完善我国饮用水水源地水质指标体系的思考

饮用水水源水质标准是评价和保护水源地水环境质量的重要依据。通过比较分析国内外主要水源地水质标准体系,并对比我国现行主要饮用水水源地水质参照标准《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的差异,指出了我国水源地水质指标体系中存在的问题与不足,并对进一步完善我国饮用水水源地水质指标体系提出了相应的建议。     

Discussion of an environment quality standard based assessment procedure for permitting discharge.

The 'combined approach' as a requirement of the EC Water Framework Directive pools an emission-based approach with an approach based on environmental quality standards (EQS) to improve European water quality. The implementation of the EQS-based approach poses problems of defining a reference water discharge, defining a distance, where the EQS are obligatory and thus have to be controlled after point discharge, considering incomplete mixing. To elaborate a simple assessment procedure including the aspects mentioned above is the point of discussion in this paper. On the basis of easily available data and references from several European countries, recommendations for an Austrian assessment procedure are presented.     

Micropollutants in stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflow in the Copenhagen area, Denmark

Stormwater runoff contains a broad range of micropollutants. In Europe a number of these substances are regulated through the Water Framework Directive, which establishes Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for surface waters. Knowledge about discharge of these substances through stormwater runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) is essential to ensure compliance with the EQSs. Results from a screening campaign including more than 50 substances at four stormwater discharge locations and one CSO in Copenhagen are reported here. Heavy metal concentrations were detected at levels similar to earlier findings, e.g., with copper found at concentrations up to 13 times greater than the Danish standard for surface waters. The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exceeded the EQSs by factors up to 500 times for stormwater and 2,000 times for the CSO. Glyphosate was found in all samples whilst diuron, isoproturon, terbutylazine and MCPA were found only in some of the samples. Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) was also found at all five locations in concentrations exceeding the EQS. The results give a valuable background for designing further monitoring programmes focusing on the chemical status of surface waters in urban areas.     

超滤—颗粒活性炭—紫外线消毒组合工艺制备直接饮用水试验研究

采用超滤、颗粒活性炭和紫外线消毒组合工艺对自来水进行深度处理。试验表明,对水中浊度、CODMn、UV254、细菌总数的平均去除率分别为89.8%、90.7%、96.2%和94.5%,以上各参数最终出水平均值分别为0.155NTU、0.35mg/L、0.009cm-1、0CFU/mL,达到了现行《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)和《饮用净水水质标准》(CJ94—2005)的要求。因此,超滤、颗粒活性炭与紫外线消毒组合工艺用于制备直接饮用水是可行的。     

地表水环境质量的等效数值评价法

依据国家地表水环境质量标准,运用等效数值评价方法,建立了地表水环境质量综合评判的等效数值模型,给出了应用本模型确定地表水环境质量级别的实例。结果表明该模型符合实际,是一种评价地表水环境质量的新方法。     

南四湖水质空间分布特征分析与改善效果评估

根据南四湖2006年、2007年、2010年和2011年4次90个采样点的水质空间分布监测数据,采用Surfer 8.0软件绘制南四湖水质空间分布等值线图,进行南四湖及分湖区水质指标的综合比较分析和平均综合污染指数的计算与污染控制效果评估。结果表明:南四湖COD、NH3-N、TP、TN和CODMn等指标的空间分布具有北高南低的非均一性特点;2010—2011年比2006—2007年枯水期各水质指标的平均浓度下降率为38.3%,整体提高了1～2个水质类别;按GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准相应的平均综合污染指数进行评价,达标和基本达标湖区的比例达到63.3%;2010—2011年枯水期南四湖主要污染物分担率由大到小排序依次为TP、COD、TN、CODMn、NH3-N;水质平均综合污染指数与电导率存在很好的相关性和北高南低的污染特点,说明南四湖水污染物仍然以外源排放为主。     

乌苏市地表水质量评价

本文分析了新疆塔城地区乌苏市地表水水质状况。通过河流水质资料从矿化度、总硬度、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、挥发酚等参数分析反应其变化趋势,分析其水质现状。从而判定乌苏地表水是否符合国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)的Ⅲ类标准,是否可以满足生活、工业用水、农田灌概以及渔业养殖等多种用途的水质要求。结果表明,新疆塔城地区乌苏市地表水水质现状为Ⅰ―Ⅲ类,符合国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)的Ⅲ类标准。     

Endocrine disrupters in the aquatic environment: the Austrian approach--ARCEM.

