Agglomeration characteristics of river sand and wheat stalk ash mixture at high temperatures

The agglomeration characteristics of river sand and wheat stalk ash mixture at various temperatures are investigated using a muffle furnace. The surface structural changes, as well as the elemental makeup of the surface and cross-section of the agglomerates, are analyzed by polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and energy dispersive X-ray （EDX）. Multi-phase equilibrium calculation is performed with FactSage in identifying the melting behavior of the river sand-wheat stalk ash mixture at high temperatures. No indication of agglomeration is detected below 850°C. At a temperature of 900-1000°C, however, obvious agglomeration is observed and the agglomerates solidify further as temperature increases. The presence of potassium and calcium enrichment causes the formation of a sticky sand surface that induces agglomeration. The main component of the agglomerate surface is K₂O-CaO-SiO₂, which melts at low temperatures. The formation of molten silicates causes particle cohesion. The main ingredient of the binding phase in the cross-section is K₂O-SiO₂-Na₂O-Al₂O₃-CaO; the agglomeration is not the result of the melting behavior of wheat stalk ash itself but the comprehensive results of chemical reaction and the melting behavior at high temperatures. The multi-phase equilibrium calculations agree well with the experimental results.     

秸秆灰特性的研究

按照D1102-84灰分标准测定方法,对小麦、水稻、玉米、黄豆、高粱、棉花等几种秸秆样本进行了工业分析;在ZRC2000智能灰熔点测定仪上对不同秸秆进行了灰熔点测试;在不同的温度和停留时间下,在马弗炉上对不同秸秆进行了热灼烧试验.结果表明:秸秆挥发分含量较高,灰熔点比较低,无机碱金属析出量随着温度的升高和停留时间的增加而增加.     

成灰温度对污泥灰矿物质演变及熔融特性的影响研究

采用STA、SEM、XRD等谱学表征技术对不同成灰温度下的污泥灰样进行理化特性分析。研究表明,低温灰样仍含有残余未燃尽物而呈黑棕色,矿物质成分变以方解石、石英以及焦磷酸盐为主,随着成灰温度升高,灰样中的未燃尽物逐渐燃烧分解而逐渐变为铁红色,并形成较多晶枝结构,直至熔融,同时矿物质成分变化显著,主要以中长石类、硬石膏、赤铁矿以及磷酸正盐为主。同步热分析实验表明,随着受热温度升高,不同成灰温度下的灰样均出现了吸附水、结晶水析出,污泥灰残余有机物燃烧分解,白云石、方解石和白云母分解,以及随后的硬石膏分解等失重阶段,而且成灰温度越低,终止失重质量越大。由于低温灰样保留了较多的污泥原有特征,因此吸热量大于高温灰样。     

生物质与烟煤灰的理化特性及混合灰熔融特性研究

文章利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、X射线荧光衍射仪(XRD)、灰熔融特性分析仪对4种生物质(海草、梨木、榛子壳、稻秆)灰与神木烟煤灰的混合灰的熔融特性进行了研究。研究发现:水生生物质(海草)灰的掺混使混合灰的熔融特性温度先升高再降低;两种木本生物质(梨木和榛子壳)灰的掺混使混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐升高;草本生物质(稻秆)灰的掺混对混合灰熔融特性温度的影响与水生生物质灰类似。由XRF分析可知:Na2O和CaO对于混合灰的熔融特性温度有更明显的影响,随着混合灰中Na2O含量的逐渐增加,混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐下降;随着混合灰中CaO含量的逐渐增加,混合灰的熔融特性温度逐渐上升。由XRD结果可知:水生生物质灰在高温下容易形成熔点较低的碱金属硅酸盐,使混合灰的熔点降低;木本生物质灰中的CaCO3含量较高,能够提高混合灰的熔点;草本生物质灰与水生生物质灰类似,含有的低熔点碱金属硅铝酸盐使混合灰的熔点降低。     

