热极化和电晕极化铁电PVDF薄膜的成分和结构

用高分辨率X-射线光电子能谱（XPS）研究了热极化和电晕极化的PVDF薄膜的成分和结构的变化。结果表明：PVDF薄膜的热极化和电晕极化反应过程和机理不同。在热极化过程中.高温强电场作用使PVDF薄膜产生了少量的F^-自由基,继而产生HF,形成了新C=C键：怛是,在电晕极化过程中荷能粒子使PVDF产生了H^＋自由基。热极...     

Ag(110)表面并四苯薄膜生长光电子谱研究

利用光电子能谱研究了有机半导体并四苯(tetracene)与金属Ag(110)界面的相互作用特性和电子性质,UPS测量给出tetracene的价带结构,其价带顶(HOS)位于费密能级以下约2.6 eV处.XPS测量显示Ag 3d和C 1s谱峰几乎没有位移,表明tetranece与衬底Ag之间相互作用弱.随着tetracene在Ag(110)表面的沉积,功函数在初始阶段快速减小,继续沉积tetracene其功函数回升并达到饱和.tetracene沉积初始阶段的功函数减小归结于有机分子在表面的极化,而随后增加的起因则是有机分子间的退极化.     

半胱氨酸改性纳米Ag/PVDF复合材料制备及介电性能研究

以半胱氨酸为改性剂,对纳米Ag进行表面修饰,制备了系列改性纳米Ag/PVDF复合材料;通过对复合材料的介电性能进行研究,结果表明,改性后纳米Ag在PVDF基体中的填充量能够得到迅速提高,体积分数可达到25%以上而不发生导电现象;当改性纳米Ag/PVDF复合材料中纳米Ag体积含量达到20%时,复合材料的相对介电常数达到了115,介电损耗保持在0.09以下;通过扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶红外光谱和X射线衍射图谱分析表明,这种高介电常数,低介电损耗的性质来源于纳米Ag在聚合物基体中分散性的提高,改性纳米Ag表面连接的半胱氨酸改善了纳米Ag粒子与PVDF基体的界面相容性,提高了PVDF结晶体和纳米Ag在基体中的分散均一性,降低了聚合物基体内纳米Ag团聚和导电网络的形成几率,有效改善了金属/聚合物介电材料的加工条件,提高了聚合物的介电性能。     

电场作用下PVDF薄膜的结构相变与剩余极化特性研究

采用流延工艺制备了半晶态的PVDF薄膜,通过X射线衍射分析（XRD）对不同电场强度下电极化的薄膜进行了表征。电极化的相变过程为α相→δ相→β相。薄膜的铁电性能分析表明,薄膜的剩余极化值Pr随电场强度变化的趋势符合Boltzmann分布函数,拟合的Boltzmann方程表明：引起Pr变化最大的极化电场强度范围是105～125MV／m,最大的剩余极化值Pr达到6μC／cm^2。     

掺银离子TiO2薄膜的结构及与不锈钢基板的界面反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法在不锈钢表面制备掺银的TiO2薄膜,研究氧化处理对不锈钢表面Ag/TiO2抗菌薄膜组成和性能的影响,利用X-射线衍射谱(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等对经氧化处理和未经处理的不锈钢表面Ag/TiO2薄膜进行比较,研究薄膜的结构、界面反应特征及机制.发现:未经氧化处理的不锈钢由于其中的铁原子进入薄膜与TiO2反应形成钛酸铁固溶体薄膜;经氧化处理后不锈钢表面形成一层比较致密的氧化铁层,阻止了不锈钢内部的铁原子扩散进入薄膜与TiO2反应,表面同时形成钛酸铁和锐钛矿型的TiO2薄膜;锐钛矿型的TiO2与银离子反应形成钛酸银,既保持了银离子的高杀菌性能(样品的6小时抗菌率达到100%),同时又不至使金属银形成而使材料变色.在未经氧化处理的不锈钢表面,掺银TiO2薄膜中的银离子转化为单质银,抗菌性能低.     

