直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

为考察直链淀粉含量对淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系性质的影响,以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉)为原料,加入瓜尔胶,研究复配体系的糊化、流变及凝胶特性。结果表明:瓜尔胶与直链淀粉之间的相互作用是引起淀粉复配体系黏度和稠度系数增加、成糊温度和流体指数降低的主要原因。动态流变实验结果表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量不同对复配体系的动态模量的影响也不同。在糊化过程中,随着直链淀粉含量增加,直链淀粉分子与瓜尔胶间的相互作用增强,阻碍了直链淀粉分子间的聚集重排,使得复配体系硬度值减小,3种玉米淀粉形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。     

淀粉与瓜尔豆胶复配体系糊化及流变特性研究

以玉米淀粉和蜡质玉米淀粉为原料,加入不同配比的瓜尔豆胶,比较两者复配后糊化及流变特性的变化,并采用扫描电镜观察复配体系微观结构。结果表明:添加瓜尔豆胶可使玉米淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉体系具有更好的增稠性,复配体系表现出更优越的黏弹性。胶体分子与直链淀粉分子间的相互作用是引起玉米淀粉与瓜尔豆胶复配体系流体指数和淀粉成糊温度显著降低,协同作用更为显著的主要原因。微观结构观察表明淀粉与胶体复配体系呈现出更加均一、紧凑的结构。     

热处理对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析法、离心法、差示扫描量热分析法、动态流变仪分析法等,研究了干热与湿热处理对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化性质、膨润性质、热力学性质、流变性质的影响,为淀粉的物理改性研究和加工应用提供理论依据。结果表明,干热处理使淀粉更易糊化,表现为3种玉米淀粉糊化温度降低,溶解度、膨胀度增加。湿热处理加大糊化难度,使3种玉米淀粉的糊化温度升高,膨胀度降低。热处理使玉米淀粉糊稠度、糊化焓值降低。蜡质玉米淀粉经热处理后,溶解度和老化率增加。流变性质测定结果表明,湿热处理不利于高直链玉米淀粉黏弹性凝胶的形成。     

瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉及其变性淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响

研究瓜尔胶和黄原胶对马铃薯淀粉、马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉和马铃薯阳离子淀粉糊化和流变性质的影响。糊化性质实验表明瓜尔胶增加了3种淀粉的峰值黏度和成糊温度,降低了淀粉糊的热稳定性。黄原胶降低了马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的峰值黏度并提高了糊的热稳定性和成糊温度,但对马铃薯阳离子淀粉起相反作用。动态流变实验表明加入黄原胶显著提高了3种淀粉的GO`、GO`O`值,降低了损耗角正切值tanδ,黄原胶对马铃薯阳离子淀粉动态流变学性质的影响最大,瓜尔胶对3种淀粉的动态流变学性质的影响不显著。静态流变实验表明加入瓜尔胶和黄原胶后的淀粉糊仍为假塑性流体,滞后环面积减少,稳定性提高,两种胶对马铃薯淀粉和马铃薯磷酸酯淀粉的作用比对马铃薯阳离子淀粉作用明显,并且黄原胶比瓜尔胶对淀粉作用更为显著。研究发现胶体与淀粉之间的电荷相互作用对复配体系的糊化性质和流变学性质起重要的作用。     

瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性和糊化特性的影响

研究瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性和糊化特性的影响,采用体外模拟消化性实验测定淀粉的消化性,比较与不同质量比(0:100、1:80、1:40、1:20)的瓜尔豆胶与马铃薯淀粉间糊化特性、热力学特性、结晶结构及微观结构的差异,从而探索瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯淀粉消化性影响的本质原理。研究结果显示:当瓜尔豆胶添加量较低时复配体系经糊化后冷却至37 ℃的体系较易被酶解,抗性淀粉含量低;随着瓜尔豆胶添加量的增大,瓜尔豆胶与淀粉颗粒缠结形成空间位阻从而抑制酶解,复配体系经糊化后冷却至37 ℃的体系不易被酶解,抗性淀粉含量较高。添加瓜尔豆胶增大了马铃薯淀粉的起始糊化温度和峰值温度,提升了马铃薯淀粉的吸热焓,延长糊化过程,增加吸热量。观察复配体系的结晶结构发现加入胶体后复配体系并没有新基团产生,胶体与淀粉间仅为物理作用,同时微观结构观察表明胶体与淀粉作用所形成空间位阻使得淀粉颗粒分布均匀,复配体系呈现出更加均一稳定的结构。     