A consortium of Austrian scientists (ARCEM) carried out a multidisciplinary environmental study on Austrian surface and ground waters including chemical monitoring, bioindication, risk assessment and risk management for selected endocrine disrupters: 17beta-estradiol, estriol, estrone, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol, 4-nonylphenol, 4-nonylphenol ethoxylates (4-NP1EO, 4-NP2EO) and their degradation products, ocytlphenol, ocytlphenol ethoxylates (OP1EO, OP2EO) as well as bisphenol A. To obtain data representative for Austria, a material flow analysis served to select relevant compounds and water samples were collected monthly over one year at those sites routinely used in Austrian water quality control. The following results were obtained and conclusions drawn: 1. Chemical monitoring: As compared to other countries, relatively low levels of pollution with endocrine disrupters were detected. 2. Bioindication: In the surface waters under study, male fish showed significant signs of feminization and demasculinization (increased production of the egg-yolk protein and histological changes of the gonads. 3. Risk assessment: For humans, exposure via either drinking water abstraction (ground water) or fish consumption was considered. The exposure levels of the compounds under study were below those considered to result in human health risks. Likewise, for bisphenol A and octylphenols, there was no indication for risk posed upon the aquatic environment (fish). However, nonylphenol or 17alpha-ethinylestradiol exposure along with results of bioindication (2) suggest a borderline estrogenic activity in a considerable number of surface waters. Consequently the emissions of these substances into the surface waters affected have to be reduced. 4. Risk management: Waste water treatment experiments revealed a positive correlation between the removal rate of endocrine disrupters from the waste water and the sludge retention time in the treatment plants. These substances are removed to a higher extend at low loaded plants designed for nutrient removal than at plants that remove carbon and/or employ nitrification only. As to drinking water treatment, chlorine dioxide and ozone were found to eliminate all investigated substances, except nonylphenol ethoxylates. (For the complete study see: www.arcem.at)     

Study on the introduction of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) concept of the water quality management in water supply systems.

In the latest revision in 2004, the 3rd edition, the Water Safety Plans (WSP) was newly introduced into the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. The Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) is a basic concept that underlies the WSPs, and is also known as the product quality management method in the field of food and the medical manufacturing industries. In the amendments of the Drinking Water Quality Standards in Japan, water suppliers are required to reasonably achieve both safe water and efficient water quality management. Therefore, the HACCP concept is focused as an adequate management method covering a whole process of water supply systems, in a systematic way. The purpose of this study is to investigate a practical procedure in introducing the HACCP into water quality management in Japan. In comparison to conventional applications of the HACCP, unmanageable variations of raw water quality, continuous treatment and supply, and numerous standards of water quality items need to be considered. The HACCP system is expected to achieve a quick response to improvements in water quality, accountability towards consumers and a decrease in accidents.     

江南运河苏浙边界十年水质评价

引入目标差值率,对密切值法进行改进,详细阐述其原理和计算步骤;将其应用于江南运河苏浙边界1997~2006年的水质评价,并参照地表水环境质量Ⅱ~Ⅴ类水标准,对污染程度进行了排序。结果表明,江南运河苏浙边界十年水质均未达到Ⅲ类水标准,其中1997~1999年、2001~2002年的水质标准维持在Ⅲ~Ⅳ类之间,2000年、2003~2006年的水质维持在Ⅳ~Ⅴ类水之间。     

松花江傍河水源地地下水污染健康风险评价

为研究松花江流域某傍河水源地地下水污染对人体健康产生的危害风险,对该地区地下水水质进行了监测分析,并采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014)推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对当地地下水环境健康风险进行评价。结果表明:地下水中F~-、NH_4-N、Mn和As均不同程度地超过了国家饮用水卫生标准(GB 5749-2006)规定的限制;非致癌物质健康风险表现为AsMnF~-NH_4~+ZnCuNO_3~-NO_2~-Cr~(6+),致癌物质健康风险评价表现为AsCr~(6+)。该地区健康风险评价结果表明:研究区地下水污染物会对人体健康造成危害,其中成年女性和儿童相比于成年男性面临更高的健康风险。     

