Experimental testing of joints for seismic design of lightweight structures. Part 1. Screwed joints in straps

Connections in x-braced shear walls play a crucial role in the seismic performance of lightweight structures: they should be strong enough to allow energy dissipation via plastification of the diagonal straps. An extensive experimental research on tensile screwed joints between straps is reported here. Two dominant failure modes are identified: (1) tilting and net section failure (T+NSF) and (2) tilting, bearing and pull out (T+B+PO). The analysis in terms of strength and ductility shows that T+NSF joints are suitable for seismic design, because the straps yield before the connections fail. T+B+PO joints, on the contrary, are not suited because the connection fails before the straps can yield. The influence of various design parameters (strap thickness, number and diameter of screws, steel grade) in the failure mode is studied, and design criteria to induce a T+NSF response are given.     

Experimental testing of joints for seismic design of lightweight structures. Part 2: Bolted joints in straps

An experimental testing campaign on tensile bolted joints between straps is reported. Two dominant failure modes are identified: (1) tilting, bearing and tearing of the sheets (TS) and (2) tilting, bearing and net-section failure (NSF). The analysis in terms of ductility and strength shows that bolted connections are less adequate than screwed connections (reported in Part 1 of this paper) for the seismic design of X-braced shear walls in lightweight structures. NSF joints are more ductile than TS joints in the sense that they undergo larger displacements before failure. However, if washers are not used, both types of connections fail before energy dissipation through yielding of the diagonal straps can occur. Some design recommendations to improve the seismic performance of bolted joints, including the use of washers, are given. The accuracy of Eurocode 3 formulas to predict the ultimate load is also analyzed.     

Post-earthquake fire and seismic performance of welded steel-concrete composite beam-to-column joints

The performance of steel-concrete composite full strength joints endowed with concrete filled tubes, designed with a multi-objective methodology dealing with seismic actions followed by fire is presented in this paper. In detail, instead of a traditional single-objective design where fire safety and seismic safety are independently achieved and the sequence of seismic and fire loading are not taken into account, the proposed design approach guarantees: (i) both seismic safety and fire safety with regard to accidental actions; (ii) fire safety for at least 15 min fire exposure on a joint characterised by stiffness deterioration and strength degradation due to seismic loading.In order to achieve the multi-objective design, full strength beam-to-composite tubular column joints were designed by means of the component method of Eurocode 4 Part 1-1 and Eurocode 3 Part 1-8, while Eurocode 4 Part 1-2 was considered for fire design. Moreover, to face a seismic-induced fire, they were enhanced with specific joint components which will be detailed.Both the experimental programme and the results provided by seismic tests, pre-damaged tests and fire tests carried out on beam-to-column joints are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate their adequacy in terms of design and performance. Moreover, non-linear numerical simulations clearly show that these joints can be deemed adequate for moment resisting frames of medium ductility class characterised by a behaviour factor of about 4.     

Experimental and analytical studies on the cyclic behavior of end-plate joints of composite structural elements

The subject of this paper is the analysis of end-plate joints under cyclic and monotonic loading conditions by experimental and analytical studies. The experimental programs are performed on bolted end-plate type joints of composite members under cyclic loading conditions with the purpose to study the seismic response of the considered connection type. The performed experimental research is the second and third steps of an international research project started in 1999 between the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Hungary and the Technical University of Lisbon (IST), Portugal. The monotonic behavior of the tested joints is followed by the Eurocode standard design method to evaluate the moment resistance and rotational stiffness of the joint. The comparison of the design and the experimental results are performed by the envelope moment-rotation relationships of the hysteretic curves and the design moment-rotation diagram. On the basis of the comparison the modification of the design model is proposed. The monotonic moment-rotation diagram is extended to large rotation regions with the purpose of covering the whole cyclic diagrams until the final failure of the specimen. A semi-empirical method is proposed to approximate the cyclic hysteretic behavior of the studied joints, based on the knowledge of the monotonic moment-rotation curve. This prediction method is based on all the available test results for each behavior mode type (6 tests on steel and 12 tests on composite specimens). The calculated hysteretic curve follows the cycles by polygonal lines taking into consideration the experimental observations. The proposed method establishes the absorbed energy of the consecutive cycles in the case of the studied joint arrangement using standard loading history. The proposed method is applied and verified in the case of each observed failure mode type. By these experimental and analytical investigations the favorable seismic behavior can be derived for the studied joint type.     

