含磷阻燃剂BHPPO的合成与表征

以苯膦酰二氯(PPD)和对苯二酚(HQ)为原料,合成了含磷阻燃剂2-(4-羟苯基)苯膦氧化物(BHPPO),并通过FT-IR、1 H NMR、13C NMR、ESI-MS对该化合物结构进行了表征。合成BHPPO的最佳工艺条件是在氮气保护条件下,n(PPD)∶n(HQ)=1∶2.4,反应物浓度为0.8mol/L,反应温度为130℃,反应时间为10h,其收率为91.73%;并通过热重分析研究了BHPPO的热稳定性能。     

六(4-硝基苯氧基)环三磷腈的合成及其热稳定性研究

六(4-硝基苯氧基)环三磷腈(HNCTP)是一种环境友好型阻燃剂,因具有良好的耐热性和阻燃性而备受关注。以六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)、对硝基苯酚为原料合成了HNCTP,经傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)、元素分析(EA)、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TGA-DSC)等分析手段对产物的结构和热稳定性进行了表征,并考察了反应溶剂、投料比例和反应时间3个因素对HNCTP收率的影响。结果表明,以丙酮为溶剂,n(对硝基苯酚)∶n(HCCP)=9∶1,56℃回流反应18h,HNCTP的收率为90.5%。热稳定性研究表明,HNCTP的热稳定性较好,在N2气氛下的初始分解温度为371.5℃,可作为添加型阻燃剂应用于聚合物基材中,而且适用于加工温度较高的体系。     

六苯氧基环三磷腈的合成及其热稳定性研究

六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)是一种环境友好型阻燃剂,因具有良好的耐热性和阻燃性而备受关注。以六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)、苯酚和氢氧化钠为原料制备HPCTP,经红外光谱(IR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、核磁共振(NMR)、元素分析(EA)、质谱分析(MS)、差热(DSC)和热重(TG)等分析手段对产物的结构和热稳定性进行了表征,并考察了反应温度、反应时间和投料比例3个因素对HPCTP收率的影响。结果表明,以THF为溶剂,n(苯酚)∶n(NaOH)=1∶1,n(苯酚)∶n(HCCP)=8∶1,65℃回流反应48h,HPCTP的收率为92.0%。热稳定性研究表明,HPCTP的热稳定性较好,在N_2气氛下的起始分解温度为365℃,适合作为阻燃剂添加到聚合物基材中,而且可以将其应用到对加工温度要求比较高的体系中去。     

硫化DOPO衍生物阻燃环氧树脂的性能与阻燃机制

为了获得综合性能好的阻燃环氧树脂(EP)复合材料,将9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(DOPS)的衍生物应用于EP。首先,通过DOPS和马来酸酐(MAH)反应合成磷杂菲衍生物马来酸酐-9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-硫化物(MAH-DOPS),采用FTIR、¹H NMR、³¹P NMR等手段确定其结构;其次,分别将DOPS和MAH-DOPS添加到EP中,通过共混制备复合材料DOPS/EP和MAH-DOPS/EP;再次,对比了DOPS/EP和MAH-DOPS/EP的热稳定性、阻燃性能和力学性能;最后,探讨了MAH-DOPS对EP的燃烧性能和热降解行为的影响,深入分析其阻燃机制。通过对比发现：阻燃剂DOPS的初始分解温度(T_5%,205.4℃)低于MAH-DOPS(235.2℃),在添加相同质量分数的阻燃剂时,复合材料DOPS/EP的热稳定性也低于MAH-DOPS/EP,与阻燃剂热稳定性一致;阻燃剂DOPS和MAH-DOPS均能改善EP的阻燃性能,MAH-DOPS/EP具有更优异的阻燃效果。...     

