Cognitive Load Theory and Library Research Guides

Online library research guides are instructional tools that most libraries provide for their patrons. With greater flexibility in Web programming and new products like Springshare's Libguides, librarians have multiple venues for guide creation. This paper seeks to assist research guide editors in assessing their guides based on cognitive load theory. This theory is based on the idea that cognitive capacity for learning is limited and that techniques can be developed to help learners avoid cognitive overload. Addressing the three main sources of cognitive load gives librarians a framework in which to create meaningful and useful research guides.     

基于认知负荷理论的多媒体课件设计研究

多媒体课件的信息加工主要包括信息的选择、组织和整合策略,它直接影响学习者对学习内容的选择、组织和整合。目前高校的多媒体课件比较注重体现多媒体技术形象直观、信息量大、效率高等特点,却往往忽视过量信息加工和学习者认知资源有限之间的矛盾。依据认知负荷理论,合理设计多媒体课件中文字、图片、声音、动画和视频等的呈现方式,可以降低认知负荷,最大限度提高学习者的信息加工水平,以达到提高教学效果的目的,同时对指导当前多媒体辅助教学实践也有重大意义。     

Learning Virtual Community Loyalty Behavior From a Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory

Drawing upon social cognitive theory (SCT), this research postulates several personal and environmental factors as key drivers of virtual community loyalty behavior in online settings. An empirical testing of this model, by investigating undergraduate students' participation in communities of online games, reveals the applicability of SCT in virtual communities. The study's test results show that the influences of both affective commitment and social norms on community loyalty behavior are significant, whereas the influences of both exchange ideology and social support on community loyalty behavior are insignificant. This research contributes to the online community literature by assessing critical antecedent factors to the unexplored area of community loyalty behavior, by validating idiosyncratic drivers of community loyalty behavior and by performing an operationalization of affective commitment and social norms in a virtual world. Last, managerial implications and limitations of this research are provided.     

Using Task-Induced Pupil Diameter and Blink Rate to Infer Cognitive Load

Minimizing user cognitive load is suggested as an integral part of human-centered design, where a more intuitive, easy to learn, and adaptive interface is desired. In this context, it is difficult to develop optimal strategies to improve the design without first knowing how user cognitive load fluctuates during interaction. In this study, we investigate how cognitive load measurement is affected by different task types from the perspective of the load theory of attention, using pupil diameter and blink measures. We induced five levels of cognitive load during low and high perceptual load tasks and found that although pupil diameter showed significant effects on cognitive load when the perceptual load was low, neither blink rate nor pupil diameter showed significant effects on cognitive load when the perceptual load was high. The results indicate that pupil diameter can index cognitive load only in the situation of low perceptual load and are the first to provide empirical support for the cognitive control aspect of the load theory of attention, in the context of cognitive load measurement. Meanwhile, blink is a better indicator of perceptual load than cognitive load. This study also implies that perceptual load should be considered in cognitive load measurement using pupil diameter and blink measures. Automatic detection of the type and level of load in this manner helps pave the way for better reasoning about user internal processes for human-centered interface design.     

Trainee teachers’ mental effort in learning spreadsheet through self-instructional module based on Cognitive Load Theory

A printed module should consist of media elements, namely text and pictures, which are self-instructional and could cater to the needs of the user. However, the typical platform of such visualization frequently overloads the limited working memory causing split attention and redundancy effects. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a printed self-instructional module based on Cognitive Load Theory in learning. Media elements are presented with minimal cognitive demands with an action- and task-oriented approach. Utilizing a modified Solomon Group design on 113 trainee teachers selected using purposive sampling, the effectiveness of the developed module was compared to the conventional module. Independent sample t-tests conducted to compare the time of completion in performance between the Control Group working on the conventional module and Group 2 working on the developed module show significant statistical differences in pre- and post-activities. Group 2 reported lower cognitive load scores on the rating scale and graphical plots using computational approach showed higher instructional efficiency. Thus, results show that trainees working on the developed printed module were able to perform faster and better with lower mental effort and had higher performance.     

多机器人协同吊运系统的协调动态载荷分配

针对多机器人共同吊运同一个物体形成闭运动链的协调系统,利用用牛顿-欧拉法建立了系统的广义动力学方程.研究了多机器人协调吊运系统动态载荷的一种实时性分配方法.根据各机器人的承载力,用线性加权方法使被吊运物质心处的内力有限并获得了系统的载荷分配原则.随后根据被吊运物的期望运动,给出了系统动态载荷分配的解析表达式,并进而可计算得到各机器人的期望工作载荷.最后,采用ABB工业机器人搭建吊运平台,实验验证所获得的载荷分配方法.研究结果为进一步研究多移动机器人协调吊运系统的载荷分配问题打下基础.     