电厂煤飞灰颗粒物的物理化学特征

对某台300MW燃煤电站锅炉电除尘器前后的飞灰进行取样,使用激光粒度仪测定粒度分布,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究颗粒中的矿物成分及其微观形貌特征,同时使用电子探针对电除尘器后飞灰的单颗粒进行成分分析．结果表明：通过电除尘装置排入大气的颗粒物平均粒径为2．5μm左右;飞灰粗颗粒中有较多硅铝氧化物和粘土矿物,而细颗粒中则含有较多金属氧化物,且粗颗粒中石英所占矿物相比例相当高;电除尘器前的飞灰形貌类型种类较多,电除尘器后飞灰形貌类型简单,主要是圆球或圆形的颗粒;电除尘器后飞灰单个颗粒间组分随粒径变化的有Si、Al、Ca和S,而元素Fe和Ti的含量较恒定．     

Effect of high silicon-aluminum coal ashes on sintering and fusion characteristics of a potassium-rich biomass ash

The effects of high silicon-aluminum coal ashes (Shajuzi coal ash (SJZA) and Pingshuo coal ash (PSA)) on the sintering and fusion behaviors of a potassium-rich biomass ash (cotton stalk ash (CSA)) were investigated by a horizontal tube furnace and an ash fusion temperature (AFT) analyzer. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) techniques were applied to analyze the mineral transformations and thermal behaviors of the ash samples. As the coal ash mass ratio varied from 0 to 50%, the sintering degree of CSA/SJZA and CSA/PSA mixtures gradually mitigated. The AFTs of the two groups of mixtures all presented parabolic with respect to coal ash ratio. The potassium content in CSA was very high (K₂O, 39.55%), and K-containing minerals mainly existed as low melting point (MP) matters, i.e., sylvite (KCl), arcanite (K₂SO₄), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), and fairchildite (K₂Ca(CO₃)₂). The mitigation of sintering degree was ascribed to a decrease in KCl content with increasing coal ash ratio. When the coal ash ratio was less than 20%, the decrease in AFT was due to the consumption of alkaline earth metal oxide and the formation of K silicate. The conversions of low MP K salts to high MP K–Al silicates (kalsite (KAlSiO₄) and nepheline (KNa₃Al₄Si₄O₁₆)) and the formations of other high MP minerals increased the AFTs after adding 20% coal ash. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the endothermic peak of KCl evaporation weakened to disappear and the exothermic peaks of some reactions enhanced with rising coal ash ratio.     

Non-monotonic behaviors of laminar burning velocities of H2/O2/He mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures

Both experimental and calculated laminar burning velocities of H₂/O₂/He mixtures were obtained, with equivalence ratios of 0.6–4.0, initial pressures of 0.1 MPa–0.5 MPa, initial temperature of 373 K, and dilution ratio of 7.0. Laminar burning velocities changed non-monotonically with the increasing initial pressures at equivalence ratios of 1.0–3.0. The decrease of overall reaction orders can explain the non-monotonic relationship between the laminar burning velocities and initial pressures. Consumption and production of both H and HO₂ radicals were also obtained to explain the decrease of overall reaction order. The competition of H and HO₂ radical between elemental reactions were also discussed. The three body reaction R15 (H + O₂(+M) = HO₂(+M)) gained more H radical in the competition with R1 (H + O₂ = O + OH), producing more HO₂ radical. Through the reaction pathway analysis, the restraint in production of both OH and H leaded to a reducing radical pool. The poorer reaction pool would restrain the overall reaction and lead to the reduction of overall reaction order and the non-monotonic behavior of the laminar burning velocity.     

气化条件下压力影响灰熔融特性的实验研究

利用加压热天平结合X衍射分析仪来研究压力对煤灰熔融特性的影响。受加压热天平温度的限制,只研究1100℃以下压力的影响。利用X衍射分析仪分析不同压力、不同温度下煤灰中的矿物质成分,根据X射线衍射图谱分析矿物质对灰熔融特性的影响,以及在不同压力和不同气氛下矿物质的变化和新生成矿物质对灰熔融性的影响。结果显示:CO2气氛下压力对煤灰矿物质的生成影响不大;N2及H2O气氛下压力具有促进煤灰低温矿物质向高温矿物质转化的作用。     

The flammability limits of H2–CO–CH4 mixtures in air at elevated temperatures

The present contribution reports experimentally obtained values of the flammability limits of some fuel mixtures made up of H₂, CO, and CH₄ in air at different initial mixture temperatures of up to 300 °C. The potential catalytic effects of the surface of the test apparatus when the fuel–air mixtures were allowed to reside within the test apparatus at elevated temperatures for different time periods prior to ignition were also considered. Both stainless steel and quartz flame tubes of identical design and size were employed in the investigation.     

