基于生物地理学的风光柴储系统优化配置

随着微电网技术的快速发展,可再生能源的运用逐步得到提高。基于生物地理学优化算法,在保证发电出力的基础上,以系统运行总成本最小为目标,对包含风光柴储的孤网运行微电网的经济运行方案进行设计,提出一种混合发电系统孤网经济运行的方法。算例结果表明,该优化方法计算时间较短,容易跳出局部最优,表现了该算法在解决非线性问题上的先进性和适用性。设计方案能充分利用可再生能源,协调分布式电源和储能系统,合理可行,验证了算法的有效性。     

Trends in the development of industrially assimilated renewable energy: the problem of resource restrictions

An analysis of the dynamics of the development of wind and solar energy and potential resource restrictions of the dissemination of these technologies of energy generation associated with intensive use of rare earth metals and some other mineral resources are presented. The technological prospects of various directions of decisions of the problem of resource restrictions, including escalating of volumes of extraction and production of necessary mineral components, creating substitutes of scarce materials and development of recycling are considered. The bottlenecks of each of the above-mentioned decisions were founded. Conclusions are drawn on the prospects of development of the Russian high-tech sectors of the economy in the context of the most probable decisions of the problem of resource restrictions of wind and solar energy. An increase in extraction and production of rare earth metals and some other materials, stimulation of domestic research and development (R&D) to create the permanent magnets of new types and new technologies of wind-powered generation, and reduction of the resource-demand and technology development of recycling the components of power equipment are the most prospective directions of progress. The innovations in these directions will be in demand on the European, Chinese, and North American markets in the near decades due to the end of the life cycle (approximately 30 years) of wind and solar energy projects started at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries (the beginning of exponential growth in plants). The private investors and relevant regional and federal government agencies can use the qualitative characteristics of the dynamics of industrially assimilated renewable energy to choose the most promising investment orientations in energy projects and selection of the most economically sound development methods of energy and related industries.     

Chemical hazards in the semiconductor industry

Chemical hazards in the semiconductor industry are reviewed with regard to occupational health and safety concerns. Exposure potentials are summarized for each step in the development and processing of semiconductor devices. The hazards associated with replacement substitutes for III-V compounds are also presented. Risk assessment of the hazards involved in these processes requires that redundant control technology be employed. Controls in semiconductor research and development are reviewed with emphasis on those processes and equipment most often involved in losses in the semiconductor industry. These include limiting orifices on compressed gas cylinders, a ventilated gas cabinet for storage of compressed gases, dedicated exhaust risers, exhaust flow sensors, multipoint gas monitoring systems, interlocked devices for exhaust and power failure, smoke and fire detection, and fire suppression     

Analysis of the World Experience of Smart Grid Deployment: Economic Effectiveness Issues

Despite the positive dynamics in the growth of RES-based power production in electric power systems of many countries, the further development of commercially mature technologies of wind and solar generation is often constrained by the existing grid infrastructure and conventional energy supply practices. The integration of large wind and solar power plants into a single power grid and the development of microgeneration require the widespread introduction of a new smart grid technology cluster (smart power grids), whose technical advantages over the conventional ones have been fairly well studied, while issues of their economic effectiveness remain open. Estimation and forecasting potential economic effects from the introduction of innovative technologies in the power sector during the stage preceding commercial development is a methodologically difficult task that requires the use of knowledge from different sciences. This paper contains the analysis of smart grid project implementation in Europe and the United States. Interval estimates are obtained for their basic economic parameters. It was revealed that the majority of smart grid implemented projects are not yet commercially effective, since their positive externalities are usually not recognized on the revenue side due to the lack of universal methods for public benefits monetization. The results of the research can be used in modernization and development planning for the existing grid infrastructure both at the federal level and at the level of certain regions and territories.     

Perspectives on High Technologies for Low-Cost Healthcare

The aging population and the increasing number of chronic patients in China call for better healthcare services. On the other hand, healthcare is becoming unaffordable as medical costs have skyrocketed. To ensure that low-cost and qualitative health services are delivered to the whole nation, several schemes should be enforced without delay. These include: 1) introducing preventive healthcare strategies, 2) developing advanced technologies to cut labor and equipment costs, 3) inventing new techniques for more precise diagnosis and targeted therapy, 4) streamlining diagnosis processes, 5) introducing a balanced contribution system from relevant parties, and 6) eliminating unnecessary or duplicating health services. A number of these ideas can be facilitated by introducing a new information system with a four-layered architecture: personal, home, community, and hospital (the PHCH system). Various innovative medical devices and related technologies befitting the needs of each layer have to be developed for this system. Using management of blood pressure (BP) as an example, this article describes how the newly developed technologies in wearable medical devices and body area networks (BANs) can contribute to this new system and substantially reduce future medical costs.     