静电自组装铁电复合超薄膜及特性研究

将极化处理后充负电荷的聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）有机铁电聚合物薄膜经溶解,与BaTiO₃无机纳米粉体形成良好分散的PVDF-BT荷电阴离子溶液和聚二丙烯基二甲基氯化铵（PDDA）聚阳离子溶液,通过静电作用在石英基片上交替自组装PDDA/PVDF-BT铁电复合超薄膜. 采用石英晶体微天平（QCM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射分析（XRD）对该铁电复合超薄膜进行了表征. 研究结果表明：自组装12层PDDA/PVDF BT铁电复合超薄膜厚度为82nm,且静电自组装过程均匀,复合超薄膜表面平整、致密,无机纳米颗粒规整并均匀地覆盖在石英基底表面. 通过在PDDA/PVDF复合超薄膜间引入BaTiO₃无机纳米铁电粉体,可实现对超薄膜内部结构以及膜厚度的控制,极化强度可提高到约3μC/cm².     

Sn-3.5Ag/Cu界面金属间化合物的生长行为研究

研究了Sn-3.5Ag无铅钎料和Cu基体在钎焊和时效过程中界面金属间化合物的形成和生长行为.结果表明,在钎焊过程中,由于钎料中存在着Cu的溶解度,界面处生成的金属间化合物存在着分解现象.因此Sn-3.5Ag/Cu界面金属间化合物层厚度与化合物层的分解有着密切关系.由于吸附作用,金属间化合物表面形成了纳米级的Ag3Sn颗粒.当钎焊接头在70,125,170℃时效时,钎焊时形成的扇贝状金属间化合物转变为层状.金属间化合物的生长厚度与时效时间的平方根呈线性关系,其生长受扩散机制控制.整个金属间化合物层和Cu6Sn5层的生长激活能分别为75.16 kJ/mol,58.59kJ/mol.     

核-壳结构界面对纳米Ag掺杂BaTiO3@PDA/P(VDF-HFP)复合膜介电和储能性能影响

为改善聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）基复合材料界面相容性,提高其电性能,利用聚多巴胺（PDA）成功包覆了纳米钛酸钡（BaTiO₃）,并引入纳米Ag离子制备出具有核-壳结构的Ag镶嵌BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag颗粒。以介电聚合物聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯（P（VDF-HFP））为基体,采用溶液流延法制备了BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合材料厚膜。利用FTIR和XPS验证了BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合材料结构和形貌,并用宽频介电频谱仪和铁电测试仪分别比较了PDA包覆前后的不同BaTiO₃含量的BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合膜在低电场下的介电性能和高电场下的电极化性能。结果表明,BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag质量分数为20wt%的BaTiO₃@PDA-Ag/P（VDF-HFP）复合膜在10 Hz下介电常数（ε_r）达到了25,介电损耗（tanδ）仅为0.1,在175 M·Vm-1电场下电极化强度（D_m）为6.2 μC·cm-2,200 M·Vm-1时储能密度（U_e）达到了6.9 J·cm-3,高于其它界面未处理复合膜。以上结果可为此类介电复合材料界面结构处理和电性能研究提供参考。      

CdZnTe晶体欧姆接触电极的制备工艺研究

高阻CdZnTe晶体是X射线及γ射线探测最优秀的材料.制备CdZnTe探测器最关键的技术之一就是在CdZnTe表面制备出欧姆接触薄膜电极.关于在CdZnTe晶体表面制备接触电极用导电薄膜,大都是采用蒸发镀膜技术,膜层与CdZnTe晶体结合不很牢固.本论文主要开展了在CdZnTe晶体上欧姆接触电极的选材和制备工艺的研究.理论分析了金属与CdZnTe半导体的接触关系,根据影响因素选择Cu/Ag合金作为电极薄膜材料.利用射频磁控溅射法成功地在CdZnTe晶体上制备出Cu/Ag膜.研究发现Cu/Ag合金膜的电阻率随溅射功率的增大而增大、衬底温度的升高而降低.从理论上对这一规律进行了解释.     

Al/Al2O3多层膜的表面分析与电性能的研究

用热蒸发沉积和自然氧化及加热法制备纳米量级的Al/Al2/O3薄膜和多层膜.本文用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外光电子能谱(UPS)对样品进行价带能谱的检测与分析.获得的Al/Al2/O3多层膜价带的XPS光电子能谱谱形基本相似;通过对Al/Al2O3三层膜在不同极角的UPS谱线的检测,得到其Ei-(k∥i)关系曲线.此外,测定了低温下的I-U特性,发现纳米量级的Al/Al2O3薄膜具有负阻特性.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...