A practical method for assessing the effectiveness of vector surge relays for distributed generation applications

This work presents a simple and reliable method for predicting the islanding detection performance of vector surge relays. The relay performance is characterized by a tripping-time versus power-imbalance curve. With the curve, one can determine the time taken by a vector surge relay to detect islanding for any generation-load mismatch level. The main contribution of this paper is the development of analytical formulas for directly determining the behavior of vector surge relays. As a result, efforts needed to asses the relay performance for a given distributed generation scheme can be simplified significantly. The accuracy of the formulas has been verified by extensive simulation study results.     

Performance of frequency relays for distributed generation protection

This paper investigates the efficiency of under/over frequency relays for protection of distributed synchronous generators considering islanding detection and frequency-tripping requirements. Comparison between frequency and vector surge relays, which are islanding detection-dedicated devices, shows that the former can be as effective as the latter. This feature supports the idea that frequency relays can replace vector surge relays for islanding detection purpose. In this case, frequency relays must also meet the generator manufacturer recommendations and the utility frequency-tripping requirements. In order to investigate the relay capability to meet both necessities, it is proposed the concept of application region, which defines a region in the detection time versus active power imbalance space where frequency-based relays can be adjusted to satisfy the anti-islanding and frequency-tripping requirements simultaneously. The paper also presents a set of formulas to determine directly the application region.     

Power imbalance application region method for distributed synchronous generator anti-islanding protection design and evaluation

This paper presents a novel graphical approach to adjust and evaluate frequency-based relays employed in anti-islanding protection schemes of distributed synchronous generators, in order to meet the anti-islanding and abnormal frequency variation requirements, simultaneously. The proposed method defines a region in the power mismatch space, inside which the relay non-detection zone should be located, if the above-mentioned requirements must be met. Such region is called power imbalance application region. Results show that this method can help protection engineers to adjust frequency-based relays to improve the anti-islanding capability and to minimize false operation occurrences, keeping the abnormal frequency variation utility requirements satisfied. Moreover, the proposed method can be employed to coordinate different types of frequency-based relays, aiming at improving overall performance of the distributed generator frequency protection scheme.     

基于DSP的船舶同步发电机微机保护

在船舶电站中的船舶同步发电机采用了以TMS320C206数字信号处理器(DSP)为基础的保护装置,可以实现船舶同步发电机的过载、外部短路、欠压和逆功率保护。装置硬件包括信号输入电路、CPU系统、人机接口和输出通道。选用TMS320F206 DSP,采集船舶同步发电机电压及开关状态,实时检测船舶同步发电机的故障电流和不正常状态,发出保护动作命令实现故障隔离;选用GAL16V8,确定各芯片的逻辑选通信号。软件设计中,采用全波差分傅氏算法消除衰减直流分量的影响;主程序包括初始化模块、保护逻辑判断模块和保护跳闸处理模块;中断服务程序分为定时器中断、采样中断和测频率中断。试验结果表明,该设计在电网品质恶劣的船舶电站同步发电机保护中具有较高的可靠性。     

微电流冲击继电器的选用

1　微电流冲击继电器简介微电流冲击继电器是相对于传统的冲击继电器而言,因启动电流小而得名。冲击继电器常用于电厂、变电站中央信号系统的预警及事故报警回路。从冲击继电器的原理来看,冲击继电器可分为阻容脉冲式和感应脉冲式,其功能是捕捉信号回路上电流的突变量,即±di/dt值,而对于回路上的恒定电流则无动作。以XDJC 2 1微电流冲击继电器为例(见附图) ,在该冲击继电器内有一个由集成电路和控制开关K组成的监控单元GHJ,GHJ上有两个输入端a和b分别连接C1 和C2 。a、b两点与DC- 值之间可看成是有两个等效电阻R′1 和R′2 。它们…     