海河流域主要河口水沙污染现状分析

2005年底,对海河流域海河口、独流减、子牙新河和北排河4个入海河口6处水域实地考察并取水沙样,进行重金属、砷、总氮和总磷含量分析。采用了《地表水环境质量标准》和水体综合污染指数法等对水域单个污染物污染、水体综合污染、水体富营养化现状及变化进行分析,采用《海洋沉积物质量》等对底泥污染进行分析,并与2001年实测数据进行比较。水质分析结果表明,海河流域4个河口的水污染严重,主要重金属污染物为汞(Hg)。子牙新河和北排河河口的氮磷污染严重,水体呈严重的富营养状态。与2001年水质相比,4个河口的重金属浓度几乎全部大幅度下降,海河口和独流减河口水质情况有很大改观,但子牙新河河口水污染加重,北排河河口水质状况则与2001年相近。从底质分析来看,4个河口的底质重金属污染尚不严重,但底泥均存在严重的氮磷污染。与2001年相比,底泥中污染物含量大多变化不大,略有下降。这些数据反映出近年来海河流域在水污染治理、工业废水排放控制等方面的成效,但远离城市局部水域的水污染和富营养化加剧的趋势值得关注。     

深圳市布吉河枯水期的水质特征

针对深圳河的重要支流——布吉河水体不断发黑发臭的状况,对布吉河粤宝公司断面的河水枯水期水质进行连续监测。依据GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准评价并进行内梅罗综合污染指数计算。结果表明:布吉河水质属严重的劣Ⅴ类,氮是最重要的污染物,布吉河水已经为低浓度城市污水,且水污染有逐年加重的趋势。全天24h、间隔为1h的水样监测结果表明:COD和BOD的日浓度变化趋势具有一定的相似性;NH3-N和TN的日浓度变化规律具有很好的相似性,变化趋势比较一致;TP的浓度变化特征与NH3-N和TN的变化规律有较强的同步性,但是浓度变化趋势推迟1h左右。该水质监测评价分析为布吉河的水污染治理提供依据。     

广东省农村饮水安全工程水质监测现状分析及对策探讨

水质监测是农饮水工程建后运行管理的重点环节,建立完善的水质监测体系是安全饮水的保障。目前广东省农饮水工程水质监测存在监测网络未建立、水质监测体制不完善、未能建立长效监测机制等现状,为此文章提出了全省统一规划农饮水水质监测体系、建立县级为单位的水质监测子系统、加快建设县级农村饮水安全水质检测中心及建立水质监测考核机制等对策和建议。     

WHO《饮用水水质准则》第四版解读

对世界卫生组织《饮用水水质准则》第四版进行了介绍,着重与《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)进行比较。并就两个标准中一些水质指标的情况及限值大小分四类进行介绍和评述。讨论了新版准则对我国相关水质标准修订的借鉴意义。     

Water management in cities of the future using emission control strategies for priority hazardous substances

Cities of the future face challenges with respect to the quantity and quality of water resources, and multiple managerial options need to be considered in order to safeguard urban surface water quality. In a recently completed project on 'Source control options for reducing emissions of Priority Pollutants' (ScorePP), seven emission control strategies (ECSs) were developed and tested within a semi-hypothetical case city (SHCC) to evaluate their potential to reduce the emission of selected European priority hazardous substances (PHSs) to surface waters. The ECSs included (1) business-as-usual, (2) full implementation of relevant European (EU) directives, (3) ECS2 in combination with voluntary options for household, municipalities and industry, (4) ECS2 combined with industrial treatment and best available technologies (BAT), (5) ECS2 in combination with stormwater and combined sewer overflow treatment, (6) ECS2 in combination with advanced wastewater treatment, and (7) combinations of ECS3-6. The SHCC approach was chosen to facilitate transparency, to allow compensating for data gaps and to decrease the level of uncertainty in the results. The selected PHSs: cadmium (Cd), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), nonylphenol (NP) and pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE) differ in their uses and environmental fate and therefore accumulate in surface waters to differing extents in response to the application of alternative ECS. To achieve the required reduction in PHS levels in urban waters the full implementation of existing EU regulation is prioritised and feasible combinations of managerial and technological options (source control and treatment) can be highly relevant for mitigating releases.     

