基于中心核对齐的多核单类支持向量机

多核学习(MKL)方法在分类及回归任务中均取得了优于单核学习方法的性能,但传统的MKL方法均用于处理两类或多类分类问题.为了使MKL方法适用于处理单类分类(OCC)问题,提出了基于中心核对齐(CKA)的单类支持向量机(OCSVM).首先利用CKA计算每个核矩阵的权重,然后将所得权重用作线性组合系数,进而将不同类型的核函...     

通用稀疏多核学习

针对L1范数多核学习方法产生核权重的稀疏解时可能会导致有用信息的丢失和泛化性能退化,Lp范数多核学习方法产生核权重的非稀疏解时会产生很多冗余信息并对噪声敏感,提出了一种通用稀疏多核学习方法。该算法是基于L1范数和Lp范数(p>1) 混合的网状正则化多核学习方法,不仅能灵活的调整稀疏性,而且鼓励核权重的组效应,L1范数和Lp范数多核学习方法可以认为是该方法的特例。该方法引进的混合约束为非线性约束,故对此约束采用二阶泰勒展开式近似,并使用半无限规划来求解该优化问题。实验结果表明,改进后的方法在动态调整稀疏性的前提下能获得较好的分类性能,同时也支持组效应,从而验证了改进后的方法是有效可行的。     

融合块对角约束的鲁棒低秩多核聚类

针对现有的多核学习(multiple kernel learning, MKL)子空间聚类方法忽略噪声和特征空间中数据的低秩结构问题,提出一种新的鲁棒多核子空间聚类方法(low-rank robust multiple kernel clustering, LRMKC),该方法结合块对角表示(block diagonal representation, BDR)与低秩共识核(low-rank consensus kernel, LRCK)学习,可以更好地挖掘数据的潜在结构.为了学习最优共识核,设计一种基于混合相关熵度量(mixture correntropy induced metric,MCIM)的自动加权策略,其不仅为每个核设置最优权重,而且通过抑制噪声提高模型的鲁棒性;为了探索特征空间数据的低秩结构,提出一种非凸低秩共识核学习方法;考虑到亲和度矩阵的块对角性质,对系数矩阵应用块对角约束. LRMKC将MKL、LRCK与BDR巧妙融合,以迭代提高各种方法的效率,最终形成一个处理非线性结构数据的全局优化方法.与最先进的MKL子空间聚类方法相比,通过在图像和文本数据集上的大量实验验证了...     

基于E2LSH-MKL的视觉语义概念检测

多核学习方法(Multiple kernel learning, MKL)在视觉语义概念检测中有广泛应用, 但传统多核学习大都采用线性平稳的核组合方式而无法准确刻画复杂的数据分布. 本文将精确欧氏空间位置敏感哈希(Exact Euclidean locality sensitive Hashing, E2LSH)算法用于聚类, 结合非线性多核组合方法的优势, 提出一种非线性非平稳的多核组合方法—E2LSH-MKL. 该方法利用Hadamard内积实现对不同核函数的非线性加权,充分利用了不同核函数之间交互得到的信息; 同时利用基于E2LSH哈希原理的聚类算法,先将原始图像数据集哈希聚类为若干图像子集, 再根据不同核函数对各图像子集的相对贡献大小赋予各自不同的核权重, 从而实现多核的非平稳加权以提高学习器性能; 最后,把E2LSH-MKL应用于视觉语义概念检测. 在Caltech-256和TRECVID 2005数据集上的实验结果表明,新方法性能优于现有的几种多核学习方法.     

基于串核的音乐风格聚类

给出了一种新的映射音乐到R°空间的方法和基于串核的音乐风格聚类法.利用统计方法分析大量音乐的旋律轮廓线得到合适的编码模式,用它把旋律轮廓线编码为有限字母表(8个字母)的字符串.利用连续子串嵌入法把音乐串显式映射到高维R°空间,并用核表示这一映射.通过用基于核的山方法选择聚类的适合初始点,最后使用基于核的K-means方法聚类音乐数据集,比较了3个不同串核在5个音乐数据集上的聚类性能.     