Hysteretic modelling of x-braced shear walls

We present a differential model of the hysteretic behavior of unsheathed x-braced frames. The model includes all the relevant aspects (perfect or hardening plasticity of diagonal straps under tension, buckling of diagonal straps under compression). The frame is treated as a single-degree-of-freedom system, and the hysteretic model is written as a small system of ordinary differential equations. In spite of this simplified modelling approach, the proposed model captures the key features of hysteretic cycles of x-braced frames (extreme pinching and slackness) and can be used to obtain the q-factor for simplified seismic design based on the reduction of elastic spectra. The model also allows to couple several x-braced frames to obtain the response of more complex structures such as complete façades. In fact, the agreement with a more sophisticated approach, such as a finite element model of the frame, is excellent, but the computational cost is considerably lower. This point is illustrated by various numerical examples.     

Experimental and numerical study on cyclic behaviour of steel beam-to-column joints

Ten specimens are tested to investigate the cyclic behavior of beam-to-column joints of steel frames with joint panels. The performances of the joints with respect to strength, rigidity, and hysteretic performance are examined. Three different load-carrying mechanisms can be identified. Panel resistance ratio (R _p ) is presented for predicting the buckling patterns. The validity ofR _p is confirmed through the present experimental results. On the basis of the experimental results of steel beam-to-column moment joints, 3-D nonlinear finite element models are established to analyze the mechanical properties of these connections. The load-displacement curves of the finite element analysis are in good agreement with those of the tests in terms of strength and unloading stiffness. A shear lag phenomenon was captured in the beam flanges by not only experimental results but also numerical analysis. Parametric studies are conducted on the connections under monotonic loading to investigate the influences of connection dimension, resistance ratio on the connection behavior. It was found that the failure modes are influenced by the resistance ratio, while the thickness of joint panels resulting in large effects on the strength and stiffness under shear failure mode.     

配置500 MPa纵筋钢筋混凝土框架顶层端节点抗震性能试验研究

按照《混凝土结构设计规范》（GB 50010—2010）设计了6个配置500 MPa 纵筋的钢筋混凝土框架顶层端节点,并进行了低周反复加载抗震性能试验,验证了规范规定的抗震措施对配置500 MPa 钢筋的顶层端节点的有效性,分析了配置500 MPa 级钢筋的顶层端节点的受力特点、节点区的破坏形态以及节点的综合抗震性能,并与受力条件基本相同的配置 HRB335级纵筋节点的受力性能进行了对比,对采用不同延性指标评价配置不同强度钢筋节点的延性性能差异进行了讨论。     

Experimental and numerical analyses of blind bolted moment-resisting composite joints to CFST columns with RC slab

In this paper, experimental and numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the structural properties and failure modes of the blind bolted flush or extended end plate joints between concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and composite beams. The experimental program and the main results of the tests were elaborated. Four full-scale subassemblages beam-tocolumn exterior joints to hot-rolled and cold-formed CFST columns were tested. The failure modes and moment-rotation relation curves of the joints were evaluated. The test results showed that all specimens exhibited favorable strength and stiffness, and larger deformation capacities. Meanwhile, finite element analysis (FEA) modeling of the specimens was built and analyzed. The results obtained from the FEA modeling were satisfactory agreement with the experimental tests results. Then, an extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of various parameters on the moment capacity and rotation stiffness of composite joints under positive or negative moment. The experimental studies and numerical analyses can improve the design of the typed joints to be used in moment-resisting composite frames.     

Pull-out behaviour of aluminium screw port joints: experimental and numerical investigation

Special joint systems are obtained by means of mechanical fasteners located in semi-hollow parts of aluminium extruded shapes. The aluminium industry showed great interest on these joints due to many advantages: easiness, simplicity, rapid execution, material optimisation and machining reduction. A typical case of these special joints, namely screw port, consists of a screw engaged in a slot of an extruded profile. Screw port joints are used in several structural and non-structural applications such as façades, door and window frames. Nevertheless, no clear design rules are provided by aluminium structural codes. For this reason, an experimental campaign aimed at assessing the influence of different geometrical and mechanical parameters on the pull-out behaviour of screw port connections has been carried out at the University “Federico II” of Naples. In addition, on the basis of experimental results, non-linear finite element models have been developed and calibrated in ABAQUS environment.     

