Optical time domain reflectometry on optical amplifier systems

The use of optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) on long-span fiber transmission systems containing in-line optical amplifiers is discussed. Having identified the specific requirements for OTDR equipment, measurements were carried out on systems of up to 300 km in length, containing three semiconductor laser amplifiers. The results demonstrate that OTDR can be used not only for fault location on fiber links several hundred kilometers in length but also as an alternative to standard system supervisory techniques, thus providing the potential for minimizing the hardware in the optical amplifier stages of future long-span fiber optic transmission systems     

对称锯齿形天线的背向辐射特性

当对称锯齿形天线带有小接地板时，呈现一种背向辐射的特性。文中给出了实测的背向辐射方向图。这种天线可能发展成为一种新的反射面天线的线极化馈源。     

Fiber-optic reflection measurements using OCWR and OTDR techniques

A method for determining the backscatter and reflection responses of an optical fiber and reflector to an arbitrary input is developed. Two cases are specifically considered: a continuous-wave input and a rectangular pulse input. From the rectangular pulse input response, the equation is derived for computing the reflectance of a discrete component from an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) measurement. Precautions are given for accurately performing reflectance measurements using an OTDR. Two methods are presented for determining the backscatter level of the fiber type under test, and its importance in reflection measurements is shown     

A novel in-service measurement technique using the same wavelength band as SCM signals

This paper proposes a new technique for measuring in-service optical fibers, that uses an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). The feature of the proposed technique is that the OTDR light is in the same wavelength band as the video signal, which is distributed by using the subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) technique. In a 40-channel SCM system operating at a signal wavelength of 1.558 /spl mu/m, we show that the required video quality can be maintained, by using the proposed OTDR operating in the 1.55 /spl mu/m band, even though the measured fiber is in service and the OTDR light enters an optical receiver. Moreover, we clarify the conditions for undertaking measurements, without the need for optical filters designed to prevent OTDR light from degrading the SCM signal quality.     

OTDR在光纤测量中的应用

介绍ＯＴＤＲ工作原理及主要性能参数;详细说明ＯＴＤＲ在光纤测量中参数的设置及测量方法;结合工作实践提出了ＯＴＤＲ在实际光纤测量中的几点经验和技巧。     

OTDR in optical transmission systems using Er-doped fiber amplifiers containing optical circulators

Fault location in optical amplifier transmission systems is described. Optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) cannot be used for an optical transmission line containing traditional Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) because they contain optical isolators. The authors propose an OTDR scheme that uses new EDFAs containing optical circulators and return transmission lines. The new EDFAs support both OTDR and digital signal transmission. A 280.9 km transmission line containing three of the proposed EDFAs was constructed and tested. Experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of OTDR fault location and 1.8-Gb/s digital signal transmission.<>     

New approach to splice-loss monitoring using long-range OTDR

Absolute splice-loss measurements on single-mode optical fibre are performed from one cable end only using specially developed long-range OTDR equipment in conjunction with a reflector at the far end of the fibre. Active splice-alignment with single-mode OTDR is also demonstrated.     

在最小二乘法模式下幻峰对OTDR测试光纤接头损耗的影响

描述了幻峰及其对OTDR测试光纤线路的影响,重点从理论上分析了OTDR在“最小二乘法”模式下的工 作原理,并对OTDR在“最小二乘法”模式和“两点法”模式下测试光纤接头损耗进行了比较。     

Photon-counting OTDR for local birefringence and fault analysis in the metro environment

Optical time domain reflectometery (OTDR) is one of the most used measurement techniques in the characterization of optical fiber links. In this paper, we present a thorough investigation of an OTDR using a Peltier cooled photon-counting detector at 1.55 um. Due to its superior spatial resolution and the absence of classical dead-zones, it is well suited for detailed, high resolution analysis of problem zones. We give a detailed analysis of its performance, and also demonstrate that a polarization-sensitive photon-counting OTDR can be used to extract local birefringences too large to be measured with standard P-OTDRs.     

Low-cost high-resolution time-domain reflectometry for monitoringthe range of reflective points

A new OTDR technique to interrogate the range of reflective markers in an optical fiber (or an electrical cable) is presented. The technique has been developed to monitor strain in sections of a fiber over gauge lengths of several meters. Signal-to-noise analysis shows that current OTDR systems do not fully exploit the spatial resolution theoretically available. The available resolution is explored with a new OTDR technique     

Continuous measurement of optical fibre transmission loss characteristics during drawing process

An online measurement method using an optical rotary connector is proposed for continuously monitoring optical fibre loss characteristics during manufacture. This method provides a complete transmission loss spectrum and OTDR measurements of optical fibres during the drawing process. The results coincide with corresponding offline cutback measurements to better than ±0.2 dB/km.     