Deep multilayer multiple kernel learning

Multiple kernel learning (MKL) approach has been proposed for kernel methods and has shown high performance for solving some real-world applications. It consists on learning the optimal kernel from one layer of multiple predefined kernels. Unfortunately, this approach is not rich enough to solve relatively complex problems. With the emergence and the success of the deep learning concept, multilayer of multiple kernel learning (MLMKL) methods were inspired by the idea of deep architecture. They are introduced in order to improve the conventional MKL methods. Such architectures tend to learn deep kernel machines by exploring the combinations of multiple kernels in a multilayer structure. However, existing MLMKL methods often have trouble with the optimization of the network for two or more layers. Additionally, they do not always outperform the simplest method of combining multiple kernels (i.e., MKL). In order to improve the effectiveness of MKL approaches, we introduce, in this paper, a novel backpropagation MLMKL framework. Specifically, we propose to optimize the network over an adaptive backpropagation algorithm. We use the gradient ascent method instead of dual objective function, or the estimation of the leave-one-out error. We test our proposed method through a large set of experiments on a variety of benchmark data sets. We have successfully optimized the system over many layers. Empirical results over an extensive set of experiments show that our algorithm achieves high performance compared to the traditional MKL approach and existing MLMKL methods.     

Non-uniform multiple kernel learning with cluster-based gating functions

Recently, multiple kernel learning (MKL) has gained increasing attention due to its empirical superiority over traditional single kernel based methods. However, most of state-of-the-art MKL methods are “uniform” in the sense that the relative weights of kernels keep fixed among all data.Here we propose a “non-uniform” MKL method with a data-dependent gating mechanism, i.e., adaptively determine the kernel weights for the samples. We utilize a soft clustering algorithm and then tune the weight for each cluster under the graph embedding (GE) framework. The idea of exploiting cluster structures is based on the observation that data from the same cluster tend to perform consistently, which thus increases the resistance to noises and results in more reliable estimate. Moreover, it is computationally simple to handle out-of-sample data, whose implicit RKHS representations are modulated by the posterior to each cluster.Quantitative studies between the proposed method and some representative MKL methods are conducted on both synthetic and widely used public data sets. The experimental results well validate its superiorities.     

模糊多核支持向量机研究进展

模糊多核支持向量机将模糊支持向量机与多核学习方法结合,通过构造隶属度函数和利用多个核函数的组合形式有效缓解了传统支持向量机模型对噪声数据敏感和多源异构数据学习困难等问题,广泛应用于模式识别和人工智能领域.综述了模糊多核支持向量机的理论基础及其研究现状,详细介绍模糊多核支持向量机中的关键问题,即模糊隶属度函数设计与多核学习方法,最后对模糊多核支持向量机算法未来的研究进行展望.     

联合低秩稀疏的多核子空间聚类算法

针对多核子空间谱聚类算法没有考虑噪声和关系图结构的问题，提出了一种新的联合低秩稀疏的多核子空间聚类算法(JLSMKC)。首先，通过联合低秩与稀疏表示进行子空间学习，使关系图具有低秩和稀疏结构属性；其次，建立鲁棒的多核低秩稀疏约束模型，用于减少噪声对关系图的影响和处理数据的非线性结构；最后，通过多核方法充分利用共识核矩阵来增强关系图质量。7个数据集上的实验结果表明，所提算法JLSMKC在聚类精度(ACC)、标准互信息(NMI)和纯度(Purity)上优于5种流行的多核聚类算法，同时减少了聚类时间，提高了关系图块对角质量。该算法在聚类性能上有较大优势。     