Seismic behaviour of beam-to-column partial-strength joints for steel-concrete composite frames

The paper presents a large experimental campaign carried out on ten steel-concrete composite beam-to-column sub-assemblages employing monotonic and cyclic loading test protocols. Structural members (beams, columns and slabs) were defined through the design of a full-scale 3D prototype frame subjected to PSD testing campaign; main design hypothesis was to dissipate seismic energy in the joints designed as partial-strength. Testing programme on beam-to-column sub-assemblages was executed in order to assess seismic performance varying structural details at beam-to-column connection level and material qualities. Different mechanical connecting systems between concrete slab and column, two end-plate configurations, weak and strong column web panel, two steel qualities and different concrete strengths.The analysis of sub-assemblages performance was realized in two steps: a first step in which the joints behaviour was assessed, characterizing response at local level (e.g. moment-rotation curves); a second step in which the response was assessed at global level (e.g. force-displacement curves). The structural behaviour (i.e. resistance, plastic deformation and stiffness) was evaluated at three stages-identified as initial, service and maximum load-in order to monitor the evolution of sub-assemblage response increasing solicitation level. Moreover, seismic behaviour of specimens-in terms of dissipated energy, ductility, over-strength and equivalent viscous damping-was also executed. Comparison between experimental results was made in order to identify those parameter suitable for improved and reliable seismic behaviour of steel-concrete composite partial-strength joints.     

混凝土楼板对钢框架梁柱节点抗震性能影响的试验研究

为了研究节点区混凝土楼板对钢框架梁柱节点抗震性能的影响,完成了4个不同构造形式的节点试件在低周循环荷载下的破坏试验,分析了节点构造与混凝土楼板配筋率等因素对节点承载力、转动刚度、极限转动能力、耗能能力、延性和极限破坏状态的影响。对节点破坏模式和滞回曲线的分析表明,保证焊接质量是避免节点脆性破坏的重要措施。采用长焊接孔的节点,使钢梁发生了局部屈曲破坏,既可减少局部应力集中,又可提高节点的延性,提高配筋率可以显著增强节点的抗弯承载力。另外,混凝土楼板的存在使节点在构造上存在不对称性,应该在节点设计中给予考虑。     

钢筋混凝土框架夹心节点抗震性能试验研究

钢筋混凝土框架结构中通常柱混凝土强度高于梁的混凝土强度,当节点与梁用较低强度混凝土同时浇筑时,便形成钢筋混凝土框架夹心节点。通过11个钢筋混凝土框架夹心节点（包括平面中节点2个,平面端节点2个,改进型平面节点4个,空间中节点、空间端节点、空间角节点各1个）及3个用于对比分析的传统空间节点（空间中节点、空间端节点、空间角节点各1个）的拟静力试验,结合之前完成的7个平面夹心节点试验及6组平面夹心节点与传统节点的抗震性能对比,对钢筋混凝土框架夹心节点的抗震性能进行研究,包括开裂损伤过程、失效模式、位移延性、变形性能、受压承载力、受剪承载力、滞回耗能、梁筋粘结锚固性能等。研究表明：虽然核心区混凝土强度降低对试件抗震性能有一定不利影响,但通常不会改变框架节点的破坏模式,满足剪压比、轴压比、梁柱混凝土强度比、核心区配筋量条件下的夹心节点,其抗震性能大多可以满足结构设计的需求,或采取加插短筋、增设斜筋等加强措施后可以满足。     

基于节点的碳纤维布抗震加固混凝土框架方法Ⅱ:机理分析与加固效果检验

在碳纤维布加固混凝土十字节点试件和框架模型低周反复加载试验的基础上，讨论了碳纤维布-混凝土梁端加腋组合方法对于节点核心区的增强机理，提出了实用的设计计算公式。并根据原型框架的实际设防要求，引入能力谱方法，对碳纤维布加固框架结构进行了静力弹塑性分析，以现行抗震规范为准绳对框架结构以梁柱节点为中心整体加固后的抗震性能进行了检验。     

高强箍筋高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点抗震性能试验研究

为了研究高强箍筋约束高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点在地震作用下的抗震性能,对缩尺比为1∶2的5榀配置高强箍筋和1榀配置普通强度箍筋的高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点试件进行拟静力试验。研究了高强箍筋约束高强混凝土节点的破坏形态、滞回性能、骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力、刚度退化、受剪承载力以及高强箍筋应力发挥水平等。分析了剪压比、轴压比、箍筋的体积配箍率等参数对Z形截面柱框架节点破坏形态、滞回性能和受剪承载力的影响。结果表明：Z形截面柱节点的破坏形态受设计参数的影响,有弯曲破坏和弯剪破坏两类;与普通强度箍筋高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点相比,高强箍筋高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点在显著提高节点最大剪压比控制值的同时具有优越的抗震性能。给出了高强箍筋应力的取值,采用JGJ 149—2017《混凝土异形柱结构技术规程》公式计算高强箍筋高强混凝土Z形截面柱框架节点的受剪承载力是可行的,将其计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好。     

