铁基载氧体煤化学链制氢的强化反应

为促进铁基载氧体的深度还原提高氢气产量,通过优化反应过程形成强化煤化学链制氢(强化煤CLHG)工艺。采用浸渍法制备铁基载氧体;以梅花井烟煤为原料,在固定床上研究煤与铁基载氧体的质量比对强化煤CLHG的影响;对比了三反应器煤CLHG和强化煤CLHG的制氢过程,对不同阶段的铁基载氧体进行XRD表征;对比二反应器、三反应器以及强化煤CLHG在6次循环实验中的碳转化率和氢气产量。结果表明:当煤与载氧体质量比为1:15时,氢气产量最高达1.74 L/g;强化煤CLHG中的铁基载氧体更多地被还原为FeO或Fe,还原程度加深,同时还原阶段的残炭在蒸汽氧化阶段进一步反应,使得氢气产量比三反应器煤CLHG的高18.4%;在6次循环实验中,强化煤CLHG的碳转化率与三反应器煤CLHG的相差不大,远高于二反应器煤CLHG的;强化煤CLHG的氢气产量始终高于二反应器煤CLHG和三反应器煤CLHG的;强化煤CLHG的单次最高氢气产量为1.76 L/g,循环累计氢气产量为9.54 L。强化煤CLHG缩短制氢时间,制氢能力更优异。     

The economics of clean coal power generation with carbon capture and storage technology in China

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The double-carbon goal proposal has made it imperative for China's power industry to address the urgent issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions...     

Bimetallic Fe-Mo sulfide/carbon nanocomposites derived from phosphomolybdic acid encapsulated MOF for efficient hydrogen generation

To tackle the energy crisis and achieve more sustainable development,hydrogen as a clean and renew-able energy resource has attracted great interest.Searching for cheap but efficient catalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting is urgently needed.In this report,bimetallic Fe-Mo sulfide/carbon nanocomposites that derived from a polyoxometalate phosphomolybdic acid encapsulated metal-organic framework MIL-100(PMA@MIL-100)have been generated and their applications in electrocatalytic hydrogen generation were explored.The PMA@MIL-100 precursor is formed via a simple one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method and the bimetallic Fe-Mo sulfide/carbon nanocomposites were obtained by chemical vapor sulfurization of PMA@MIL-100 at high temperatures.The nanocomposite samples were fully characterized by a series of techniques including X-ray diffraction,Fourier-transform infrared analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,N2 gas sorption,scanning electron microscopy,transmission elec-tron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and were further investigated as electrocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting.The hydrogen production activity of the best performed bimetallic Fe-Mo sulfide/carbon nanocomposite exhibits an overpotential of-0.321 V at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 62 mV dec-1 with a 53％reduction in overpotential compared to Mo-free counterpart composite.This dramatic improvement in catalytic performance of the Fe-Mo sulfide/carbon composite is attributed to the homogeneous distribution of the nanosized iron sulfide,MoS2 particles,and the for-mation of Fe-Mo-S phases in the S-doped porous carbon matrix.This work has demonstrated a potential approach to fabricate complex heterogeneous catalytic materials for different applications.     

CdTe/CdSe-sensitized photocathode coupling with Ni-substituted polyoxometalate catalyst for photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen

In terms of photoelectrochemical(PEC)hydrogen evolution,substantial challenge still remains regarding the controllable fabrication of quantum dots(QDs)-sensitized photocathodes with enhanced visible-light absorption,efficient charge carrier separation,and directional migration at the electrode interface.In this work,the CdTe/CdSe QDs-sensitized photocathodes were delicately constructed on p-type NiO-coated indium tin oxide(ITO)electrodes by spin-coating approach.The resulting co-sensitized photocathode exhibits a favorable pseudo-Type Ⅱ energetic band alignment that combines the advantages of strong light absorption of constituent QDs as well as the effective and oriented charge separation and migration.Upon green LED light illumination,the photogenerated electrons could be effectively transferred to a tetra-nickel-substituted polyoxometalate catalyst for hydrogen production while photogenerated holes will be scavenged at the NiO/ITO electrode.Under minimally optimized conditions,the pseudo-Type Ⅱ CdTe/CdSe-sensrtized photocathode yields a photcx:urrent density of over 100 pA/cm² and a Faradaic efficiency of?100%,which is among one of the most efficient QDs-based photocathode systems coupling with Ni-substituted polyoxometalate catalyst for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation.     