海藻酸钠对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响

采用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、动态流变仪、物性测试仪等,研究了海藻酸钠对3种不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉糊化、凝胶及老化性质的影响。结果表明:海藻酸钠显著影响高直链玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉及蜡质玉米淀粉的物化性质,且对不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉物化性质的影响不同。海藻酸钠使3种玉米淀粉的糊化难度增大,起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度、终止糊化温度升高,糊化焓增加。海藻酸钠提高3种玉米淀粉的峰值黏度、末值黏度、表观黏度及损耗模量。海藻酸钠提高高直链玉米淀粉的热稳定性和抗老化性,使高直链玉米淀粉的衰减值、老化率降低。海藻酸钠阻碍高直链玉米淀粉形成凝胶,使高直链玉米淀粉的损耗角正切值升高、凝胶硬度降低。     

表观直链淀粉含量对小麦淀粉凝胶流变特性影响的研究

探讨表观直链淀粉在小麦淀粉凝胶的流变学特性中的作用,寻找表观直链淀粉含量与流变特性参数间的相关性。运用动态流变仪对9种不同品种小麦淀粉的糊化和短期回生进行分析,找出流变特性参数,并运用SPSS分析其相关性。在表观直链淀粉含量相差较大的情况下,结合糯小麦淀粉来考察,直链淀粉对于升温、降温、时间扫描和频率扫描等过程的流变特性有着重要的影响;当直链含量相差较小时,在8个普通小麦品种间,直链淀粉对与降温过程和凝胶形成强度有着决定性的影响。在整个短期回生过程中,表观直链淀粉含量直接决定凝胶的流变特性,但是在表征流变特性上有一定的局限性。     

菊粉-小麦淀粉复配体系理化特性及相互作用

将不同浓度的天然菊粉(inulin, IN)与小麦淀粉(wheat starch, WS)进行复配,制备IN-WS复配体系,研究复配体系的糊化、流变、消化等理化特性,并分析IN与WS间的相互作用。结果表明,复配体系的黏度、崩解值和回生值显著降低,IN的添加抑制了复配体系的糊化,使WS更加稳定;IN-WS复配体系均为典型的非牛顿流体,具有剪切稀释行为;随着IN浓度的增加,IN-WS复配体系的凝胶结构逐渐由类固态向类液态转变。此外,体外消化试验结果表明,复配体系抗性淀粉的含量随着IN浓度的增高而增大。由相互作用力及红外光谱分析可知,IN与WS的相互作用主要涉及分子间氢键。该研究可为菊粉-淀粉基食品的开发与应用提供指导。     

皂荚糖胶对玉米淀粉老化性质的影响及体系的水分分布

以玉米淀粉为原料,用流变分析、食品物性分析、差示扫描量热分析、低场核磁共振成像分析等研究冷藏过程中不同含量（相对玉米淀粉干基质量的1%、3%、5%和7%）皂荚糖胶对玉米淀粉老化特性的影响。动态流变时间扫描结果表明：随着老化时间的延长,玉米淀粉的弹性模量增加,皂荚糖胶的加入使复配体系弹性模量的变化率减小,一定程度上抑制玉米淀粉的短期老化;凝胶强度实验表明：随着冷藏时间的延长,玉米淀粉凝胶体系的硬度值增加,皂荚糖胶的加入使玉米淀粉形成质地更柔软的凝胶,硬度值明显降低;差示扫描量热测定结果表明：随着皂荚糖胶含量的增加,复配体系的老化率逐渐减小。用低场核磁水分运动性实验方法,通过5%皂荚糖胶加入前后淀粉凝胶中自由水、结合水和不易流动水含量的对比证实该胶对凝胶的水分分布有较大的影响;该研究能进一步丰富植物胶体对淀粉老化性能影响的理论。     

滑子菇多糖对玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

研究了不同质量浓度滑子菇多糖对玉米淀粉的糊化特性、流变特性、质构特性、热力学特性以及微观结构的影响,探究滑子菇多糖与玉米淀粉间的作用机理,揭示多糖对淀粉品质形成影响的量效关系。结果表明:滑子菇多糖可提高滑子菇多糖-玉米淀粉复配体系的黏度和糊化温度,延缓糊化过程。当滑子菇多糖质量浓度为0.9 g/mL时,复配体系的崩解值为1.77 mPa·s,回生值为3.63 mPa·s、糊化焓为3.95 J/g,表明此时抗老化效果最佳且稳定性最好。随着多糖质量浓度的增加,复配体系的黏弹性和假塑性逐渐增强,流动性逐渐降低。红外光谱分析表明,滑子菇多糖与玉米淀粉间通过氢键发生相互作用,且在多糖质量浓度为0.9 g/mL时氢键作用最强。冷冻电镜结果表明当滑子菇多糖质量浓度为0.6 g/mL时,复配体系的微观结构呈孔隙均匀的蜂窝状。     