A primal method for multiple kernel learning

The canonical support vector machines (SVMs) are based on a single kernel, recent publications have shown that using multiple kernels instead of a single one can enhance interpretability of the decision function and promote classification accuracy. However, most of existing approaches mainly reformulate the multiple kernel learning as a saddle point optimization problem which concentrates on solving the dual. In this paper, we show that the multiple kernel learning (MKL) problem can be reformulated as a BiConvex optimization and can also be solved in the primal. While the saddle point method still lacks convergence results, our proposed method exhibits strong optimization convergence properties. To solve the MKL problem, a two-stage algorithm that optimizes canonical SVMs and kernel weights alternately is proposed. Since standard Newton and gradient methods are too time-consuming, we employ the truncated-Newton method to optimize the canonical SVMs. The Hessian matrix need not be stored explicitly, and the Newton direction can be computed using several Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient steps on the Hessian operator equation, the algorithm is shown more efficient than the current primal approaches in this MKL setting. Furthermore, we use the Nesterov’s optimal gradient method to optimize the kernel weights. One remarkable advantage of solving in the primal is that it achieves much faster convergence rate than solving in the dual and does not require a two-stage algorithm even for the single kernel LapSVM. Introducing the Laplacian regularizer, we also extend our primal method to semi-supervised scenario. Extensive experiments on some UCI benchmarks have shown that the proposed algorithm converges rapidly and achieves competitive accuracy.     

核函数的选择研究综述

核方法是解决非线性模式分析问题的一种有效方法,是当前机器学习领域的一个研究热点.核函数是影响核方法性能的关键因素,以支持向量机作为核函数的载体,从核函数的构造、核函数中参数的选择、多核学习3个角度对核函数的选择的研究现状及其进展情况进行了系统地概述,并指出根据特定应用领域选择核函数、设计有效的核函数度量标准和拓宽核函数选择的研究范围是其中3个值得进一步研究的方向.     

Wavelet kernel learning

This paper addresses the problem of optimal feature extraction from a wavelet representation. Our work aims at building features by selecting wavelet coefficients resulting from signal or image decomposition on an adapted wavelet basis. For this purpose, we jointly learn in a kernelized large-margin context the wavelet shape as well as the appropriate scale and translation of the wavelets, hence the name “wavelet kernel learning”. This problem is posed as a multiple kernel learning problem, where the number of kernels can be very large. For solving such a problem, we introduce a novel multiple kernel learning algorithm based on active constraints methods. We furthermore propose some variants of this algorithm that can produce approximate solutions more efficiently. Empirical analysis show that our active constraint MKL algorithm achieves state-of-the art efficiency. When used for wavelet kernel learning, our experimental results show that the approaches we propose are competitive with respect to the state-of-the-art on brain–computer interface and Brodatz texture datasets.     

Multiple kernel learning with gaussianity measures

Kernel methods are known to be effective for nonlinear multivariate analysis. One of the main issues in the practical use of kernel methods is the selection of kernel. There have been a lot of studies on kernel selection and kernel learning. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) is one of the promising kernel optimization approaches. Kernel methods are applied to various classifiers including Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). FDA gives the Bayes optimal classification axis if the data distribution of each class in the feature space is a gaussian with a shared covariance structure. Based on this fact, an MKL framework based on the notion of gaussianity is proposed. As a concrete implementation, an empirical characteristic function is adopted to measure gaussianity in the feature space associated with a convex combination of kernel functions, and two MKL algorithms are derived. From experimental results on some data sets, we show that the proposed kernel learning followed by FDA offers strong classification power.     

类属型数据核子空间聚类算法

现有的类属型数据子空间聚类方法大多基于特征间相互独立假设,未考虑属性间存在的线性或非线性相关性.提出一种类属型数据核子空间聚类方法.首先引入原作用于连续型数据的核函数将类属型数据投影到核空间,定义了核空间中特征加权的类属型数据相似性度量.其次,基于该度量推导了类属型数据核子空间聚类目标函数,并提出一种高效求解该目标函数的优化方法.最后,定义了一种类属型数据核子空间聚类算法.该算法不仅在非线性空间中考虑了属性间的关系,而且在聚类过程中赋予每个属性衡量其与簇类相关程度的特征权重,实现了类属型属性的嵌入式特征选择.还定义了一个聚类有效性指标,以评价类属型数据聚类结果的质量.在合成数据和实际数据集上的实验结果表明,与现有子空间聚类算法相比,核子空间聚类算法可以发掘类属型属性间的非线性关系,并有效提高了聚类结果的质量.     

