg-0.4Cu-0.6Mn-0.18Fe合金薄板经400℃至540℃不同温度保温30 min水淬、室温停放90 d(自然时效)后的组织和性能.结果表明:在6009合金基础上提高Si的质量分数至3%,有提高其强度的作用;该合金薄板经540℃×30 min固溶处理自然时效后屈服强度为180 MPa、抗拉强度为313 MPa、延伸率接近23%,其组织中存在Si结晶相及含Fe、Mn和少量Cu、Si的结晶相,以及尺寸小于0.5μm的以含Mn为主并含少量Si和Fe的弥散相;提高其固溶处理温度至540℃,合金薄板的强度明显提高,其原因是析出强化产物尺寸增大,密度提高了.     

Effect of the production conditions of rapidly quenched ribbons of alloy Fe-6.5% Si on their structure and magnetic properties

Conclusions Rapid quenching in a protective atmosphere of carbon dioxide at an optimal combination of parameters improves substantially the quality of ribbons of alloy Fe-6.5 Si in comparison with ribbons obtained in air or with the use of helium or argon. Better quality of the ribbons improves substantially the level of their magnetic properties.The dispersity and homogeneity of the microstructure of the ribbons, determined by the cooling rate, depends, in addition to the thermal conductivity of the material of the quenching disk, on its adhesive property, i.e., on the area of actual contact between the melt and the forming ribbon on the one hand, and the disk on the other, and also on the duration of the contact.The ductility of rapidly quenched ribbons of alloy Fe-6.5% Si more than 40 m thick can be improved by their increased cooling rate in contact with the disk, and also by forced cooling after removal from the disk.The results obtained in the present work can be used in practice in the production of other rapidly quenched microcrystalline or amorphous alloys.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 8(332), pp. 30–36, August, 1990.     

陶瓷颗粒增强粉末冶金Fe-2Cu-0.6C复合材料的微观结构和力学性能

采用传统粉末冶金压制/烧结技术,经600 MPa压制、1140℃烧结制备了陶瓷颗粒增强（SiC、TiC及TiB₂陶瓷颗粒,质量分数0~1.6%）Fe-2Cu-0.6C低合金钢复合材料,对三种复合材料的微观结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:在烧结过程中,SiC与TiB₂颗粒与基体发生反应,故而与基体界面结合良好;当添加质量分数为1.6%的SiC颗粒时,复合材料烧结后的布氏硬度与抗拉强度分别比基体提高了35.9%、69.4%;添加质量分数为1.2%的TiB₂颗粒时,复合材料相对密度比基体提高了5.3%,其烧结硬度、抗拉强度与基体相比分别提高了77.9%、72.6%;由于烧结过程中TiC颗粒不与基体发生反应,故而添加TiC颗粒对复合材料的布氏硬度、抗拉强度影响不大。     

Paraequilibria in the Fe-Cr(Ni,Mn)-C systems and their effect on phase transformations

Modern achievements in the thermodynamics of alloys are used to calculate phase equilibria and to construct Fe-Cr-C, Fe-Ni-C, and Fe-Mn-C paraequilibrium phase diagrams. The reactions that can occur when austenite decomposes in the temperature range where only carbon atoms can be redistributed between transformation products are discussed. It is shown how the limited diffusion mobility of substitutional atoms can affect austenite transformation processes and increase the variety of related reactions. One of the most interesting results of our paraequilibrium analysis is the prediction of the possibility of complete austenite decomposition into a ferrite + cementite paraequilibrium mixture, which should transform into an equilibrium mixture of the α and γ phases upon long-term holding. In other words, the following unusual (at first glance) phenomena can occur during austenite decomposition: the disappearance and, then, appearance of austenite and, in contrast, the precipitation and, then, complete dissolution of cementite.     

烧结和锻造态Fe–2Cu–0.5C–0.11S材料的组织与力学性能研究

采用国产原料制备粉末冶金烧结态和锻造态Fe–2Cu–0.5C–0.11S材料,考察该材料的密度、显微组织、静态力学性能及动态超声疲劳性能。结果表明,粉末锻造工艺可以有效提高材料密度,锻件的平均密度可达到7.75 g/cm~3,其相对密度可达到98.7%;烧结件和锻件的显微组织主要由珠光体和铁素体组成,但锻件中的孔隙明显较少;锻件的力学性能相对于烧结件得到明显提升,其抗拉强度、屈服强度、延伸率及硬度分别为1018 MPa、778 MPa、4.0%及HB 206,比烧结件分别提高了155%、145%、167%及87%;锻件在106、107和108周次下相应的超声疲劳强度为437.7 MPa、351.1 MPa和281.7 MPa,比烧结件分别提高了82%、70%和59%;在相同疲劳寿命下,锻件的疲劳强度一直高于烧结件,但随着疲劳寿命的提高,两者之间的差值变小;烧结件和锻件在拉伸时均表现出脆性断裂的特征,同时存在微观塑性变形区域。     

Nanocrystallization and magnetic properties of Fe-30 weight percent Ni alloy by surface mechanical attrition treatment

A nanostructured surface layer was formed in Fe-30 wt pct Ni alloy by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The microstructure of the surface layer after SMAT was investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The analysis shows that the nanocrystallization process at the surface layer starts from dislocation tangles, dislocation cells, and subgrains to highly misoriented grains in both original austenite and martensite phases induced by strain from SMAT. The magnetic properties were measured for SMAT Fe-30 wt pct Ni alloy. The saturation magnetization (M _s ) and coercivity (H _c ) of the nanostructured surface layers increase significantly compared to the coarse grains sample prior to SMAT. The increase of M _s for SMAT Fe-30 wt pct Ni alloy was attributed to the change of lattice structure resulting from strain-induced martensitic transformation. Meanwhile, H _c was further increased from residual microstress and superfined grains. These were verified by experiments on SMAT pure Ni and Co metal as well as liquid nitrogen-quenched Fe-30 wt pct Ni alloy.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of PM Ni56Fe19Al25 alloy

Abstract

Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to study microstructure and mechanical properties of PM Ni₅₆Fe₁₉Al₂₅ alloy. The results indicate that as sintered specimen is (β+γ) dual phase structure, and its density is 6·54 g cm^?3 (the relative density is 94·0%), tensile strength is 771 MPa and the total strain is 4·3%. As quenched specimen presents a large superelasticity with the maximum recovery strain of 4·5%, and its tensile strength is 850 MPa and the total strain is 9·2%. The fracture modes of Ni₅₆Fe₁₉Al₂₅ alloy is transgranular, intergranular and tough mixed type.