低碳低合金钢的连续冷却相变组织特征及其形成机制

利用Formastor-Digital全自动相变仪测定低碳Mn,Ni,Mo,Cr,V,Ti等低合金化钢的静态CCT曲线,结合光学显微镜、透射电镜、显微硬度法分析冷却速率对相变组织演变规律的影响。结果表明:当冷速为0.03℃/s时,相变组织为多边形铁素体(PF)+珠光体(P);冷速为0.06℃/s时,出现退化珠光体(PD);冷速为0.29℃/s时,出现针状铁素体(AF);冷速为1.7℃/s时,组织为粒状贝氏体(GB)+板条贝氏体(LB);冷速为42℃/s时,出现马氏体(M)。提出极低冷速下低碳钢中出现退化珠光体是由于多元低合金元素的耦合交互作用,引起碳活度的变化所致。针状铁素体在晶内形核并长大,对后续相变组织起到分割作用,利于细化组织。低碳钢中局部孪生马氏体的形成归因于淬透性元素聚集对钢局域相变切应力过大所致。     

氮含量对钒微合金钢粗晶热影响区组织和韧性的影响

采用焊接热模拟的方法,研究了氮含量对实验钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)显微组织和韧性的影响规律。结果表明:随着氮含量的增加,CGHAZ的组织从晶界铁素体、贝氏体和侧板条铁素体转变成针状铁素体、多边形铁素体和少量的贝氏体,且铁素体晶粒细化;CGHAZ韧脆转变温度(FATT₅₀)先降低后升高,屈服强度升高。氮含量从0.004 4%增加到0.009 4%时,有效晶粒尺寸减小,导致CGHAZ的FATT₅₀降低;氮含量从0.009 4%增加到0.019 0%时,CGHAZ中固溶氮、屈服强度增量对FATT₅₀的综合作用大于晶粒的细化作用,导致FATT₅₀升高。     

16Mn钢中交叉针状魏氏组织形成条件的研究

16Mn钢奥氏体化后冷却时,随等温温度降低及冷却速度加快,显微组织由块状铁素体变成魏氏组织;而魏氏组织中的针状铁素体由交叉分布变成平行分布。我们过去的工作表明,当形成以交叉针状铁素体为主的魏氏组织时,钢材的抗冷脆性最好。本文研究了16Mn钢中交叉针状魏氏组织的形成条件,提出了采用“双段控冷工艺”,可在较宽的工艺条件下得到交叉针状魏氏组织。     

N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

低碳贝氏体钢双面埋弧焊接头的组织和低温韧性

对低碳贝氏体钢进行双面埋弧焊焊接,并用光学显微镜和PSW750型示波冲击试验机对焊接接头进行表征,研究了钢的显微组织和低温韧性。结果表明:低碳贝氏体钢双面埋弧焊后,焊缝区的组织为针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体;HAZ的组织为贝氏体铁素体和粒状贝氏体;HAZ熔合线附近的硬度最高,远离熔合线硬度降低并逐渐接近母材金属的硬度;随着温度的降低焊接过程中的凝固偏析、高度集中的位错源来不及松弛应力集中以及分布在晶界上的Ti、Mo等微合金元素形成的碳氮化物,导致焊接接头焊缝区和HAZ韧性降低并在-20℃和-60℃发生韧脆转变。     

N含量对Cr-Mo-V系超低碳贝氏体钢组织性能和析出行为的影响EI北大核心CSCD

通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等实验方法,研究了三种不同N含量的超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织和析出相的成分、尺寸、形貌以及分布等特征。结果表明:低氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体,高氮含量的钢组织为粒状贝氏体+少量的针状铁素体。当实验钢中V/N比为3.4时,通过细晶强化和沉淀强化综合作用,可以使材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别增加231MPa和95MPa。与氮含量低的钢相比,高氮含量的钢具有更细小的贝氏体铁素体板条亚结构,且析出相尺寸减小,体积分数增加。基体中存在两种尺寸的纳米级析出相:一种尺寸在10～15nm之间,为V(C,N)析出相,弥散分布在贝氏体板条内部;另一种是含有Cr和V尺寸在10nm以下,具有面心立方结构的(V,Cr)(C,N)复合析出相。     

16MnR低合金钢与Q235B铸钢焊接接头的组织与性能

通过拉伸、冲击、显微硬度试验以及金相观察对16MnR与Q235B铸钢异种材料焊接接头的组织形态及力学性能进行了研究。结果表明：16MnR与Q235B铸钢采用JM-56焊丝焊接时，焊接接头具有良好的低温冲击韧性。焊缝组织为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体和少量珠光体。16MnR侧的热影响区组织主要为先共析铁素体，晶内是一定量的魏氏组织铁素体、针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和珠光体；Q235B铸钢侧的热影响区组织主要为先共析铁素体、魏氏组织铁素体和珠光体。16MnR母材组织为带状的铁素体和珠光体。Q235B铸钢母材组织为大块状的铁素体和珠光体。     

S355钢焊接接头的组织与力学性能

通过拉伸、冲击和金相检验等试验方法对S355钢半自动气体保护焊焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织进行了研究.结果表明:采用JM-56焊丝对S355钢进行焊接时,接头具有较好的抗剪强度和低温冲击韧性;焊缝组织主要为先共析铁素体、针状铁素体、少量珠光体和粒状贝氏体.熔合区、过热区主要为先共析铁素体及较多的珠光体和一定量的粒状贝氏体.     