USE OF HYDRAULIC MODELLING TO ASSESS PASSAGE FLOW CONNECTIVITY FOR SALMON IN STREAMS

The maintenance of hydrologic connectivity in river networks has become an important principle for guiding management and conservation planning for threatened salmon populations, yet our understanding of how fish movement is impaired by spatial and temporal variation in connectivity remains limited. In this study, a two‐dimensional hydraulic modelling approach is presented to evaluate flow connectivity in relation to passage requirements of adult steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in coastal California streams. High‐resolution topographic data of stream reaches with distinct channel morphology were collected using terrestrial light detection and ranging surveys and linked with water surface measurements to calibrate hydraulic model simulations. Quantitative metrics of longitudinal flow connectivity were developed to assess fish passage suitability in relation to stream discharge. Measured flow data from the 2008–2009 winter season and simulated long‐term records indicated that suitable passage flows occur with relatively low frequency and duration at all sites, suggesting that instream flow protections for fish passage are warranted. Results from the hydraulic modelling simulations were then compared with two alternative methods for assessing passage flows. A regional formula used by the State of California to identify minimum instream flow needs provided conservative estimates of passage flow requirements, whereas an approach based on riffle crest water depths underestimated flow needs. The hydraulic modelling approach appears well suited for simulating flows for fish passage studies and may be particularly useful for testing alternative environmental flow assessment methods and evaluating habitat–flow relationships in stream reaches of importance, such as critical habitat for threatened fish species. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evolution of a new surface water quality index for Karoon catchment in Iran

Water quality standards are developed worldwide by national and international agencies for pollution control decision-making. Use-based water quality classification criteria and Water Quality Indices (WQIs) also play an important role in the assessment of the suitability of water resources for various applications. The present study proposes a better overall index for water quality in Iran and its application in Karoon River by exploring the behavior and limitations of conventional methods for quality evaluation. For this purpose, six variables were employed. Water quality determinants of the new index include Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Nitrate, Fecal coliform and pH. Besides, the mathematical equations applied to transform the actual concentration values into quality indices have been formulated. This study compares a new index called the Iranian Water Quality Index with other pre-existing indices such as NSFWQI, Oregon, CPCB WQI, MDOE WQI, Kaurish and Younos WQI, and Ahmed Said WQI. Results revealed that the overall quality of the surface water falls under the 'good' class. A case study of Karoon River is made to illustrate the application of this new index system.     

Integrated coagulation-trickling filter-ultrafiltration processes for domestic wastewater treatment and reclamation

More and more research effort has been put into the development of affordable and high-efficiency wastewater reclamation technology for small communities. In this study, an integrated chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), trickling filter (TF) and ultrafiltration (UF) process was developed with success. Coagulant produced from fly ash was used to enhance primary treatment, while trickling filter packed with coal cinder through four-layer structure without aeration was employed for further removal of COD and ammonium-nitrogen from the CEPT effluent. 95 and 88% removal of COD and ammonium were achieved, while total phosphorus (TP) and suspended solid (SS) were found to be removed completely at a coagulant dosage of 2.5 mL/L in the CEPT-TF-UF system. The product water can meet the standard of Reuse of Recycling Water for Urban Water Quality Standard for Urban Miscellaneous Water Consumption (GB/T 18920-2002, China).     

Analysis of decoupling relationship between carbon emissions and water resources utilization in the Qinhe River Basin based on Tapio and LMDI modelsEI北大核心CSCD

在界定沁河流域研究范围和对沁河流域碳排放趋势特征分析的基础上,采用Tapio脱钩模型分析了碳排放与水资源利用的脱钩关系,并采用LMDI模型分析影响碳排放的主要驱动因素。结果表明:沁河流域整体碳排放呈现波动增长态势,但碳排放增长率波动下降;沁河流域碳排放与水资源利用多数时间处于强负脱钩和扩张负脱钩状态,但逐渐出现强脱钩与弱脱钩状态,水碳关系逐渐向好;水资源利用效应和碳排放强度效应是驱动沁河流域碳排放增长的主要因素,用水效益效应是驱动碳排放减少的主要因素,碳排放强度效应与供水结构效应驱动效果逐渐变得更为显著。