酸性水汽提塔注废碱渣工艺技术应用

中国石油化工股份有限公司洛阳分公司液态烃脱硫醇装置废碱渣年产量超过1 kt,原采用碱渣湿式氧化装置脱硫、浓硫酸中和、酸性水限流排放至炼油污水处理场处理工艺。该工艺存在浓硫酸中和碱渣作业风险大、酸性水低温盐结晶堵塞管线,作业过程恶臭气体环境污染大等问题。通过实施酸性水汽提塔注废碱渣技术改造,停用了碱渣湿式氧化装置,不再进行碱渣酸化处理。工业实践表明:废碱渣注入汽提塔后,净化水中约70%的固定铵可去除,酸性水汽提塔蒸汽单耗下降约10 kg/t,对总外排水水质几乎没有影响,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

High operative heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Our work aims to produce a new catalyst that was a highly operative in the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil WCO. A heterogeneous solid acid catalyst (RS-SO₃H) was prepared by fast pyrolysis of rice straw, then it was followed by a sulfonation process. It was formed by using concentrated sulfuric acid. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the chemical structure consists of sheets of amorphous carbon with hydroxyl and carbonyl (OH and COOH) groups as well as high density of SO₃H. The surface area of RS–SO₃H and the average pore size were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analyzer. The results of Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that RS–SO₃H has favorable thermal stability. Conventional energy sources were exhausted. So, we examined the catalyst activity on developing alternative energy resources, It became more imperative and environment friendly. WCO is attracting increased attention in the biodiesel production by transesterification process. The factors affecting the transesterification process include reaction time and temperature, catalyst concentration and methanol: oil molar ratio, were studied. The maximum mass yield of biodiesel extended to 90.37%. The content of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is around 97.71 wt%, conversion efficiency% of raw material reached 90.38 wt% and %free fatty acid (%FFA) conversion was 91.1% at optimum conditions: 10 wt% catalyst using methanol: oil molar ratio (20:1) at 70 °C for 6 h. The FAME content% was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced are close to the commercial diesel and the ASTM standards biodiesel D6751. The reusability of the used catalyst indicated that the catalyst was highly operative in production biodiesel. Where % conversion efficiency of raw oil under optimized conditions decreased from 90.37 to 88.56% after 8 cycles. The %FFA conversion was constant around 91.1% until 7 runs then it decreased.     

Bio-diesel preparation from waste oil using cation exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst

Bio-diesel has high potential as a substitute fuel and renewable energy source in the future and can be directly used in existing diesel enginse. In the present study, a new method has been employed to investigate bio-diesel synthesis in a column reactor packed with cation exchange resin from four types of waste oil. The tested resins included cation exchange resins D002, 002CR, and 732. Cation exchange resin D002 presented more effective catalytic activity than 002CR and 732 in this work. The bio-diesel yield can achieve 85.6–97.1 % under the following operating conditions: oil to methanol molar ratio 1:9, reaction temperature 60°C, and reaction time 4 h. The tested resin D002 showed high operation stability after repeated uses. Compaed with bio-diesel production catalyzed by traditional sulfuric acid, bio-diesel synthesis from waste oil in a packed column reactor has application potentials.     

含硫天然气气侵方式研究

随着国内油气藏勘探开发的不断深入,高含硫油气藏的安全钻井问题日益突出。气侵是含硫气井钻进过程中最常发生的现象之一,与钻井安全息息相关。从含硫天然气井钻井过程中气体侵入方式入手,将气侵方式进行分类,分别探讨了各种侵入的机理、发生工况及其相互联系,并提出直接侵入方式下含硫天然气侵从定性研究到定量化研究的思路和方法,指出了该领域研究的重点和难点,为早日实现现场施工中气侵量的预测及采取相应的井控措施提供了依据。     

Utilization of sour associated gas

The problem of utilizing sour associated gas and natural gas from small fields is examined. Creation of production of commercial chemical products directly in the field, in particular, reagents against sulfate-reducing bacteria using hydrogen sulfide as feedstock, is proposed as one direction for solving this problem. The results of testing “Advance” biocide, whose production technology is based on the reaction of hydrogen sulfide contained in hydrocarbon gas with another feedstock petrochemical component, are reported. According to the results of a wide series of industrial tests, this biocide is suitable for use in the oil and gas sector.     