Degradation analysis of a Ni-based layered positive-electrode active material cycled at elevated temperatures studied by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy

We investigate the local structural changes in a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery (LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ (NCA) as the active material) associated with charge-discharge cycling at elevated temperatures by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). STEM-EELS spectral imaging reveals the evolution of a NiO-like phase localized near the surface and grain boundary regions after many cycles. The amounts of capacity fading and resistance increase are discussed based on the results of the semiquantitative estimation of NiO-like and other product phases. We also identify the chemical state of lithium in the NiO-like phase substituting for Ni.     

Development of an ASME-NH program for nuclear component design at elevated temperatures

In this paper, we discuss an ASME-NH program that has been developed to overcome the complexity and costs arising from the real application of the ASME-NH rules by hand calculations for class 1 nuclear facility component design for elevated temperature operations. A computerized program is described for implementing all the assessment procedures such as the time-dependent primary stress limits, total accumulated creep-ratcheting strain limits, and the creep–fatigue damage limits by the elastic and inelastic analysis methods complying with the ASME-NH rules. As an example application, a preliminary structural integrity evaluation for a high-temperature reactor vessel design of a typical lead-cooled reactor is described.     

Measurements of laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths for methanol-air-nitrogen mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures

The laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths for the methanol-air mixtures were measured at different equivalence ratios, elevated initial pressures and temperatures, and dilution ratios by using a constant volume combustion chamber and high-speed schlieren photography system. The influences of these parameters on the laminar burning velocity and Markstein length were analyzed. The results show that the laminar burning velocity of the methanol-air mixture decreases with an increase in initial pressure and increases with an increase in initial temperature. The Markstein length decreases with an increase in initial pressure and initial temperature, and increases with an increase in the dilution ratio. A cellular flame structure is observed at an early stage of flame propagation. The transition point is identified on the curve of flame propagation speed against stretch rate. The reasons for the cellular structure development are also analyzed.     

Evaluation of conversion relationships for impression creep test at elevated temperatures

This paper contains some results related to the evaluation of the conversion relationships between impression creep test data and conventional uniaxial creep test date, for determining the secondary creep properties at elevated temperature. Some important aspects, including conversion factors, specimen dimensions, typical test results and validity of the test technique etc are briefly reviewed. The method used to determine the conversion factors is based on a reference stress approach using the results of finite element (FE) analyses; this is described in the paper. The conversion factors (reference parameters) obtained from 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) FE analyses are compared and the effects of specimen geometry, on the conversion relationships, are assessed. The recommendations on the use of these conversion factors, in practical impression creep testing, are given. Proposals for future exploitation of the technique are addressed.     

Multi-scale damage modeling of 3D orthogonal woven carbon-carbon composite at elevated temperatures

Abstract

This paper presents a multi-scale structure modeling scheme to analyze the damage behaviors of three-dimensional orthogonal Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites subject to uniaxial tension at high temperatures. The multi-scale structure model includes a micro-scale and a meso-scale structure model with periodic boundary conditions to homogenize the heterogeneous fiber/matrix system into unit cells. The micro-scale model predicts the mechanical properties at the fiber tow scale in the three orthogonal directions (x, y and z). The output results by the micro-scale simulations are then incorporated in the meso-scale model to demonstrate the locations of stress propagation and the progressive failure behavior of the 3D C/C composite. Based on the numerical approaches, uniaxial tensile strengths of the 3D C/C composite are calculated from 300 to 2500?K, and its temperature dependences are discussed. The current applied multi-scale models provide an efficient approach to predict the tensile strength of 3D textile composites, and will give some highlights for the design of 3D C/C composite components.     