Microstructural and physicochemical properties of heat-moisture treated waxy and normal starches

Starches from normal rice (21.72% amylose), waxy rice (1.64% amylose), normal corn (25.19% amylose), waxy corn (2.06% amylose), normal potato (28.97% amylose) and waxy potato (3.92% amylose) were heat-treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 25%. The effect of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) on morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties of those starches was investigated. The HMT did not change the size, shape, and surface characteristics of corn and potato starch granules, while surface change/partial gelatinization was found on the granules of rice starches. The X-ray diffraction pattern of normal and waxy potato starches was shifted from B- to C-type by HMT. The crystallinity of the starch samples, except waxy potato starch decreased on HMT. The viscosity profiles changed significantly with HMT. The treated starches, except the waxy potato starch, had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosity. The differences in viscosity values before and after HMT were more pronounced in normal starches than in waxy starches, whereas changes in the pasting temperature showed the reverse (waxy > normal). Shifts of the gelatinization temperature to higher values and gelatinization enthalpy to lower values as well as biphasic endotherms were found in treated starches. HMT increased enzyme digestibility of treated starches (except waxy corn starch); i.e., rapidly and slowly digestible starches increased, but resistant starch decreased. Although there was no absolute consistency on the data obtained from the three pairs of waxy and normal starches, in most cases the effects of HMT on normal starches were more pronounced than the corresponding waxy starches.     

Starch–cassia gum interactions: A microstructure – Rheology study

We present for the first time the interactions of starch and cassia gum – a novel galactomannan recently approved for use in food processing. Viscoelastic, pasting and microstructural characterization of various starches (waxy; high amylose; normal; cross-linked waxy corn starch; potato starch) containing different levels of the cassia gum was carried out. Significant changes were observed in the morphology of granule remnants formed during gelatinization in the starch pastes prepared with and without the addition of cassia gum. The freeze-dried starch–cassia gum pastes presented a shrunken and tight arrangement of the starch granule remnants, when studied by scanning electron microscopy. A significant reduction in the granule remnant size was also calculated using laser diffraction particle size analysis. The extent of interaction with cassia gum differed significantly among the various starch types. All the unmodified corn starches recorded an increase in peak viscosity at all levels of the cassia gum addition. An increase in the final viscosity of these starches was also observed by the addition of cassia gum, with high amylose and normal corn starch showing the maximum. Similarly, the extent of breakdown and setback viscosity also differed among the different starch types. Ranges of dynamic rheological measurements (temperature, time and frequency sweeps) were performed within the viscoelastic zones. Rheological parameters, such as storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″) and the gelatinization temperature (T_gel), of the corn starches during the heating cycle were observed to increase, when cassia gum was present at lower levels. The starch–gum systems also exhibited higher tan δ values during both the heating and the cooling cycles, indicating the dominance of the viscous modulus. The G′ and G″ of all the corn starch gels containing cassia gum showed higher values throughout the frequency sweep range. However, the increase in G′ and G″ of different starches was not always consistent with the increase in cassia gum levels. The changes in rheological behaviour during storage of the starch gels, aged on the plate of the rheometer and then studied through time sweeps at 5 °C and frequency sweeps at 25 °C, suggested that the starch gels containing cassia gum had less pronounced changes in the rheological parameters than had their control counterparts.     

Interaction of Guar and Xanthan Gums with Starch in the Gels Obtained from Normal,Waxy and High‐amylose Corn Starches

The objectives of the present study were to analyze the chemical interactions between guar and xanthan gums and starches. Gels were obtained from normal (NCS), waxy (WCS) and high‐amylose (HACS) corn starches containing gums. The gels were evaluated according to their pasting properties and infra‐red absorption. The guar (GG) and xanthan (XG) gums affected the properties of the NCS paste more significantly than those of the WCS paste. In the infra‐red absorption spectra, no covalent bonds between the starches and gums were observed under the conditions studied, so probably the only interactions occurring between them were hydrogen bonds.     