分布式虚拟同步发电机改进低电压穿越控制技术

传统分布式虚拟同步发电机不具备低电压穿越能力,在分析电网短路故障时传统虚拟同步发电机的运行特性基础上,提出保留功率环的改进分布式虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越控制技术。改进控制技术给出了电网短路故障时功率指令值的计算方法,同时在无功功率控制环中引入PI调节器,并在同步旋转坐标下对输出电流进行分序控制,实现不对称故障时输出电流的三相平衡,最后通过引入虚拟阻抗对瞬时故障电流进行抑制。改进后的分布式虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越控制技术,保留功率控制环,不改变虚拟同步发电机机理,在故障发生和清除时,只需对功率指令值进行重新设定,无需切换控制策略,实现分布式虚拟同步发电机的低电压穿越。仿真及试验结果验证所提控制策略的正确性及有效性。     

宽转速范围永磁同步发电机电流矢量控制

为了实现永磁同步发电机(PMSG)在宽转速范围内和变负载条件下的高性能稳压控制,提出一种基于PWM整流器的PMSG电流矢量控制策略。PMSG输出的不稳定交流电经过PWM整流器变换成稳定的直流电,这样的直流发电系统具有高功率密度、高效率和能量、可双向流动等优点。所述的电流矢量控制策略,具体是在PMSG低速时采用最大转矩/电流比(MTPA)控制,中高速时通过一个电压外环实时补偿d轴弱磁电流,使得PMSG系统能够根据转速和负载变化及时地分配和控制d、q轴电流。仿真和实验结果验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性,实现系统在宽转速范围的高性能稳压输出。     

兆瓦级永磁同步风力发电机无速度传感器矢量控制方法研究

针对兆瓦级永磁同步风力发电直驱系统应用,提出一种基于锁相环模型和模型参考自适应原理的永磁同步风力发电机无速度传感器矢量控制方法.该方法采用软件锁相环模型锁相定子电压,并以此为基础,根据模型参考自适应原理,建立转子位置定向调节器,实现矢量控制坐标系的准确定向.应用所提方案于兆瓦级永磁同步风力发电机的矢量控制系统,实验结果表明,在电机可能运行的速度范围内,该算法工程实现较简单、系统鲁棒性强,动态响应快,从而验证了所提控制算法的正确性和可行性.     

A novel protection scheme for synchronous generator stator windings based on SVM

This paper proposes a novel scheme for detecting and classifying faults in stator windings of a synchronous generator (SG). The proposed scheme employs a new method for fault detection and classification based on Support Vector Machine (SVM). Two SVM classifiers are proposed. SVM1 is used to identify the fault occurrence in the system and SVM2 is used to determine whether the fault, if any, is internal or external. In this method, the detection and classification of faults are not affected by the fault type and location, pre-fault power, fault resistance or fault inception time. The proposed method increases the ability of detecting the ground faults near the neutral terminal of the stator windings for generators with high impedance grounding neutral point. The proposed scheme is compared with ANN-based method and gives faster response and better reliability for fault classification.     

Efficient coordination of ROCOF and frequency relays for distributed generation protection by using the application region

This paper proposes a method for determining the coordination of the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and under/overfrequency relays for distributed generation protection considering islanding detection and frequency-tripping requirements. The method is based on the concept of application region, which defines a region in the trigger time versus active power imbalance space where frequency-based relays can be adjusted to satisfy the anti-islanding and frequency-tripping requirements simultaneously. This method can be used to optimally determine the instantaneous and time-delay settings of different frequency-based relays in a unified manner. The application region can be also employed to evaluate how much an existing frequency-based protection scheme violates one of the above-mentioned requirements. In addition, it can be used to set different combinations of frequency-based relays in order to make the distributed generator frequency-based protection system as efficient as possible, since it respects the region that satisfies both requirements.     

Adaptive relays for overhead line protection

In the liberalized energy market scenario protective relays play an important role in assuring continuous service in the power system where a malfunctioning could lead to serious damages to a wide number of operators having access to the power system. Considering that power lines are operated many times below a rated load current, in this paper an adaptive procedure is presented in order to manage power distribution systems according to dependability or security requirements. In particular, a procedure to obtain an inverse time trip curve by means of a microprocessor, connected to a relay, is presented. The procedure adapts the trip characteristic depending on the conductor temperature, wind speed, emissivity and solar absorbity and is implemented on a microprocessor Rabbit 2200 considering a Drake conductor, 795 kcmil 26/7 ACSR.     