Comparison of chemical vapor deposition and chemical grafting for improving the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites with multi-wall carbon nanotubes

By engineering the fiber/matrix interface, the properties of the composite can be changed significantly. In this work, we increased the effective surface area of the fiber/matrix interface, to facilitate additional stress transfer between fibers and matrix, by grafting carbon nanotubes on to carbon fibers (in the form of carbon fabric) by two different methods: (1) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and (2) a purely chemical method. With the CVD process, carbon nanotubes (CNT) were directly grown on carbon fiber substrate using chemical vapors. For the chemical method, CNT with carboxyl groups were grafted on functionalized carbon fiber via a chemical reaction. The morphology of CNT/carbon fibers was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which revealed uniform coverage of carbon fibers with CNT in both of CVD method and chemical grafting method. CNT-grafted woven carbon fibers were used to make carbon/epoxy composites, and their mechanical properties were measured using three-point bending and tension tests which showed that those with CNT-grafted carbon fiber reinforcements using the CVD process has 11 % higher tensile strength compared to those containing carbon fibers modified with the chemical method. Also, composites with CNT-grafted carbon fibers with chemical method showed 20 % higher tensile strength compared to composites with unmodified carbon fibers. The results of tensile test revealed that both CVD and chemical grafting could significantly improve the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber composites.     

Thermodynamic design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium or neon Brayton refrigerator

A thermodynamic study is carried out for the design of hydrogen liquefaction systems with helium (He) or neon (Ne) Brayton refrigerator. This effort is motivated by our immediate goal to develop a small-capacity (100 L/h) liquefier for domestic use in Korea. Eight different cycles are proposed and their thermodynamic performance is investigated in comparison with the existing liquefaction systems. The proposed cycles include the standard and modified versions of He Brayton refrigerators whose lowest temperature is below 20 K. The Brayton refrigerator is in direct thermal contact with the hydrogen flow at atmospheric pressure from ambient-temperature gas to cryogenic liquid. The Linde-Hampson system pre-cooled by a Ne Brayton refrigerator is also considered. Full cycle analysis is performed with the real properties of fluids to estimate the figure of merit (FOM) under an optimized operation condition. It is concluded that He Brayton refrigerators are feasible for this small-scale liquefaction, because a reasonably high efficiency can be achieved with simple and safe (low-pressure) operation. The complete cycles with He Brayton refrigerator are presented for the development of a prototype, including the ortho-to-para conversion.     

Landfill leachate treatment with ozone and ozone/hydrogen peroxide systems

In the search for an efficient and economical method to treat a leachate generated from a controlled municipal solid waste landfill site (Jebel Chakir) in the region of greater Tunis in Tunisia, ozone alone and ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide were studied. The leachate was characterised by high COD, low biodegradability and intense dark colour. A purpose-built reactor, to avoid foaming, was used for the study. It was found that ozone efficacy was almost doubled when combined with hydrogen peroxide at 2g/L but higher H(2)O(2) concentrations gave lower performances. Enhancement in the leachate biodegradability from about 0.1 to about 0.7 was achieved by the O(3)/H(2)O(2) system. Insignificant changes in pH that may due to buffering effect of bicarbonate was found. A small decrease in sulphate concentrations were also observed. In contrast, chloride concentration declined at the beginning of the experiment then increased to reach its initial value. Estimates of the operating costs were made for comparison purposes and it was found that the O(3)/H(2)O(2) system at 2g/L H(2)O(2) gave the lowest cost of about 3.1TND( approximately 2.3USD)/kgCOD removed.     

微波辅助化学气相渗透法快速制备C／C复合材料

以炭毡为预制体,甲烷为炭源前驱体,沉积温度为1000℃～1150℃的工艺条件下,从温度梯度,密度梯度和沉积动力学方面,研究了制备炭/炭复合材料的微波热解CVI工艺特点,分析了微波热解CVI工艺的沉积机理.结果表明:采用微波热解CVI工艺可制备出体积密度为1.84g·cm-3的炭/炭复合材料,平均致密化速率达0.063g·cm-3·h-1.温度梯度的存在,使预制体实现了从内至外逐步沉积;微波的引入,增加了纤维表面的有效活性点,提高了表面反应速率;微波对化学反应具有一定的催化作用.     

SiC-based nanosized structures with p-n junctions for transforming chemical energy into electricity and sensors

The process of chemical-energy transformation into electricity is studied on the surface of a semiconductor structure (SiC-based nanosized p-n junctions). The energy transformation occurs due to the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, as well as mixtures of H + O and CH₃ + H with the surface and subsequent separation of the electron-hole pairs by the electric field of the p-n junction. The top p-layer of a SiC-based structure has a thickness of about 30 nm. It is shown that, in an open circuit, the chemo emf has reached 3 mV and the short circuit chemicurrent 320 nA.     

Photoimmobilization of proteins for affinity capture combined with MALDI TOF MS analysis

Affinity capture surfaces can be prepared in a number of ways. A method of obtaining such surfaces through UV-activated immobilization of binding proteins using a benzophenone derivative is reported. Photoimmobilized protein G was used to selectively capture and preconcentrate bovine IgG from a mixture with BSA, and the affinity of photoattached concanavalin A toward ovalbumin was compared with that of commercially available concanavalin A on agarose beads. The results of the capture after tryptic digestion were analyzed by MALDI TOF MS. Immobilized trypsin was also prepared through photoimmobilization and later used to digest hemoglobin. Immobilized enzyme digestion resulted in more partial cleavages than solution-phase digestion. More methionine and tryptophan oxidation was also observed. Photoimmobilization was shown to be a quick and easy way of immobilizing ligands on surfaces.     