Hydrogen production from steam gasification of corn straw catalyzed by blast furnace gas ash

A lab scale gasifier was built to perform the gasification experiment. The effects of temperature and steam flow on the process were investigated, and the effects of the addition of blast furnace gas ash (BFGA) on product composition, the value of H₂/(CO + CO₂), the lower heating value (LHV) of product gas, and productivity are summarized. The experimental results clearly indicate that the addition of BFGA in the steam gasification of corn straw pellets effectively enhances the ability of the downdraft gasifier to produce hydrogen-rich gas. Compared with the non-catalytic gasification process, the addition of BFGA promotes the formation of H₂, inhibits the generation of methane, CH₄, and other hydrocarbon gases, C_nH_m, and increases the H₂/(CO + CO₂) ratio. Unlike the process without the BFGA, the LHV of the product gas with BFGA increases with increasing temperature. When the water vapor volume was 0.75 kg/h, the gas production rate was the same at 850 °C with BFGA and at 950 °C without ash gas. The addition of BFGA clearly leads to a significant improvement in the ability of gasifiers to produce hydrogen-rich gas.     

Calculation of the upper flammability limit of methane/hydrogen/air mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures

The results of three different numerical methods to calculate flammability limits—namely (1) the calculation of planar flames with the inclusion of a (radiation) heat loss term in the energy conservation equation, and the application of (2) a limiting burning velocity and of (3) a limiting flame temperature—are compared with experimental data on the upper flammability limit (UFL) of methane/hydrogen/air mixtures with hydrogen fuel molar fractions of 20% and 40%, at initial pressures up to 10 bar and initial temperatures up to 200 °C. The application of a limiting burning velocity is found to predict the pressure dependence of the UFL well, while the application of a limiting flame temperature generally is found to slightly underestimate the temperature dependence of the UFL.     

Evaporation characteristics of kerosene droplets with dilute concentrations of ligand-protected aluminum nanoparticles at elevated temperatures

The evaporation characteristics of kerosene droplets containing dilute concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0% by weight) of ligand-protected aluminum (Al) nanoparticles (NPs) suspended on silicon carbide fiber were studied experimentally at different ambient temperatures (400–800 °C) under normal gravity. The evaporation behavior of pure and stabilized kerosene droplets was also examined for comparison. The results show that at relatively low temperatures (400–600 °C), the evaporation behavior of suspended kerosene droplets containing dilute concentrations of Al NPs was similar to that of pure kerosene droplets and exhibited two-stage evaporation following the classical d²-law. However, at relatively high temperatures (700–800 °C), bubble formation and micro-explosions were observed, which were not detected in pure or stabilized kerosene droplets. For all Al NP suspensions, regardless of the concentration, the evaporation rate remained higher than that of pure and stabilized kerosene droplets in the range 400–800 °C. At relatively low temperatures, the evaporation rate increased slightly. However, at relatively high temperatures (700–800 °C), the melting of Al NPs led to substantial enhancement of evaporation. The maximum increase in the evaporation rate (56.7%) was observed for the 0.5% Al NP suspension at 800 °C.     

EELS microanalysis of polycrystalline silicon thin films for solar cells grown at low temperatures

The aim of this work is the quantitative chemical analysis of polycrystalline silicon thin films grown on glass substrates at temperatures <600°C by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). Specimens produced with two different methods were investigated. We found significant differences in grain size and morphology, as well as in the distribution of oxygen. A surprisingly high amount of Ba diffusion from the subtrate was detected.     

Experimental investigations on laminar burning velocity variation of CH4+H2+air mixtures at elevated temperatures

The present work reports experimental investigations on laminar burning velocity variation of CH₄+H₂+air mixtures at elevated temperatures (300–650 K) using an externally heated diverging-channel method. The effect of mixture equivalence ratio (? = 0.7–1.3) and H₂ fraction (0–50% by volume) on burning velocity have been reported at elevated temperatures. The experimental measurements are compared with numerical simulations using GRI Mech 3.0 and FFCM-1 kinetic models. The obtained results exhibit an increase in the laminar burning velocity with H₂ fraction due to the formation of H-atom as an intermediate. The temperature dependency is established through a power-law correlation. The temperature-exponent shows a parabolic variation with a minimum value at ? = 1.1. Reaction pathway diagram interprets the major oxidation paths followed by reactants for higher carbon-consumption with varying H₂ fraction. The P2 pathway involving ethane breakdown plays a major role in enhancing the burning velocity at rich mixture conditions.