CO_2与环氧丙烷合成碳酸丙烯酯的多相催化剂研究

通过混合氯球固载化的离子液体(PS-Mim)、助剂A和助剂B,然后压制成型,制备了一种新型的多相固体催化剂(PS-Mim-A-B),并在固定床反应器上评价其由CO2和环氧丙烷(PO)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)的催化性能。考察了温度、压力、空速、反应物的比例对反应的影响。结果表明,该催化剂具有极高的催化活性。当反应温度为120℃、压力为2MPa、空速为1h-1、CO2和PO进料物质的量比为2∶1时,PC的收率可达96%以上,PC的选择性在99.5%左右。     

普光高含硫天然气田完井方式探讨

酸性气田完井方式的选择是气田长期安全开发的关键环节之一。在综合研究国内外高含硫碳酸盐岩气田完井方式的基础上,通过对普光高含硫气田地质特征和完井影响因素进行分析,初步选定直井、定向井、水平井的完井方式以及相对应的井身结构。在套管的选材上,生产层段使用镍基合金金属气密封套管,利用永久式封隔器保护上部抗硫套管,以达到延长气井寿命,降低开发成本的目的。     

含硫含酸原油加工技术进展

综述国内含硫/含酸原油加工技术进展情况,主要体现在以下几个方面:(1)扩大了劣质原油加工能力,2000—2010年,不仅劣质原油加工能力得到很大提升,炼油企业工艺装置结构也加快了调整。(2)电脱盐技术水平显著提高。(3)装置设备、管线材质大幅提高。合理选材在加工含硫/高硫或含酸/高酸原油时是一项非常重要的措施。修订了《高硫原油加工装置设备和管道设计选材导则》(SH/T 3906—2010)和《高酸原油加工装置设备和管道设计选材导则》(SH/T 3129—2010)。这些选材导则和推荐用材意见对指导与规范国内炼油企业加工含硫/高硫、含酸/高酸原油设备、管线选材用材起到了一定的促进作用。(4)开发和推广了一批脱硫和脱酸新技术。例如,山东三维石化工程公司开发的SSR硫黄回收技术;镇海石化工程公司在引进荷兰Comprimo公司70 kt/a硫黄回收技术的基础上,创新开发的ZHSR硫黄回收技术;石油化工科学研究院开发的原油全馏分催化裂化脱酸技术等。在工艺方面开发了一批重油加工、蜡油加氢处理、加氢裂化、柴油深度脱硫以及汽油选择性加氢生产符合欧Ⅳ、欧Ⅴ排放标准的清洁汽油和柴油技术。结合国内外技术现状和经验,介绍了加工高硫和高酸劣质原油的基本体会,指出应加强以下几方面的工作:(1)配备足够的硫回收和制硫能力。(2)重油加工是考虑的重点。(3)需要配备足够的加氢能力。(4)提高工艺设备的防腐能力。(5)重视环境保护工作。     

Electrochemical regeneration of used caustic solutions

Straight-run naphtha cuts are alkalized with 8–12% solutions of caustic soda to neutralize the acid and organosulfur compounds in them. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 49–51, May–June, 2000.     

含硫气田净化厂原料气过滤分离设备腐蚀主控因素研究

含硫气田天然气净化厂原料气过滤分离设备为关键设备,其腐蚀失效情况也备受关注。现场调研发现,使用一段时间后,分离设备底部积液位置出现腐蚀层,且分离设备存在较多鼓泡。通过开展金相分析、理化性能分析及腐蚀微观分析,确定了设备失效原因,室内模拟现场条件找出腐蚀失效主控因素。结果表明,在材料力学性能、化学成分满足标准要求的前提下,材料本身存在较多夹杂是导致设备鼓泡失效的主要原因,随着H_2S与CO_2分压比的增加,腐蚀速率增大,氢鼓泡现象更加严重。