Dynamics of magnetophoretic separation of a suspension of slightly magnetic microparticles in a high-gradient field of a magnetized rod

A macroscopic model of the process of magnetophoretic separation of slightly magnetic particles from a suspension under the action of a high-gradient magnetic field with account for the particle size is proposed. The mechanisms of separation of dia- and paramagnetic particles from a narrow fluid layer in an inhomogeneous field of a magnetized rod have been investigated. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 221–226, March–April, 2009.     

Placing microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges

Microalgae provide various potential advantages for biofuel production when compared with ‘traditional’ crops. Specifically, large-scale microalgal culture need not compete for arable land, while in theory their productivity is greater. In consequence, there has been resurgence in interest and a proliferation of algae fuel projects. However, while on a theoretical basis, microalgae may produce between 10- and 100-fold more oil per acre, such capacities have not been validated on a commercial scale. We critically review current designs of algal culture facilities, including photobioreactors and open ponds, with regards to photosynthetic productivity and associated biomass and oil production and include an analysis of alternative approaches using models, balancing space needs, productivity and biomass concentrations, together with nutrient requirements. In the light of the current interest in synthetic genomics and genetic modifications, we also evaluate the options for potential metabolic engineering of the lipid biosynthesis pathways of microalgae. We conclude that although significant literature exists on microalgal growth and biochemistry, significantly more work needs to be undertaken to understand and potentially manipulate algal lipid metabolism. Furthermore, with regards to chemical upgrading of algal lipids and biomass, we describe alternative fuel synthesis routes, and discuss and evaluate the application of catalysts traditionally used for plant oils. Simulations that incorporate financial elements, along with fluid dynamics and algae growth models, are likely to be increasingly useful for predicting reactor design efficiency and life cycle analysis to determine the viability of the various options for large-scale culture. The greatest potential for cost reduction and increased yields most probably lies within closed or hybrid closed–open production systems.     

微通道内高通量磁泳分离实验研究

磁泳是实现生物分离的主要手段之一.利用功能磁珠在微流控芯片上实现高效磁泳分离是近年来的研究热点.对直径为1μm的超顺磁磁珠在当量直径为114.3μm的矩形微通道内的磁泳分离特性进行了实验研究.利用高速CCD观测了磁珠在微通道内捕获与释放的全过程,并通过图像分析,得到了磁珠的捕获情况随时间及流速的变化规律.实验发现,在高...     

Magnetic cell separation: characterization of magnetophoretic mobility

Magnetic cell separation has become a popular technique to enrich or deplete cells of interest from a heterogeneous cell population. One important aspect of magnetic cell separation is the degree to which a cell binds paramagnetic material. It is this paramagnetic material that imparts a positive magnetophoretic mobility to the target cell, thus allowing effective cell separation. A mathematical relationship has been developed to correlate magnetic labeling to the magnetophoretic mobility of an immunomagnetically labeled cell. Four parameters have been identified that significantly affect magnetophoretic mobility of an immunomagnetically labeled cell: the antibody binding capacity (ABC) of a cell population, the secondary antibody amplification (psi), the particle-magnetic field interaction parameter (DeltachiV(m)), and the cell diameter (D(c)). The ranges of these parameters are calculated and presented along with how the parameters affect the minimum and maximum range of magnetophoretic mobility. A detailed understanding of these parameters allows predictions of cellular magnetophoretic mobilities and provides control of cell mobility through selection of antibodies and magnetic particle conjugates.     

High gradient magnetic separation of china clays

High gradient magnetic separation has proved to be a successful method for removing micron size colouring bodies from china clays. Clays from Chotanagpur, Bihar have been beneficiated to improve its brightness. The effect of field, flow rate and dispersing agents has been studied on both the run of mine (rom) clay and the washed clay. Significant improvement in the brightness of clay has been obtained.     

铝熔体中磁性杂质颗粒的电磁分离

分析了磁性杂质颗粒在电磁场中的受力情况,采用磁平衡法测量了铝熔体中两种典型富铁相杂质颗粒的磁化率,指出铝熔体中的富铁相杂质是顺磁性物质,在电磁场中受到电磁力和磁场力的驱动作用,确定其在分离器上的聚集方式．静态电磁分离试验结果表明,当磁场强度大于145mT时,电磁力起主要作用;当磁场强度小于120mT时,磁场力起主要作用．     

Asymmetric magnetization reversal of stripe-patterned exchange bias layer systems for controlled magnetic particle transport

Domain wall movement assisted transport of particles: exchange-biased samples with designed stripe-domains show strong stray fields and an asymmetric magnetization reversal. Using these characteristics superparamagnetic particles can be trapped and transported directly on the sample over large-scale areas. High particle velocities, small external fields, and automatically reduced particle clustering allow broad applicability of this transport method.     