与SG具有一致响应的VSG小信号建模和分析

提出一种新型的虚拟同步发电机(VSG)设计方法,构建虚拟的励磁控制器、调速器和电磁暂态模拟单元。分别对机端电压的d、q分量引入PI控制器,以达到VSG与同步发电机(SG)具有一致响应的目的。建立VSG单机无穷大系统小信号模型,求取并分析系统特征根及其参与因子。分析惯性时间常数、励磁参数对VSG小信号稳定性的影响规律,发现其与SG相关理论吻合。同时分析PI控制参数、线路参数对系统小信号稳定性的影响。利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了上述方法的正确性。     

An artificial neural network based digital differential protectionscheme for synchronous generator stator winding protection

This paper describes a new artificial neural network (ANN) based digital differential protection scheme for generator stator winding protection. The scheme includes two feedforward neural networks (FNNs). One ANN is used for fault detection and the other is used for internal fault classification. This design uses current samples from the line-side and the neutral-end in addition to samples from the field current. Fundamental and/or second harmonic present in the field current during a fault help the ANN, used for fault detection, to differentiate between generator states (normal, external fault and internal fault states). Results showing the performance of the protection scheme are presented and indicate that it is fast and reliable     

Review of generator surge coordination including generator breakers

The results of a utility survey on surge protection practices for large generators are presented. The surge environment, 60 Hz withstand test value, designated impulse withstand, arrester protective levels, and insulation breakdown tests on two machines were compared. Factors included in the surge environmental were lightning, faults, HV switching, ferroresonance. opening surges, breaker failure, and system-side resonance. Several topics are identified for further study     

几种母线保护差动继电器的比较

差动继电器由于无可比拟的优点在电力系统尤其是母线保护中得到了广泛的应用 ,现在母线保护应用的差动继电器主要有 :电流差动继电器、比率差动继电器、大电流范围制动继电器、复式比率差动继电器。本文就这几种差动继电器原理和特点进行分析和加以比较。     

Observer-based control for a synchronous generator

In this paper, a control law based on an observer for a class of nonlinear systems in a triangular form is presented. This control scheme is applied to a synchronous generator model; the performance of this controller is shown assuming that the only measurements available are those from the rotor angle. Simulation results, when the controller is modified to track a desired reference signal, are shown.     

用于发电机保护的柔性全光纤电流互感器

介绍了采用柔性全光纤电流互感器(FFOCT)的发电机保护总体方案和系统结构以及FFOCT结构和工作原理。详细介绍了FFOCT的关键技术难题并给出了对应的解决方案:采用旋转高双折射(Spun Hi-bi)光纤制作可现场缠绕在导体周围的传感光缆,并对采用Spun Hi-bi光纤的FFOCT的电流检测灵敏度和抵御外界干扰的能力进行了理论分析;采用四态方波调制和阶梯波反馈的全数字双闭环解调方案改善FFOCT动态范围、测量精度以及系统的长期稳定性。测试结果表明研制的FFOCT满足测量0.2级、保护5TPE的精度要求。最后简单介绍了用于观音岩水电站发电机保护的FFOCT的现场安装与应用情况。     

发电机励磁功率单元的换相过电压保护及仿真

针对发电机励磁功率单元的换相过电压问题,提出了直流阻断式过电压保护电路,建立了该保护电路的数学模型,并且利用目前在工程优化领域经常用到的遗传算法对该数学模型的参数进行了优化。然后利用Matlab软件的Simulink工具箱对得到的优化参数进行模拟仿真。通过与参数优化前的仿真波形进行对比,验证了该优化方法的正确性和可行性。     

Application of transformer ground differential protection relays

Transformer ground differential protection relays (device 87G) have been used to protect the windings of resistance-grounded transformers. A number of strategies have been utilized with electromechanical relays in the past. With the advent of the multifunction digital protective relay, these strategies can be adapted to continue this form of protection     

同步发电机自调节AVR控制器的研究

提出一种新的关于同步发电机在起动后加速过程中实现快速励磁的自动控制理论，即变频变阻抗理论。基于该理论，成功地设计出用于控制同步发电机的电压快速达到同步条件的自调AVR控制器。采用该控制器，同步发电机在起动后加速过程中，其输出端定子端电压能在最短的时间内达到系统要求的电压值。该理论在奥尔堡大学实验室的发电机系统已得到了证实。