多路径高斯核模糊C均值聚类算法

聚类算法单一迭代路径限制了参数优值的搜索。提出一种多路径高斯核模糊C均值聚类算法（MGKFCMs）,MGKFCMs算法首先取核目标函数及模糊隶属度函数中的核函数为高斯核函数;然后利用梯度法得到聚类中心迭代公式,并基于该迭代公式和粒子群算法作聚类中心的并行参数迭代,在每一次聚类迭代时,选择聚类目标函数值小的路径作为参数迭代最终路径。对比分析了MGKFCMs算法的相关性质,通过仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性。     

Multiple empirical kernel learning based on local information

The traditional multiple kernel learning (MKL) is usually based on implicit kernel mapping and adopts a certain combination of kernels instead of a single kernel. MKL has been demonstrated to have a significant advantage to the single-kernel learning. Although MKL sets different weights to different kernels, the weights are not changed over the whole input space. This weight setting might not been fit for those data with some underlying local distributions. In order to solve this problem, Gönen and Alpayd?n (2008) introduced a localizing gating model into the traditional MKL framework so as to assign different weights to a kernel in different regions of the input space. In this paper, we also integrate the localizing gating model into our previous work named MultiK-MHKS that is an effective multiple empirical kernel learning. In doing so, we can get multiple localized empirical kernel learning named MLEKL. Our contribution is that we first establish a localized formulation in the empirical kernel learning framework. The experimental results on benchmark data sets validate the effectiveness of the proposed MLEKL.     

多核模糊聚类

针对单核聚类的性能局限性问题,提出将高斯核、Sigmoid核以及多项式核等多种核组成一种新的多核函数,并利用于模糊核进行聚类。高斯核在聚类中有广泛应用,同时Sigmoid核在神经网络中被证明具有很好的全局分类性能。将不同的核函数组合起来的多核函数将结合各种核函数的优点,其聚类性能优于利用单核的模糊核聚类（KFCM）,实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

核聚类快速后向传播算法

后向传播神经网络算法是一种经典的分类算法,但是通常该算法训练时间较长。针对这种不足,提出了一种基于核聚类的快速后向传播算法。利用核聚类将原始样本划分为多个簇,对每一个簇计算簇中心样本,利用所有的簇中心样本作为新训练集进行神经网络学习。在UCI标准数据集和说话人识别数据集上的仿真实验,充分说明了算法较传统后向传播算法具有明显的速度优势。     

局部搜索自适应核模糊聚类方法

核模糊C-均值聚类KFCM是利用核函数将数据映射到高维空间,通过计算数据点与聚类中心的隶属度对数据进行聚类的算法,拥有高效、快捷的特点而被广泛应用于各领域,然而KFCM算法存在对聚类中心的初始值敏感和不能自适应确定聚类数两个局限性。针对这两个问题,提出一种局部搜索自适应核模糊聚类方法,该方法引入核方法提高数据的可分性,并构造基于核函数的评价函数来确定最优的聚类数目和利用部分样本数据进行局部搜索以寻找初始聚类中心。人工数据和UCI数据集上的实验结果验证了该算法的有效性。     

Bridging deep and multiple kernel learning: A review

Kernel methods and deep learning are two of the most currently remarkable machine learning techniques that have achieved great success in many applications. Kernel methods are powerful tools to capture nonlinear patterns behind data. They implicitly learn high (even infinite) dimensional nonlinear features in the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) while making the computation tractable by leveraging the kernel trick. It is commonly agreed that the success of kernel methods is very much dependent on the choice of kernel. Multiple kernel learning (MKL) is one possible scheme that performs kernel combination and selection for a variety of learning tasks, such as classification, clustering, and dimensionality reduction. Deep learning models project input data through several layers of nonlinearity and learn different levels of abstraction. The composition of multiple layers of nonlinear functions can approximate a rich set of naturally occurring input-output dependencies. To bridge kernel methods and deep learning, deep kernel learning has been proven to be an effective method to learn complex feature representations by combining the nonparametric flexibility of kernel methods with the structural properties of deep learning. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art approaches that bridge the MKL and deep learning techniques. Specifically, we systematically review the typical hybrid models, training techniques, and their theoretical and practical benefits, followed by remaining challenges and future directions. We hope that our perspectives and discussions serve as valuable references for new practitioners and theoreticians seeking to innovate in the applications of the approaches incorporating the advantages of both paradigms and exploring new synergies.