基于OTDR技术的高压输电导线断股和损伤检测

为了保证高压输电线路的正常运行,及时准确地 对输电导线的断股、损伤进行检测,提出了一种应用光 时域反射仪(OTDR)技术对输电导线断股、损伤进行分布式光纤传感检测的方法。基于OTDR技 术搭建了利用钢管模拟输电导线的模拟损伤试验系统,进行了高压输电导线断股、损伤 实物试验。高 压输电导线断股、损伤模拟试验及实物试验的结果表明,应用OTDR技术可以有效地识别出高 压输电导线的断股、损伤,并能够对损伤部位进行精确地定位。     

A 100-km-long single-mode optical-fiber fault location

A Raman OTDR (ROTDR) fault location for a 100-km-long single-mode optical fiber has been tested. A Ge p-i-n photodiode cooled by liquid nitrogen has been used as a backscattered light receiver. The signal-to-noise ration (SNR) improvement of the cooled Ge p-i-n photodiode from a Ge avalanche photodiode (Ge APD), which operates at room temperature, is 14 dB. Spectral Stokes light power distributions, which have been emitted from a long single-mode fiber, have been measured to estimate the maximum locatable length for a single-mode fiber. It has been shown, from the measurements and calculations, that a 100- km-long and a 30-dB total attenuation at a 1.55-μm wavelength single-mode fiber fault location can be achieved with the aid of an averaging technique. On the basis of these results, a 102-km-long single-mode fiber fault location experiment has been successfully carried out.     

光模块内置OTDR数据及格式分析

为了满足日益增多的PON 的网络光纤检测需求,光模块内置OTDR 技术正在不断地发展完善,提出了基于光模块内置OTDR的PON系统架构中OTDR相关接口的数据传输接口功能和数据分析功能,确定了OTDR数据文件结构,分析梳理了OTDR的数据内容,定义了OTDR的数据格式,目的是能够实现通用的内置OTDR数据格式,促进内置OTDR技术产业发展成熟。     

Effects of hot-carrier trapping in n- and p-channel MOSFET's

Detailed measurements of hot-carrier gate current and its trapping effects were studied on both n- and p-channel MOSFET's down to submicrometer channel lengths. Comparison of the measurements for these two types of devices is made. No hot-hole gate current or hot-hole trapping was detected in p-channel MOSFET's. A hot-electron gate current is present not only in n-channel MOSFET's, but also in p-channel MOSFET's where the current is increased by hot-electron trapping. By trapping hot electrons uniformly over the channel in n-MOSFET's, it was shown that hot-electron trapping produces only negative oxide charge without generating interface traps.     

Fiber-Optic Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensing With Very High Measurand Resolution Over Long Range Using Coherent OTDR

We describe a novel fiber-optic technique for measuring distributed strain and temperature that uses a coherent optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) with a precisely frequency-controlled light source. Using this technique, we achieved temperature measurements in an 8-km-long fiber with a resolution of 0.01degC and a spatial resolution of one meter. This temperature resolution is two orders of magnitude better than that provided by the Brillouin based sensing technique.     

Novel OTDR Technique for Measuring Relative-Index Differences of Fiber Links

A novel technique is proposed for measuring the relative-index difference of the fiber links using an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). The material dispersion of the fiber links can be estimated by using this method. Moreover, the chromatic dispersion distribution of a fiber link is successfully estimated by combining this technique with the conventional OTDR technique     

多段分布式光纤裂缝监测系统及其应用

基于光纤拉断引起菲涅尔反射机理,考虑大型工程结构多处随机裂缝监测的需求,利用普通商用光时域反射计(OTDR)提出了可同时探测多处随机裂缝的多段分布式光纤裂缝监测系统设计方法。该系统由多区段传感光路和传输光路组成,混凝土开裂时光纤被拉断,使用OTDR识别光纤中的菲涅尔反射以确定裂缝位置。其次,分析了影响该系统监测裂缝数目的主要因素为光纤耦合器的耦合比、OTDR的动态范围以及光纤断点处菲涅尔反射峰值。结果表明,该系统对于普通商用OTDR理论上最多可探测到49个断点。在此基础上,设计制作了钢筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝演化规律的多段分布式光纤裂缝监测系统,使用普通商用OTDR成功地监测到受弯构件加载过程中的多个随机裂缝的演化过程,证明了该系统实际应用的可行性和有效性。     

小波算法在光纤测量中的应用

分析了OTDR工作的理论基础和主要原理,对OTDR中的技术难点进行了阐述,并提出了一种基于小波算法的解决方案,目的是对OTDR信号中的噪声进行滤波和信号中的事件点进行精确定位。经过理论论证和实践数据表明,该方法是一种可行的方案     

集中式OTDR测试系统的设计与实现

本文通过分析传统OTDR测试仪的使用方法,从方便各光纤光缆企业的实际使用角度出发,提出了一种全新的集中式OTDR测试系统,该系统将网络技术、嵌入式开发以及传统的独立测试仪器融为一体,使得高效、简洁、低成本、自动化管理的OTDR测试系统成为可能.