苯并环丁烯-1-羟甲基丙烯酸酯的合成及其聚合物热性能研究

以合成的苯并环丁烯-1-羟甲基丙烯酸酯(BCBOMA)新单体为基础,通过自由基均聚以及与丙烯酸甲酯(MA)的自由基共聚,合成了均聚物(PBCBOMA)和共聚物(PMA-BCBOMA)。通过核磁共振谱(1 H NMR,13 CNMR)、示差扫描量热分析(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)等研究了聚合物的结构和热稳定性能。结果表明,聚合物的开环温度明显降低至170℃;交联后PMA-BCBOMA的分解温度为358℃,显示出良好的热稳定性。     

六对醛基苯氧基环三磷腈的合成及其热性能研究

六对醛基苯氧基环三磷腈(HAPCP)是一种重要的无卤高效阻燃剂和精细化工中间体,因具有良好的耐热性和阻燃性而备受关注。以六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)和对羟基苯甲醛为原料制备HAPCP,经红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振(NMR)、元素分析、差热(DSC)和热重(TG)等测试分析手段对产物的结构和热性能进行了表征,并考察了溶剂、缚酸剂、原料配比、反应时间和反应温度对HAPCP收率的影响。结果表明,在四氢呋喃中,以无水碳酸钾为缚酸剂,n(对羟基苯甲醛)∶n(六氯环三磷腈)=7.2∶1,65℃下反应24h,HAPCP的收率可达92.5%。热性能研究表明,HAPCP在N2气氛下的起始分解温度为270℃,800℃时残炭率仍有78.5%,是一种耐热性和热稳定性好的无机-有机杂环化合物,在绝热材料和阻燃材料领域呈现出良好的应用前景。     

阻燃型聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的研究(Ⅰ):阴离子型共聚乳液的合成及胶膜性能

针对醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)均聚乳液在柔韧性和对阻燃剂包容性上存在的不足,用丙烯酸丁酯(BA)对VAc进行共聚改性,较系统地研究了改性胶膜的各种性能。结果表明,BA对VAc改性后,不仅提高了胶膜的断裂伸长率和耐水性,而且明显提高了胶膜的初始分解温度和最大热释放速率。当BA引入量为单体总量的25%(质量分数,下同)时,胶膜初始分解温度升高44℃、最大热释放速率对应温度升高9℃。同时,在250～400℃范围内,共聚物残留量明显高于醋酸乙烯酯均聚物。     

Al_2O_3·3H_2O和Mg(OH)_2在HDPE中阻然机理的热分析研究

采用热分析和燃烧试验研究了HDPE热氧降解与其燃烧的内在联系,探索了Al_2O_3·3H_2O、Mg(OH)_2在HDPE中的阻燃机理和它们混合使用时产生的阻燃协同作用,提出了选择阻燃剂应遵循阻燃剂分解温度必须与聚合物分解温度相近的原则。     

聚醚醚酮的合成与表征

以二苯砜为溶剂,在无水碳酸钾/碳酸钠的催化下,通过对苯二酚与4,4-二氟二苯甲酮进行亲核取代反应,合成了特性黏度为0.89的聚醚醚酮(PEEK);探讨了溶剂与反应温度对分子量的影响.通过IR、DSC、TG和XRD对其结构与性能进行了表征,确定其结构为PEEK;TG测试表明,在N2气氛下开始分解温度为541℃,且到1200℃时也没分解完全;DSC和XRD衍射图表明其为半晶态聚合物,且由DSC曲线可知其熔点(Tm)为347℃.     

Si-P阻燃剂对环氧树脂热降解行为的影响

采用无溶剂法合成了Si-P阻燃剂,并通过傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和1 H-核磁(1 H-NMR)对其结构进行了表征。以Si-P阻燃剂和环氧树脂(EP)为主要原料,制备了阻燃型环氧树脂材料(FREP),研究了不同升温速率时,Si-P阻燃剂对EP热降解行为的影响。通过Kissinger方法对EP和FREP的热降解动力学进行了初步探讨。结果表明:相同升温速率下,FREP的初始分解温度和最大热失重速率对应温度均比EP的低;高温阶段,FREP的残留量高于EP;热降解过程中,FREP的表观活化能比EP的低56.3kJ/mol。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from