Development and Physicochemical Characterization of New Resistant Citrate Starch from Different Corn Starches

Resistant starch has drawn broad interest for both potential health benefits and functional properties. In this study, a technology was developed to increase resistant starch content of corn starch using esterification with citric acid at elevated temperature. Waxy corn, normal corn and high‐amylose corn starches were used as model starches. Citric acid (40% of starch dry weight) was reacted with corn starch at different temperatures (120–150°C) for different reaction times (3–9 h). The effect of reaction conditions on resistant starch content in the citrate corn starch was investigated. When conducting the reaction at 140°C for 7 h, the highest resistant starch content was found in waxy corn citrate starch (87.5%) with the highest degree of substitution (DS, 0.16) of all starches. High‐amylose corn starch had 86.4% resistant starch content and 0.14 DS, and normal corn starch had 78.8% resistant starch and 0.12 DS. The physicochemical properties of these citrate starches were characterized using various analytical techniques. In the presence of excess water upon heating, citrate starch made from waxy corn starch had no peak in the DSC thermogram, and small peaks were found for normal corn starch (0.4 J/g) and Hylon VII starch (3.0 J/g) in the thermograms. This indicates that citrate substitution changes granule properties. There are no retrogradation peaks in the thermograms when starch was reheated after 2 weeks storage at 5°C. All the citrate starches showed no peaks in RVA pasting curves, indicating citrate substitution changes the pasting properties of corn starch as well. Moreover, citrate starch from waxy corn is more thermally stable than the other citrate starches.     

Effects of Na2CO3 and NaOH on Pasting Properties of Selected Native Cereal Starches

ABSTRACT: Using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), it was revealed that 2 alkalizing agents (Na2CO3 and NaOH) had a far larger effect on pasting properties of nonwaxy starches (wheat, corn, rice) compared with their effect on waxy starches (waxy corn and waxy rice). It was hypothesized that the alkalizing agents have a greater propensity to attack the amorphous regions of the nonwaxy starch granules, thereby causing increased leaching of amylose molecules and possibly also some hydrolysis of starch chains. As a result, the RVA pasting profile of a nonwaxy starch, in the presence of alkali, was drastically altered to one that more closely resembled that of its waxy counterpart without added alkali.     

酸解对不同链/支比含量玉米淀粉特性的影响

以4种不同链/支比含量的玉米淀粉为原料,酸解处理不同时间,以酸解玉米淀粉的形貌特性、冻融稳定性、膨胀度、溶解度、晶体性质为指标衡量不同酸解时间对玉米淀粉结构性质的影响。结果表明:4种玉米淀粉酸水解程度的顺序为:蜡质玉米普通玉米淀粉G50G80。酸解后,同品种的4种玉米淀粉的析水率随着酸解天数的增加而增加;溶解度增加,膨胀度降低。酸解并未改变淀粉的晶型,随着酸解时间的延长,蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米的相对结晶度先增大后保持不变,G50和G80的相对结晶度随着酸解时间的增加而增大。表明酸解对低直链淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉和普通玉米淀粉)的结构、性能影响最大。     

Effects of cross-linking and low molecular amylose on pasting characteristics of waxy corn starch

The action of amylose within the granule of normal corn starch is investigated by changes in pasting characteristics of waxy corn starch in a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), using addition of soluble amylose (DP = 18) and cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. Although waxy corn starch, containing no amylose, did not show an effect of addition of amylose on pasting characteristics, by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin, the pasting peak viscosity and breakdown were greatly enhanced and set-back (viscosity increased in the cooling process after gelatinization) was generated. The cross-linking depressed the disintegration of starch granules in the swelling process, with amylose interaction, resulting in RVA pasting characteristics similar to those seen with normal corn starch containing amylose. Set-back was essentially caused by rearrangement among modified amylopectins. Addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to the RVA more efficiently enhanced the effect. This indicated that amylose in normal corn starch interacts with amylopectin through locally strong linkages.     

Physicochemical and Gelatinization Properties of Starches Separated from Various Rice Cultivars

Morphological, viscoelastic, hydration, pasting, and thermal properties of starches separated from 10 different rice cultivars were investigated. Upon gelatinization, the G′ values of the rice starch pastes ranged from 37.4 to 2057 Pa at 25 °C, and remarkably, the magnitude depended on the starch varieties. The rheological behavior during gelatinization upon heating brought out differences in onset in G′ and degree of steepness. The cultivar with high amylose content (Goami) showed the lowest critical strain (γ_c), whereas the cultivars with low amylose content (Boseokchal and Shinseonchal) possessed the highest γ_c. The amylose content in rice starches affected their pasting properties; the sample possessing the highest amylose content showed the highest final viscosity and setback value, whereas waxy starch samples displayed low final viscosity and setback value. The onset gelatinization temperatures of the starches from 10 rice cultivars ranged between 57.9 and 64.4 °C. The amylose content was fairly correlated to hydration and pasting properties of rice starches but did not correlate well with viscoelastic and thermal characteristics. The combined analysis of hydration, pasting, viscoelastic, and thermal data of the rice starches is useful in fully understanding their behavior and in addressing the processability for food applications.