Optimization of Pathogen Capture in Flowing Fluids with Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles have been employed to capture pathogens for many biological applications; however, optimal particle sizes have been determined empirically in specific capturing protocols. Here, a theoretical model that simulates capture of bacteria is described and used to calculate bacterial collision frequencies and magnetophoretic properties for a range of particle sizes. The model predicts that particles with a diameter of 460 nm should produce optimal separation of bacteria in buffer flowing at 1 L h⁻¹. Validating the predictive power of the model, Staphylococcus aureus is separated from buffer and blood flowing through magnetic capture devices using six different sizes of magnetic particles. Experimental magnetic separation in buffer conditions confirms that particles with a diameter closest to the predicted optimal particle size provide the most effective capture. Modeling the capturing process in plasma and blood by introducing empirical constants (c_e), which integrate the interfering effects of biological components on the binding kinetics of magnetic beads to bacteria, smaller beads with 50 nm diameters are predicted that exhibit maximum magnetic separation of bacteria from blood and experimentally validated this trend. The predictive power of the model suggests its utility for the future design of magnetic separation for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.     

Efficiency of membranes for isotopic separation: effect of cracks

In order to evaluate the separation factor for the isotopic separation of Uranium in the conventional enrichment process by gaseous diffusion through membranes, it is fundamental to control the size of the pore radius. The efficiency of the separation process depends critically on this value. The existence of cracks may affect the perfomance of the membrane or even disable it. In the particular case of Uranium enrichment, in order to increase the separation factor, it is necessary to have pores of a very small radius making even more critical the presence of cracks. Here we discuss the influence of cracks on the separation process, deriving the corresponding expressions for the separation factor (α) by considering its effect on the separation effectiveness (S) and the permeabi lity (H). Received: 30 March 2000     

超导磁分离工业废水处理技术研究

超导高梯度磁分离污水处理是一种新型的污水处理技术.采用超导磁体和经过表面有机改性的铁磁性颗粒为"磁种"与污水中非磁性有害物质絮接,通过强磁场分离COD值降到78 ms/L,污水净化效果良好.讨论了利用等离子体聚合薄膜制备具有强捕捉能力的磁性粒子工艺.     

磁性膨胀石墨的制备及对油的吸附分离与再生

以硝酸钴和硝酸铁为主要原料,采用化学共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米磁性微粒,然后将其与膨胀石墨复合制得CoFe2O4载量不同的磁性膨胀石墨。用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、震动样品磁强计(VSM)、扫描电镜(SEM)对CoFe2O4纳米磁性微粒和磁性膨胀石墨进行了表征。并研究了CoFe2O4载量不同的磁性膨胀石墨对不同油类的饱和吸油量、对水和油的竞争吸附比、不同吸附时间和环境温度对饱和吸油量的影响、磁分离回收及离心法再生吸附后的磁性膨胀石墨。结果表明,合成的CoFe2O4结晶度高,晶粒度约为13nm。CoFe2O4载量越低、油品粘度越高,磁性膨胀石墨的饱和吸油量越大;油品粘度越大,油、水竞争吸附时水含量越低;磁性膨胀石墨10s即可达到饱和吸油量的80%,90s后达到饱和吸附;CoFe2O4载量为35%时,磁回收率为99.2%,且再生离心转速为3000r/min时再生吸油量达到较大值。     

溶剂热法合成有机物包裹的钴纳米粒子及其表征

在多元醇媒介中采用溶剂热法合成了油酸/三苯基膦包裹的钴纳米粒子.采用X射线衍射4g(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱仪(IR)和热重分析仪(TG)对所得样品进行了分析.TEM照片显示所制备的钴纳米粒子粒径约为14nm,分散良好,尺寸分布较窄.XRD分析表明,钴纳米以六角密堆积和面心立方的混晶形式存在.研究发现溶液的pH值对产物有重要影响,即只有当溶液的pH值高于12.62时才可以得到纯的纳米钴.热重分析证实包裹在纳米钴表面的油酸和三本基膦分别占整个纳米粒子质量的25.8%和69.2%.     

High Intracellular Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Concentrations Affect Cellular Cytoskeleton and Focal Adhesion Kinase‐Mediated Signaling

Iron oxide nanoparticle internalization exerts detrimental effects on cell physiology for a variety of particles, but little is known about the mechanism involved. The effects of high intracellular levels of four types of iron oxide particles (Resovist, Endorem, very small organic particles, and magnetoliposomes (MLs)) on the viability and physiology of murine C17.2 neural progenitor cells and human blood outgrowth endothelial cells are reported. The particles diminish cellular proliferation and affect the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule network architectures as well as focal adhesion formation and maturation. The extent of the effects correlates with the intracellular concentration (= iron mass) of the particles, with the biggest effects for Resovist and MLs at the highest concentration (1000 µg Fe mL^?1). Similarly, the expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the amount of activated kinase (pY397‐FAK) are affected. The data suggest that high levels of perinuclear localized iron oxide nanoparticles diminish the efficiency of protein expression and sterically hinder the mature actin fibers, and could have detrimental effects on cell migration and differentiation.