Moment resistance statistical distribution of beam-to-column composite joints

In seismic design of steel–concrete composite moment resisting frames, the randomness of beam-to-column joint rotational response can affect the location of dissipative zones. In fact, in case of full-strength joints, the dissipation of the earthquake input energy occurs at the beam ends; conversely, in case of partial-strength joints, the connection components of beam-to-column joints are involved. Within this framework, random material variability of joint components plays an important role, because it affects the joint flexural strength and, as a consequence, also the plastic rotation supply. Therefore, within the framework of a research program aimed at the evaluation of the seismic reliability of steel–concrete composite frames including random material variability, this paper focuses the attention on the analysis of the influence of random material variability on the rotational response of beam-to-column joints. In particular, the aim of the work is the evaluation, by means of Monte Carlo simulations, of the statistical distribution laws of the parameters describing, from the overall point of view, the rotational behaviour of beam-to-column joints. Such distribution laws represent important input data for a complete probabilistic seismic demand analysis of steel–concrete composite moment-resisting frames where the joint modelling is performed by using rotational spring elements whose parameters are selected as random values satisfying the distribution laws previously derived.     

基于损伤指数模型的叠合装配式地下管廊节点损伤分析

针对地下管廊结构,设计了现浇和叠合装配式两种不同形式的节点,通过低周反复荷载试验进行地震损伤研究。试验结果表明,叠合装配式节点具有和现浇形式的节点相近的结构性能。结合试验结果,基于修正的Park-Ang双参数地震损伤模型和修正的欧进萍双参数地震损伤模型,对地下管廊结构节点的损伤模型进行了对比分析。研究表明,修正的欧进萍双参数地震损伤模型与试验结果符合较好,能正确地反映节点从开始加载到失效的整个过程,可用于此种现浇和叠合装配式节点的损伤分析。     

装配式异形柱节点抗震性能试验研究

为了研究新型装配式异形柱节点的抗震性能,更好地推广新节点应用于实际工程,设计制作并进行了2组异形柱节点的拟静力试验。通过观察4个试件的裂缝开展破坏过程,分析每个试件位移、刚度、强度和耗能等抗震指标。结果表明:装配边柱节点与现浇节点的破坏过程和类型基本一致,而两个中柱节点的破坏过程及类型有明显区别;纵筋采用直螺纹套筒和灌浆套筒连接均能够有效传递双向应力,实现钢筋与混凝土的有效传力;叠合板滑移影响装配节点承载力;装配节点的刚度比现浇节点稍低,但因较早屈服,破损位移相近,延性变形优于现浇节点,能够满足基于性能设计的框架结构层间位移角限值2%(生命安全(LS)性能)要求。     

可恢复功能预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点抗震性能试验研究

提出一种震损后可恢复功能预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点,该节点由带削弱型约束钢板阻尼器的损伤可控钢质铰、钢套筒约束节点核心区、预制混凝土梁柱等构成。进行预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点的低周往复荷载试验,然后在该试验的基础上仅更换钢质铰中破坏的削弱型约束钢板阻尼器,进行第2次试验,最后进行现浇钢筋混凝土节点在低周往复荷载下的对比试验。考察各节点的破坏模态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、承载能力、强度退化、刚度退化、耗能能力和延性等抗震性能指标,通过预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点的2次试验抗震性能指标,探讨其震损后可恢复功能的工作性能。结果表明：预制装配式损伤可控钢质节点的破坏集中在钢质铰中可更换削弱型约束钢板阻尼器上;装配式节点破坏模态、损伤程度可控,具有良好的承载能力、耗能能力和延性等抗震性能;第2次试验中装配式节点前期刚度有所下降,但后期各项抗震性能与第1次试验基本一致,表明装配式节点在震损后其功能可恢复。     

高强钢绞线网-聚合物砂浆加固带有直交梁和楼板的框架节点的试验研究

提出了采用高强钢绞线网-聚合物砂浆加固提高带有直交梁和楼板的框架节点抗震性能的方法,并通过3个带有直交梁和楼板的框架节点试件的低周反复加载试验对该方法进行了检验。试验结果表明:加固后能够有效地改善梁柱节点的抗震性能,提高节点的受剪承载力和延性,出现梁铰的延性破坏形态,改善节点的强度退化和刚度退化,提高节点的能量耗散能力。当框架节点存在直交梁时,可以在节点核心区钻斜洞穿过X形钢绞线束进行加固。最后,分析了节点加固的受力机理,提出了该技术加固梁柱节点的设计和施工建议。     

基于半刚性连接门式刚架的抗震性研究

运用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对采用半刚性节点的门式刚架进行了有限元建模及受力分析,并对半刚性连接的抗震性能模拟分析,为进一步在抗震地区采用半刚性节点门式刚架提供了合理的理论基础。