Technology choice for sustainable development

At the heart of the concept of sustainable development is the concern that human interactions with the environment are becoming, or have already become, impossible to maintain in the long run. Eventually, these interactions could lead to an inability of the global biosphere to provide essential amenities and services for further human development. Thus, sustainable development is first a concern about environmental degradation, at least as understood by most observers in the industrial world. We adopt the Brundtland Report definition of sustainable development, and also recognize that in this terminology, development clearly represents more than material consumption and economic growth. It includes, among other things, education, cultural and social activity, health, justice, peace, and security. One of the critical elements of sustainable development lies in understanding the role that technological innovation plays in this process. Recognizing that technology is a critical ingredient in the sustainable development recipe, we devise an operational knowledge based tool that can help determine which technologies are best suited to the needs of a sustainable society. Our purpose is to present and explore this decision support tool in order to assist researchers and technology policy makers in structuring and making decisions in light of sustainable development goals     

Regulatory and other public policy issues

Regulatory and other public policy issues in the future of biomedical engineering, as they relate to the development and use of medical devices, are discussed. At the federal level, agencies that directly influence the application of medical technology include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), with its clinical trials and premarket and regulatory authority, and the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), with its reimbursement policy. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Department of Commerce can have a considerable impact on corporate profitability, which is a driving force for most new technology and new product introductions. Another area of public policy that has been cited as significantly influencing health care and medical device development, namely, civil litigation, is also considered. To illustrate the issues, the impact of the regulatory environment on the application of computer software to a wide variety of medical products is examined. The humanistic and ethical problems brought about by technological advances are discussed. Ten key technologies that are likely to have the greatest importance in the next few years and ten external influences on the future of the medical device technology industry that have been identified by the Health Industry Manufacturers Association are described.     

Medical and information technologies converge

Information technology offers medical science tools to collect, process, store, and communicate clinical data. Healthcare institutions have adapted standards-based data communication technologies that allow easy implementation of communications infrastructure. As clinical and information technologies have converged, two trends have emerged: the widespread use of commercial off-the-shelf hardware and software and the use of standards-based communication technologies. Technical support for these complex systems requires an integrated, "end-to-end" view and staff who are knowledgeable of both clinical and computer technologies. In this article, examples of new computerized medical devices are discussed as well as the support and support staff implications of the ever-growing influence of IT on clinical systems.     

智能网络中适用的电力电子技术

介绍了智能网络系统中的主要电力电子（PE）应用技术,如：充／放电控制技术和供／用电控制技术．作为适用于智能网络的器件,包括配电用的PE器件,智能功率调节器（PCS）以及新能源组件．并分析了将这些器件应用于富士智能网络系统的情况。     

电网基建项目储备库管理系统设计与应用分析

为提高电力基础设施的建设力度,建设电网基建项目储备库管理系统。利用信息化手段辅助完成对电力公司基建项目储备库的管理,提高基建项目管理的安全性与可靠性,优化电网企业的资源配置,为电网基建项目投资建设提供有效的技术支撑。文章以甘肃省电力公司电网基建项目管理系统为例,阐述电网基建项目管理系统设计与实施的关键技术,分析该系统的主要功能及其实际效益。该系统提高了公司财务集约化管理水平,推动了公司对基建项目管理的全面进步。     

Engineering Design and Social Value

Because of the exponential growth of science and technology, the engineering student cannot hope to take more than a small sub-set of the many engineering courses available to him. The question often arises about the degree to which engineering students should find room in their cramped study schedule for work in the humanities, the social sciences, and other nonengineering topics. The engineer is faced with making value decisions in the realistic practice of his profession. In this paper, it is shown that making value decisions is inherent in the design process itself. It is also shown that the engineer's position in modem society is often at the right hand of major decision makers. Since many engineers are in a position where they cannot avoid sharing responsibility for decisions affecting social, political, and economic change, serious training in these areas appears desirable.     

Early streamer emission lightning protection systems: An overview

Early streamer emission (ESE) lightning protection systems are a relatively new approach to the perennial problem of lightning damage, and these systems may hold promise for a more effective protection against lightning. However, the scientific and technical basis for this improved performance is far from certain and the efficacy of these technologies remains open to question. In this paper we examine the physical basis for ESE devices and identify areas of controversy and gaps in our knowledge of lightning and lightning protection that need to be considered in assessing ESE devices and in their future development     

Economic implications of health care policy for medical technology

The relationship between technology and medical costs in the context of US health-care policy is addressed. It is argued that current policy, particularly in the area of containment, is not directed toward general welfare, of which health is a critical component. The basic cause of this deficiency in policy is that there is no overall guiding principle of economic justice to which policy decisions or initiatives can be attributed. Moreover, the health-care system functions in a market characterized by competitive imperfections, and, despite the constrictions of current cost-containment measures, open-ended financing. One of the consequences of the economic orientation of health policy and actions is that the decisions of health-care providers and administrators reflect the economic rationality implicit in the orientation. It is concluded that in the absence of a redirection of policy toward publicly oriented goals, there is no compelling philosophical reason to expect that those involved in the development, diffusion, and use of technology will act against what they perceive to be their own best economic interests     

