无线传感器网络中节点合作定位研究和仿真

采用最大似然估计(MLE)方法和共轭梯度(CG)算法,通过软件模拟无线传感网络的节点合作定位算法,仿真验证了基于接收信号强度RSS和到达时间TOA测距两种定位方法的有效性,并且研究了盲节点数对网络估计克拉美-罗界(CRB)的影响.仿真结果表明基于以上两种测距方法的节点定位估计方差满足网络估计界CRB,并且随着系统盲节点数的增加,网络估计界CRB会减小,即节点位置的估计也可以更精确.     

一种基于二阶锥规划的新时差定位算法

针对传统时差定位算法在量测噪声较大情况下定位性能不佳的缺点,提出了一种基于二阶锥规划的新时差定位算法.该算法通过凸松弛和引入惩罚项,将难以求解的用户位置最大似然估计问题转换为一个易于求解的二阶锥规划问题,并将松弛问题的最优解作为用户位置的初始估计,利用传统的泰勒级数展开法得到最终定位结果.仿真给出了不同基站数目及量测噪声下算法的定位性能.仿真结果表明,在量测噪声较大的情况下,新算法的定位精度仍可以逼近理论克拉美罗下限,而且算法中惩罚因子的选取范围易于确定.     

基于分簇结构无线传感器网络的高效无源定位方法

针对基于节点通信能力和能量受限的无线传感器网络实现高精度无源定位的问题,首先,在分簇结构网络中,通过折中单个簇的TDOA定位精度和运算复杂度,确定了簇规模;其次,基于直达波环境中TDOA定位误差是按布站GDOP对测量误差放大的原理,提出第一轮定位先使用网内所有节点以RSSI定位方法粗估计目标辐射源位置,并根据各簇在该粗估计位置处的布站GDOP和测量误差估算TDOA定位标准差,第二轮定位选择具有较低TDOA定位估计标准差的部分簇参与TDOA定位,最后将这些簇的TDOA定位结果按估算的定位估计标准差加权平均,求得最终定位解。仿真结果证明该方法有效的去除了冗余节点,实现以半数节点接近使用全部节点的定位精度。      

基于μ+λ进化计算的传感器网络定位算法

基于接受信号强度(RSS)测距的定位方法是无线传感器网络中成本低而普遍使用的方法,但容易受到干扰降低定位精度.本文通过运用贝叶斯法则对RSS信号测距的概率模型进行详尽分析后,依据最大似然估计法则建立了更加合理的概率定位模型,然后针对模型不好求解的特点,结合传感器网络传输特点设计了基于μ+λ进化计算的求解算法.最后通过仿真实验证明了建立的概率定位模型和设计的基于μ+λ进化计算求解算法能降低环境干扰的影响,提高传感器节点的定位精度.     

WSN节点随机运动下的二维测距解析定位

在无线传感器网络节点随机运动的情形下,为适应移动节点所处邻居信标节点数量随时的变化,解决在信标节点稀疏情况下,满足室内环境下高精度测距定位的问题,提出基于次声波和电磁波的非同步TDOA测距解析定位算法。仿真表明,该算法具有较好的鲁棒性,并可实现厘米级定位精度。     

非视距环境下基于二阶锥规划的RSS定位算法

针对无线传感器网络在非视距(NLOS)环境下利用接收信号强度(RSS)定位存在精度不足的问题,提出了一种新的基于二阶锥规划(SOCP)的鲁棒性定位算法。在假定非视距偏差上界的基础上构建了对非视距偏差量具有鲁棒性的定位方程,从而抑制了非视距偏差的干扰;接着利用凸优化技术将鲁棒性的定位问题转化为二阶锥规划问题,达到精确估计的目的,进而提高定位精度;此外,将定位问题推广到未知发射功率的情况,提出了一个迭代SOCP的算法。仿真结果表明,所提出的算法有效地解决了非视距定位中存在的问题,且定位精度要优于以往的牛顿迭代法、UT法以及SOCP法。     

基于无线传感器网络的声目标定位算法研究

在建立声音能量模型基础上实现了基于极大似然估计的声目标定位。由于极大似然估计算法是一个有偏估计,而且容易受到参数扰动的影响,这两个不足影响了其定位精度的稳定性。因此,提出了基于最优化极大似然估计的目标定位算法。仿真实验结果表明,与一些存在的定位算法相比,此算法在传感器节点数目不同时,都能得到更高的定位精度。     

SENMA网络加权质心定位算法

移动代理传感器网络(SENMA)由移动代理节点负责数据处理、接入、转发、传输和路由等工作,更加节能。通过分析指出SENMA网络进行节点定位最适于采用基于距离定位算法,依据网络特点基于接收信号强度指示(RSSI)测距技术较为可行。依据信道RSSI特点,提出了一种加权质心定位算法,并利用Matlab编程进行了仿真验证,证明了其性能优于极大似然估计定位算法,更为适用于SENMA网络。     

基于最小均方误差选择参考节点的RSS测距定位算法

无线传感网中的多类应用均需要准确的定位算法.为了降低定位成本,减少能量消耗,常采用基于接收信号强度RSS(Received Signal Strength)测距,并建立相应的方程,再利用线性最小二乘LLS(Linear Least Squares)法求解节点的位置,将此定位算法记为RSS+LLS算法.RSS+LLS算法随机选择参考节点,这有损定位精度,同时,LLS算法并没有考虑每个测距值的误差,这些不足降低算法的定位性能.为此,提出基于RSS+LLS的优化算法,记为RSS+WLS+OPT算法.该算法先通过RSS测距,并基于最小均方误差原则选择参考节点,从而提高定位精度,同时,给每个测距值引入权重系数,采用基于协方差矩阵的加权最小二乘法WLS(Weighted Least Squares)求解节点位置,进而降低了测量误差对定位精度的影响.仿真结果表明,与RSS+ LLS相比,提出的RSS+WLS+OPT算法的定位精度提高了约2米,并没有增加计算时间,降低对测距误差的敏感性.     

无线传感器网络混合定位技术研究

在大规模复杂无线传感器网络中往往采用多种节点定位技术,在此结合现有无线传感器定位技术的现状,提出了一种混合定位技术以实现不同定位方法之间的互补。一方面利用RSSI定位弥补TDOA定位覆盖范围小的缺点;另一方面将测距信息引入到非测距定位DV—Hop算法中,用RSSI测距模型来提高DV-Hop算法中定位节点与信标节点间有效距离的精度。实验结果表明,该混合定位技术实现了TDOA,RSSI以及DV-HOP等定位技术的融合,有效地提高了复杂大规模无线传感器网络的节点定位精度。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.