Nb、Ti微合金元素对连铸10MnNiCr钢埋弧焊接头组织与韧性的影响

利用金相显微镜、冲击试验等研究了Nb、Ti微合金元素对连铸10MnNiCr钢埋弧焊焊接接头组织与韧性的影响。结果表明,Nb V Ti钢的焊缝和焊接热影响区比Nb V钢的具有更高的冲击韧性。其中Nb元素易促进侧板条铁素体形成,对韧性不利;Ti元素易使焊缝金属产生针状铁素体,并抑制CG HAZ晶粒粗化,对改善埋弧焊接头韧性有显著作用。     

热轧D级船用钢板焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织

采用CO2气体保护焊法对16mm厚的热轧态D级船用钢板进行焊接,通过拉伸、冲击和金相检验等试验方法对焊接接头的力学性能与显微组织进行了研究。结果表明：采用YCJ501-1焊材对D级船用钢板进行焊接时,接头具有较高的抗拉强度和较好的低温冲击韧性;焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体、先共析铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体;热影响区组织主要为铁素体、珠光体和少量针状铁素体,针状铁素体的存在是接头具有良好力学性能的主要原因。     

Formation mechanism and control methods of acicular ferrite in HSLA steels: A review

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been widely used in pipelines, power plant components, civil structures and so on, due to their outstanding mechanical properties as high strength and toughness, and excellent weldability. Multi-phase microstructures containing acicular ferrite or acicular ferrite dominated phase have been proved to possess good comprehensive properties in HSLA steels. This paper mainly focuses on the formation mechanisms and control methods of acicular ferrite in HSLA steels. Effect of austenitizing conditions, continuous cooling rate, and isothermal quenching time and temperature on acicular ferrite transformation was reviewed. Furthermore, the modified process to control the formation of multi-phase microstructures containing acicular ferrite, as intercritical heat treatments, step quenching treatments and thermo-mechanical controlled processing, was summarized. The favorable combination of mechanical properties can be achieved by these modified treatments.     

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure,inclusions and mechanical properties of weld metal in simulated local dry underwater welding

Quenched and tempered E550 steel was joined using flux-cored arc welding. The effect of cooling rate on microstructure, inclusions and mechanical properties of the weld metal was investigated by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and mechanical testing. Results show that weld metal microstructures consist of proeutectoid ferrite, ferrite side plate and acicular ferrite. As the cooling rate increased, the volume fraction of proeutectoid ferrite and ferrite side plate decreased, acicular ferrite increased accompanied with refined grain. Furthermore, inclusions of Ti, Mn oxide with diameter below 2.0 μm were found in the weld metal and rapid cooling rate causes distinct Mn-depleted zone between inclusions and matrix. Excellent balance of high strength and toughness is obtained as more acicular ferrite in weld metal with rapid cooling rate. This can attribute to the increased of acicular ferrite with its refined grain and high density dislocation. These findings suggest that the rapid cooling rate can improve the impact toughness and tensile strength of weld metal in local dry underwater welding.     

Banded structure in Dual Phase steels in relation with the austenite-to-ferrite transformation mechanisms

New experimental data are reported relative to the development of banded structures in Mn-segregated Dual Phase steels during the austenite-to-ferrite transformation stage of their final heat treatment. Two types of ferrite are detected to grow simultaneously, i.e. allotriomorph and acicular ferrite, with distinct consequences on the topology of the final (ferrite + martensite) microstructure: allotriomorph ferrite sharpens the banded structure of ferrite and martensite between Mn-poor and Mn-enriched regions, respectively, whereas acicular ferrite favours more isotropic microstructures. Owing to an original image treatment procedure, the sharpness of banded structure is quantitatively analyzed for different heat treatment conditions. Results confirm those of previous works, but we propose to rather explain them by considering that a change in a heat treatment parameter results in a variation in the respective amounts of both ferrite types.     