平抑风电出力波动储能技术比较及分析

风电出力波动影响到其利用效率及电网安全,若利用储能设备可以减轻风电出力波动的影响。开展不同储能技术的特性和效能研究,目的是找到可用的平抑风电出力波动的设备。收集并研究了现有技术下储能设备的技术参数,并对其接入电网的方式、效能及规模效应等方面进行分析和技术经济对比。经过大量的数据分析,借助其他相关课题的研究成果,发现电网是唯一可聚集巨大调节能力的储能系统,也是目前最有效、最经济的储能系统。最终论证了中国减轻能源行业污染、增强能源安全,应该大规模开发三北的风电,而建设大电网才是我国开发大风电的出路。     

AC to DC power conversion now and in the future

This paper compares the present available converter technologies and provides an assessment of the advantages/disadvantages offered by each technology. The latest advances in high-power semiconductor devices have resulted in the introduction of new concepts for high-power rectifier systems. A comparison of traditional technologies and future technologies is made. The increased use of modern IT technology is also briefly reviewed.     

基于ISM与GSM链接的电力电缆接头温度监测系统

电缆接头是供电网安全运行中的薄弱环节之一,本文以某电力有限公司重点科技计划项目为背景,针对城市电力电缆接头数量大、分布范围广等特点,利用ISM频段的射频无线通讯和GSM网络实现上位机与现场终端装置之间的数据传输,为装备经济、简便易行、稳定可靠地实现高压电缆网前端监控网络的大范围覆盖提供了一种可借鉴方式。     

Current state of nuclear fuel cycles in nuclear engineering and trends in their development according to the environmental safety requirements

The state and trends in the development of nuclear fuel cycles in nuclear engineering, taking into account the ecological aspects of using nuclear power plants, are considered. An analysis of advantages and disadvantages of nuclear engineering, compared with thermal engineering based on organic fuel types, was carried out. Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) reprocessing is an important task in the nuclear industry, since fuel unloaded from modern reactors of any type contains a large amount of radioactive elements that are harmful to the environment. On the other hand, the newly generated isotopes of uranium and plutonium should be reused to fabricate new nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel also includes other types of fission products. Conditions for SNF handling are determined by ecological and economic factors. When choosing a certain handling method, one should assess these factors at all stages of its implementation. There are two main methods of SNF handling: open nuclear fuel cycle, with spent nuclear fuel assemblies (NFAs) that are held in storage facilities with their consequent disposal, and closed nuclear fuel cycle, with separation of uranium and plutonium, their purification from fission products, and use for producing new fuel batches. The development of effective closed fuel cycles using mixed uranium–plutonium fuel can provide a successful development of the nuclear industry only under the conditions of implementation of novel effective technological treatment processes that meet strict requirements of environmental safety and reliability of process equipment being applied. The diversity of technological processes is determined by different types of NFA devices and construction materials being used, as well as by the composition that depends on nuclear fuel components and operational conditions for assemblies in the nuclear power reactor. This work provides an overview of technological processes of SNF treatment and methods of handling of nuclear fuel assemblies. Based on analysis of modern engineering solutions on SNF regeneration, it has been concluded that new reprocessing technologies should meet the ecological safety requirements, provide a more extensive use of the resource base of nuclear engineering, allow the production of valuable and trace elements on an industrial scale, and decrease radioactive waste release.     

Ethical issues of life-sustaining technology

Developments in medical technology have given physicians expanded means to sustain human life. In many instances, life sustaining treatments are administered despite the fact that the patient is unlikely to benefit from the medical intervention. Because of technology favoritism in society, life-sustaining technologies influence the availability, financing, and use of existing technologies. Healthcare organizations are attempting to guide treatment decisions by providing physicians and patients with thorough information about the efficacy of technologies. Programs such as hospice care, advance directives, technology assessment, and outcomes research, are reducing the occurrence of futile care. The paper considers how the development of high-tech, life-sustaining treatments present an ethical dilemma concerning equality of access to medical technologies, ethics of usage, cost and legal issues     

数据保护技术在上海电网调度自动化系统中的应用

从数据保护的角度介绍了多数据源、数据存储备份、服务器容错、数据恢复等数据保护技术,主要阐述了这些技术在上海电网调度自动化系统中的应用,它们为电网调度的数据和系统的高可靠性、可用性提供了有效的技术支持,从而说明信息技术的成熟应用为电网调度的安全经济运行打下了良好的基础。