From Predefined Consistency to User-Centered Emergent Consistency in Real-Time Collaborative Editing Systems

In this paper, we introduce a basic conceptual model of real-time collaborative editing systems which differentiates the coordination aspect of actions (which do not exist in single-user systems) from the application-dependent semantic aspect of actions (i.e., those actions that happen in single-user systems). Based on this model, a new taxonomy is provided to analyze the existing consistency-maintenance mechanisms and highlight potential new mechanisms. Furthermore, a new user-centered consistency model is proposed, which focuses on dynamic consistency that is negotiable among end users rather than static consistency that is automatically determined by the system. In the mean time, some challenging research issues in real-time collaborative editing systems are outlined     

基于自适应中继的认知协作网络功率分配

在中继系统中基于译码转发(DF)的功率分配算法会由于译码错误造成误差变大,而基于放大转发(AF)的功率分配算法会引起噪声放大。针对上述问题,提出一种基于自适应中继的多载波正交频分复用认知协作功率分配算法。根据传输信号的信噪比自适应选择合适的转发算法分配功率,保证主要用户的干扰温度保持在合理限度内,并最大化系统的信道容量。仿真结果表明,与DF算法、AF算法相比,该自适应算法在低信噪比区域与高信噪比区域均能获得较高的信道容量。     

衰落环境中认知无线电分布式合作频谱检测

为了有效提高认知无线电中频谱检测性能是认知无线电技术的关键一步,构建了认知网络中主用户和一组次用户之间的频谱检测模型,提出了OR/AND两种检测融合准则,并对两种检测融合准则下的检测概率进行了比较。基于准则,进一步具体研究了Rayleigh衰落环境中,针对信噪比(SNR)变化,分布式合作节点数量变化等不同系统参数对提高频谱检测性能的影响。给出了Rayleigh衰落环境下,各参数影响接收机工作特征(ROC)和整体检测性能的仿真分析。结果表明:一定数量的节点可有效抵消衰落对ROC性能造成的影响,使其在低SNR条件下仍获得较高的检测概率。     

Computational Reconstruction of Cognitive Music Theory

In order to obtain a computer-tractable model of music, we first discuss what conditions the music theory should satisfy from the various viewpoints of artificial intelligence and/or other computational notions. Then, we look back on the history of cognitive theory of music, i.e., various attempts to represent our mental understandings and to show music structures. Among which, we especially pay attention to the Generative Theory of Tonal Music (GTTM) by Lehrdahl and Jackendoff, as the most promising candidate of cognitive/computational theory of music. We briefly overview the theory as well as its inherent problems, including the ambiguity of its preference rules. By our recent efforts, we have solved this ambiguity problem by assigning parametrized weights, and thus we could implement an automatic tree analyzer. After we introduce the system architecture, we show our application systems.     

浅析中国历史性建筑保护与规划

本文通过简要回顾我国历史性建筑保护发展历程,阐述历史性建筑保护的意义,并通过分析目前中国历史性建筑保护规划存在的不足,认真面对社会现代化发展所带来的不利影响,积极寻求建立新型工作制度和体系地思路与方法。     

风水学的科学认知

传统的风水学是中国古代建筑选址,规划,设计的重要理论,这种古老学说虽充满着神秘色彩,但它具有中国古代美学、心理学、地质、地理、生态、景观等诸方面丰富的内涵,并包含着人如何顺应自然的大量论述。今天以科学的态度深入探索它,对阐明中国传统建筑理论会有所裨益。     

计算机支持的远程协作学习的理论、环境及技术

远程教育若想持续发展和生存 ,其关键是解决好教学的规模和质量问题 .目前的远程教学中主要依赖的信息共享 ,个体学习 ,有限交互的模式已经不能满足学习者对学习质量越来越高的期望 .本文认为 ,导致学习效果不佳的原因是由于网络环境下学习者之间相互隔离 ,缺少课堂学习的互动互助效果 .因此在远程学习系统中提供多种方式的交互手段 ,促进协作学习 ,是提高学习质量的有效途径 .为此 ,本文讨论了计算机支持的远程协作学习中有关的理论和环境要求 ,提出了基于信息资源重构 ,可操作浏览器以及 XML 统一数据类型协议等技术的解决方案     

网络化产品协同设计的理论与实践

网络化产品协同设计是实施先进制造的重要支撑技术,该文在分析其研究现状和特点的基础上,提出了基于中介代理的联邦式协同机制和基于约束松弛的协同递归式设计模式,为分布式协同设计的有效运作和基于知识的协同求解提供了一种理论依据。设计并开发了相应的网络化协同设计支持系统——CoDesignSpace,给出了系统的体系结构和实施方法。     

应用混沌理论的电力系统短期负荷预测

应用混沌方法对电力系统历史负荷时间序列进行数理统计处理，并将这种混沌特性应用于知期负荷预测。不直接考虑气候等随机因素，只要根据过去负荷时间序列及计算所得的Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数规律，就可得到较高的预测精度。对东北电网实际负荷时间序列进行预测，取得满意的结果。     

Cognitive dynamics of norm compliance. From norm adoption to flexible automated conformity

In this paper, an integrated, cognitive view of different mechanisms, reasons and pathways to norm compliance is presented. After a short introduction, theories of norm compliance are reviewed, and found to group in four main typologies: the rational choice model of norm compliance; theories based on conditional preferences to conformity, theories of thoughtless conformity, and theories of norm internalization. In the third section of the paper, the normative architecture EMIL-A is presented. Previous work discussed the epistemic module of this normative architecture, allowing for the generation of normative beliefs being formed. The fourth and fifth sections present the pragmatic modules of EMIL-A, i.e. norm adoption??leading to normative goals??and norm compliance??leading to their execution. Not only are several alternative reasons for norm adoption shown, but also several pathways to norm compliance are identified. Finally, a summary and ideas for future works conclude the paper.     

认知无线网络非理想协作频谱感知节能策略

认知无线网络中非理想协作频谱感知的感知用户数或设备增多会导致系统能耗增大。针对该问题,建立系统优化模型,推导认知传输的感知时间及认知发射机传输功率与系统能效的关系。由于感知时间和传输功率的联合优化问题很难直接解决,因此将其分解为2个子问题分别求解,并基于此提出一种联合优化算法。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效提高认知无线网络中的能效,达到节能优化的目的。