Effects of B and Ti on the Toughness of HSLA Steel Weld Metals

Effects of microalloying Ti and B on themicrostructures and low temperature toughness ofmanual metal arc (MMA) deposits were investi-gated.Weld metals containing 200-300 ppm Ti and29-60 ppm B deposited by manual coated elec-trodes provided an optimum low temperaturetoughness.The addition of B in weld metals low-ered the γ→α transformation temperature whichpromoted the acicular ferrite (AF) transformation.Solid solutioned B suppressed grain boundaryferrite as well as side plate ferrite formation andbenefited the acicular ferrite formation.Titaniumprotected B from oxidizing as well as nitriding andformed Ti-Mn silicate inclusions.Ultra-high volt-age electron microscope analyses showed that TiOstructure in the Ti-Mn silicate inclusions was thefavorable nucleation site for acicular ferrite forma-tion.     

Acicular ferrite microstructure in titanium bearing low carbon steels

Abstract

Different microstructures having acicular ferrite as the major phase but with various types and amounts of microphases were obtained by applying different cooling processes to C–Mn steels containing fine non-metallic inclusions. Optical and electron microscopy were carried out to identify the various microphases in the acicular ferrite microstructure, and their mechanical properties were measured and compared to study the effect of the microphases on the microstructure–properties relationship in C–Mn wrought steels. The existence and increase of the fraction of small isolated martensite between the acicular ferrite laths were found to play an important role in determining the tensile strength and low temperature impact toughness of the steels. However, the elongation and room temperature impact toughness were rather insensitive to the microphases. This may be attributed to the uniform distribution and isolation of relatively small martensite due to the fine interlocking character of the acicular ferrite microstructure.     

Cyclic strain hardening of polygonal and acicular ferrite/bainite microstructures in microalloyed steels in the temperature range − 150°C to 27°C

Cyclic strain hardening has been observed to be markedly sensitive to microstructural changes in microalloyed steels. Two significantly different microstructures - polygonal ferrite grains of average grain size 10–120 μm and acicular ferrite/upper bainite colonies of dimensions 200–625 μm - were examined in order to determine the influence of each on cyclic strain hardening and related properties. Tests were conducted at temperatures between ?150 and 27°C. The cyclic strain hardening exponent, β_c, was significantly more sensitive to changes in the size of the polygonal ferrite grains than to changes in the acicular ferrite/upper bainite colony size.     

Effects of hot deformation and accelerated cooling on microstructural evolution of low carbon microalloyed steels

Abstract

Using a Gleeble 1500 hot simulator, the effects of hot deformation parameters and accelerated cooling conditions on the microstructural characteristics of low carbon microalloyed steels were investigated by means of compression tests. It was found that the grain refinement effect of single pass reduction in the recrystallisation or unrecrystallisation temperature ranges is weaker than that of two pass reduction in the recrystallisation and unrecrystallisation temperature ranges. However, four pass deformation in the recrystallisation and unrecrystallisation temperature ranges could result in rather fine grained microstructures and, when coupled with moderately high cooling rate, partially acicular ferrite microstructure could be obtained. With the increase of cooling rate, the microstructure becomes finer and the content of acicular ferrite increases. Under similar deformation and cooling conditions, the specimens with relatively high carbon content have more refined microstructures.     

Recrystallisation textures in cold rolled low carbon steel containing ferritic and bainitic microstructures

Abstract

Low carbon steel strip was heat treated to generate four different starting microstructures (fine and coarse polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite and bainite) for investigating their influence on texture development during cold rolling and annealing. The starting materials were cold rolled to 50–90% reduction and annealed for various times in the temperature range 853–953 K. The resultant microstructures and textures were examined mainly by electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The initial microstructure strongly influenced the crystallographic rotation paths during cold rolling, whereby high strain deformation generated strong {223}〈110〉 texture components in the polygonal ferritic microstructures, whereas a strong {001}〈110〉 texture was produced in the acicular/bainitic microstructures. Subsequent annealing generated, to varying degrees, the classic {111}〈uvw〉 (γ-fibre) recrystallisation texture in all materials. Unexpectedly, coarse polygonal ferrite produced the strongest γ-fibre recrystallisation texture after 70–90% cold rolling reduction. Based on arguments involving the effect of carbon in solution, initial grain size and deformation textures on recrystallisation texture development, it was shown that a strong γ-fibre texture can indeed be generated in coarse polygonal ferrite.     

显微组织对X80钢氢致裂纹敏感性和氢捕获效率的影响

对以针状铁素体为主的X80管线钢进行不同工艺的热处理,分别得到具有多边形铁素体组织或板条马氏体组织的试样。研究了显微组织对不同试样在饱和H_2S环境中的氢致裂纹(HIC)敏感性和氢渗透行为的影响。结果表明:具有不同显微组织的X80钢其HIC敏感性从大到小的排序为:1水淬处理的板条马氏体组织试样,2空冷处理的多边形铁素体组织试样,3原始针状铁素体组织试样;氢在材料中的捕获效率是影响材料HIC敏感性的主要因素之一,渗氢通量J_∞、氢扩散系数D_(eff)越低,氢捕获效率越高,管线钢的氢致裂纹敏感性越高。