Kinetics of thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration of large-size carbon/carbon composites with vaporized kerosene

Large-size samples of carbon/carbon composites were prepared using thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration with kerosene precursor at 950, 1020, 1100, 1180 and 1250 °C. The temperature gradient, kinetics and density distribution of these samples were studied and the microstructure of pyrolytic carbon was examined by polarized light microscopy. The results show that the initial infiltration rate increased from 5.81 to 21.32 g min^?1 by increasing deposition temperature from 950 to 1250 °C. The densification kinetics relied on deposition temperature and competition between reaction and diffusion, and the diffusion mechanism transformed from bulk to Knudsen diffusion regime. The calculated apparent activation energy is about 68.2 kJ mol^?1. The temperature range 1020–1100 °C is appropriate for fabricating composites with high final bulk density due to high degree of pore filling and the density of sample S3 infiltrated at 1100 °C is the highest among all investigated samples.     

Pd在超级活性炭上的负载对其储氢性能的影响

负载金属Pd和PdO都有助于提高超高比表面积活性炭的吸氢性能，并能使其吸氢能力分别提高2倍～4倍和4倍～5倍左右。同时由于过渡金属住高温下容易发生团聚和迁移现象，负载在活性炭上的金属Pd的还原温度和还原时间应分别控制在125℃和2h。在0℃和27℃常压下，Pd／AC和PdO／AC(SBET为3886m^2／g)对氢的饱和吸附量分别为：20mL／g、23mL／g和14mL／g、15．8mL／g，且它们的循环使用寿命良好。     

反应球磨法制备镁/碳纳米复合储氢材料

将无烟煤进行脱灰和碳化,制备微晶碳, 再将微晶碳和铝添加到镁中,用氢气反应球磨法制取镁/碳纳米复合储氢材料.用透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、X射线衍射和差示扫描量热分析对储氢材料的粒度、晶体结构和放氢温度进行了测定.结果表明,微晶碳是镁粉的高效助磨剂,添加40%(质量分数)的微晶碳,球磨3h,即可将镁磨至20～40nm;添加微晶碳和铝能降低储氢材料的放氢温度;微晶碳具有类似石墨结构,较易磨至纳米级,层片之间能够储氢.     

Thermal integration of different compression-train configurations for coal-fired power plant with carbon capture

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Different compression-train configurations in a coal-fired power plant with CO2 capture were thermally integrated to reduce the energetic impact of the...     

Total energy calculations for systems with magnetic and chemical disorder

The accuracy of the exact muffin-tin orbitals method combined with the coherent potential approximation (EMTO-CPA) for total energy calculations for systems with magnetic and chemical disorder, which is present simultaneously, is investigated. The mixing enthalpy of ordered, as well as disordered FeCo, FeNi, and FeCu equiatomic ferromagnetic alloys is calculated with the EMTO-CPA method and with the full-potential projector augmented wave (PAW) method. The results are compared and found to be in excellent agreement with each other. The EMTO-CPA method, in combination with disordered local moment model, is then applied to calculate the mixing enthalpy of the random paramagnetic face-centered cubic (fcc) FeCo alloy, as well as body-centered cubic (bcc) FeCr and FeV alloys over the whole concentration range. The results are compared with experimental data and a very good agreement is found again.     

Source/relays/destination combined MMSE-based optimization for AF-MIMO multiple-relay systems with correlated channel uncertainties

In this paper, source/relays-precoders and destination-equalizer combined optimization are proposed as a dual-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multiple-relay system with Gaussian random and correlated channel uncertainties in both hops. Taking correlated channel uncertainties into account, a robust transceiver joint optimization design is developed based on the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) criterion under individual power constraints at the source and the relays. Simulation results illustrate that the robust multiple relays/transceiver joint design architecture for an AF-MIMO system equipped with multiple relays substantially outperforms a nonrobust transceiver design that assumes estimated channels as actual channels.     

Design of inspecting machine for next generation LCD glass panel with high modulus carbon/epoxy composites

In this paper, an imperfection detecting machine which has composite–aluminium hybrid beam structure with high-modulus carbon/epoxy composites in order to enhance dynamic stiffness and damping capacity of the structure is introduced. For the optimal design of the composite-aluminium hybrid beam structure, geometric shape of cross-section of aluminium beam, the stacking sequence and thickness of composite which is to be reinforced onto the aluminium beam are determined by considering the fundamental natural frequency and deformation of the structure under service conditions. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are analyzed by the finite element method, and the results show good agreement with the modal testing results.

In addition, new designs of beam structure are also proposed for the next generation inspecting system which has much longer beam length. Parametric study for composite X-axis beam system and optimisation scheme of joint inserts are performed in the designing process.