Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C复合负极材料的制备及电性能研究

Li4Ti5O12是具有良好应用前景的锂离子电池负极材料之一.本研究以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为模板剂和碳源,采用改进的固相合成法制备锂离子电池负极材料Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12和Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C.利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电镜等测试手段表征材料的物相结构和形貌.结果表明:Al掺杂未改变Li4Ti5O12的尖晶石结构,合成过程中PAM模板剂的引入能够有效调控材料微观形貌并降低颗粒团聚程度.采用恒流充放电和交流阻抗测试材料的电化学性能,Li4Ti4.95Al0.05O12/C复合材料的比容量和循环性能得到明显改善,0.2C倍率下首次充放电比容量分别达到159.2和160.8 mAh/g,5C倍率时仍有较好的循环性能.     

己二酸辅助溶胶-凝胶法合成Li_4Ti_5O_(12)及其电化学性能

以己二酸为络合剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法合成了具有优良电化学性能的电极材料Li4Ti5O12。采用XRD、SEM、恒流充放电测试对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明:通过该法制备的样品为颗粒细小均匀的立方尖晶石Li4Ti5O12纯相,并显示出优良的电化学性能;0.1C倍率下首次放电比容量为169.59mAh/g,经过30充放电循环后仍然保持在158.17mAh/g。在2.0C倍率下,其可逆容量仍可达到124mAh/g,表现出良好的倍率性能。     

锂离子电池负极材料多孔Li4Ti5O12/C的制备与表征

将钛源、锂源和碳源三种化合物一起球磨湿混成均匀浆料,再依次经过喷雾干燥和高温煅烧制得晶粒表面包覆纳米碳层的多孔球形钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)材料.通过XRD、SEM、TEM、BET和电化学性能测试等分析手段表明,合成出的Li4Ti5O12/C材料为纳米一次粒子(晶粒)组成的球形二次粒子(颗粒),具有较大的比表面积,达到39.5 m2/g;在0.1C、1.0C和5.0C倍率下的首次放电比容量分别达到172.2、168.2和153.6 mAh/g,并表现出优良的循环性能.晶粒表面包覆碳的多孔Li4Ti5O12材料具有明显的高倍率性能和循环稳定性优势.     

复合熔盐法合成Li4Ti5O12及其电化学性能研究

采用LiOH-LiNO3复合熔盐合成锂离子电池负极材料尖晶石结构Li4Ti5O12,应用XRD、SEM、CV以及恒流充放电测试等手段对所合成材料进行了结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,当反应物中n(Li):n(Ti)=4时合成的样品为纯的尖晶石相Li4Ti5O12,合成所需时间短、熔盐比例低.以电流密度15mA/g进行恒流充放电测试,其首次放电比容量为164.4mAh/g,电压平台宽,平台电压为1.55V.循环15周后放电比容量为156.7mAh/g,容量保持率为95.3%,循环性能优良.     

尖晶石型 Li4Ti5O12电极材料的合成与电化学性能研究

分别采用三种方法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12电极材料.考察了不同的工艺条件对目标材料性能的影响.应用XRD、SEM、LSD、CV、AC impedance以及恒流充放电测试等手段对目标材料进行了结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,利用溶剂分散湿磨可以在较短的时间内得到纯相的Li4Ti5O12.葡萄糖的加入能够提高Li4Ti5O12导电性,使材料具有良好的嵌锂性能.在0.2C倍率下进行充放电测试,其可逆比容量超过160mAh·g-1,44次循环后,容量没有明显衰减.Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4实验电池测试表明Li4Ti5O12是可选的锂离子负极材料.     

Zn~(2+)掺杂对Li_4Ti_5O_(12)的电化学性能和振实密度的影响

采用固相法合成了掺杂Zn2+的锂离子电池负极材料Li4-2xZn3xTi5-xO12(0≤3x≤0.2)。对材料进行了SEM、XRD、激光粒度分析、振实密度、循环伏安测试及恒电流充放电测试。Zn2+的掺杂未改变材料的晶体结构,但使材料的振实密度有了明显提高,达到了1.56g/cm3。实验结果表明,Zn2+的掺杂改善了Li4Ti5O12的电化学性能,降低了电极的极化,提高了Li4Ti5O12的循环稳定性;当各元素摩尔比为n(Li)∶n(Zn)∶n(Ti)=3.933∶0.100∶4.967时,材料的电化学性能较优,1C首次放电比容量可达到151mAh/g,经过60次循环后,放电容量保持在138mAh/g。     

水热法制备花状纳米片簇Li4Ti5O12及其储锂性能

以氢氧化锂和钛酸四丁酯为原料,采用水热法制备出花状纳米片簇Li4Ti5O12粉体,研究了不同原料配比对产物晶体结构的影响。采用XRD、SEM对Li4Ti5O12的晶体结构和形貌进行了分析,结果表明所得产物是由Li4Ti5O12纳米片层组成的花状微球,所得晶体为尖晶石型结构。恒电流充放电实验表明,Li4Ti5O12在充放电倍率为0.1、1和2C下首次放电比容量分别为160、141和128mAh/g。     

球形纳米晶LiFePO4和Li4Ti5O12的制备及电池研究

分别通过"控制结晶"和"外凝胶"工艺合成了球形纳米晶LiFePO4/C和Li4Ti5O12/C材料.通过XRD、SEM、比表面及电化学性能测试等分析手段表明,合成的LiFePO4/C和Li4Ti5O12/C材料均为纳米一次粒子(晶粒)组成的球形二次粒子(颗粒),具有较大的比表面积,振实密度分别达到1.25和1.71g/cm3;1C倍率下的首次放电比容量分别达到144.0和144.2mAh/g,并表现出优良的循环性能.以LiFePO4/C和Li4Ti5O12/C为正负极材料组成的1.8V锂离子电池具有平稳的充放电电压平台和优异的循环性能.     

石墨掺杂钛酸锂负极材料的合成及性能研究

以钛酸锂,二氧化钛,石墨为原料采用固相烧结法制备了Li4Ti5O12/graphite复合材料。采用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和电化学测试等对合成产物进行了表征。结果表明制得的Li4Ti5O12/graphite复合材料的首次可逆容量达到152mAh/g;在0.2C倍率下,经160次循环后,容量仍能保持111.5mAh/g。与纯Li4Ti5O12相比,Li4Ti5O12/graphite复合材料具有更高的可逆容量,表现出较好的循环性能,是一种优良的锂离子电池负极材料。     

锂离子电池负极材料球形钛酸锂的合成及性能

以3.98mol/L的四氯化钛为前驱体溶液,采用内凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的球形钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12)粉末。通过XRD、SEM及电化学性能测试等分析手段表明,合成的Li4Ti5O12材料均为纳米一次粒子(晶粒)组成的球形二次粒子(颗粒),且具有较大的比表面积。以这种流动性好、粒径分布均匀、结晶度好的球形钛酸锂为正极材料和Li片为负极材料组成的锂离子电池具有平稳的充放电电压平台和优异的循环性能。在1.0~2.5V充放电,其首次放电容量为173.8mAh/g,经30次充放电循环后,其放电比容量仍有170.2mAh/g。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...