Regional price levels and the agglomeration wage differential in western Germany

We analyse whether wage differences between cities and rural areas in western Germany are due to unobserved differences in regional price levels. Since regional prices are available for only 10% of the regions we use multiple imputation to generate prices for all regions. Our results show that the nominal agglomeration wage differential is 25%, whereas the real differential is 19%. If we control for the composition of the labour force and jobs, the real wage differential is 4%. If we additionally control for differences in regional building land prices the agglomeration wage differential vanishes.     

乡村振兴视角下欠发达地区宅基地管理改革研究——以重庆为例

实施乡村振兴战略是解决我国当前社会主要矛盾的重要举措。进行宅基地制度改革，盘活农村存量建设用地尤其是宅基地，保障乡村振兴的用地问题，是实施乡村振兴战略、增加农民收益的重要环节。欠发达地区是当前乡村振兴的重点和难点地区。文章选择重庆这一欠发达地区作为研究区域，分析不同的宅基地改革模式，提出了针对现有乡村建设用地进行改革的可能方式，探索解决中国乡村振兴的主要制约因素之一——农村土地利用问题。     

农民宅基地置换小区户型比例需求的定量方法

随着经济社会的飞速发展，城市发展与土地、城乡之间的矛盾日益严重，城乡统筹中宅基地置换成为解决问题的关键之一。针对目前大量宅基地置换未能全面体现农民需求、缺乏定量决策技术等问题，该文在界定农民宅基地、宅基地置换小区概念的基础上，深入探讨了宅基地置换小区户型比例需求确定的特殊性，并从人的需求角度出发，结合实践，运用了统计学的聚类分析、曲线拟合方法研究了宅基地置换小区基本户型类型、基本户型比例需求的定量方法。该技术在上海青村镇宅基地置换项目中的应用取得了良好的实施效果。     

农村土地调查数据库的建立和土地利用分析——以怀仁县第二次农村土地调查为例

以山西省朔州市怀仁县第二次土地调查为例，对农村土地利用数据进行分层结构设计，利用GIS技术进行数据采集和处理，建立了怀仁县农村土地调查数据库。基于该土地调查数据库，对怀仁县农村土地利用现状数据进行分类汇总和统计，分析怀仁县的农村土地利用结构，并通过面积汇总，比较近年来怀仁县的土地利用变化情况，对耕地、林地等各类土地的数量与变化状况进行了综合分析。     

Improving rural labourers' status in China's construction industry

The state of human resources in China's construction industry presents significant problems for the national economy and for the efficiency of the construction industry. This paper considers policy and practical questions for improving the quality and efficiency of the large rural workforce in construction. Labourers from rural areas form 90% of the national workforce, yet 90% of them lack any formal job training. The existing problems besetting labourers from rural areas include low-quality outputs, low wages, poor living and working conditions, and high mobility. The proposed remedy needs to include: training provisions for labourers from rural areas to improve their working skills and overall quality; creating organized labour to increase the stability of the workforce; creating a proper labour-cost system; and developing a more complete labour market. Some privately owned Chinese construction companies are setting an example of innovative leadership in improving training and working conditions for labourers from rural areas and consequently are benefiting from increased profits.     

Improving rural labourers' status in China's construction industry

The state of human resources in China's construction industry presents significant problems for the national economy and for the efficiency of the construction industry. This paper considers policy and practical questions for improving the quality and efficiency of the large rural workforce in construction. Labourers from rural areas form 90% of the national workforce, yet 90% of them lack any formal job training. The existing problems besetting labourers from rural areas include low-quality outputs, low wages, poor living and working conditions, and high mobility. The proposed remedy needs to include: training provisions for labourers from rural areas to improve their working skills and overall quality; creating organized labour to increase the stability of the workforce; creating a proper labour-cost system; and developing a more complete labour market. Some privately owned Chinese construction companies are setting an example of innovative leadership in improving training and working conditions for labourers from rural areas and consequently are benefiting from increased profits.     

河北省农村民居现状调查

河北农民在物质生活和精神生活上的追求越来越趋向城市,农村住宅呈城市化发展的趋势。然而,由于河北农村住宅大多由农民自己动手建设,缺少技术指导和整体规划,因而出现了诸如华而不实、功能不全、土地浪费以及式样单调、缺乏特色等问题。文章通过揭示河北省农村民居在环境、建设、基础设施以及资金等方面存在的问题,提出了推进新民居建设,改善农村居住条件的具体措施。     

人口、耕地与传统农村聚落自组织——以川西平原林盘聚落体系(1644-1911)为例

在传统农耕社会中,农耕经济是农村聚落存在、发展的经济基础,人口与耕地是农耕经济的核心组成要素.农村聚落是农村社会中人口与耕地的结合点所在,人口与耕地关系的变动影响着农村聚落的生成与演化.从川西平原人口与耕地关系的变动情况(1644-1911)入手,分析林盘聚落体系恢复、繁衍及稳定的演化过程,并揭示其以农业生产力的有效配置为中心的自组织特征,为川西新农村建设提供历史借鉴.     

美国油气行业国家温室气体清单和报送体系

为探究县域城镇在发展过程中土地利用及其生态风险变化情况,将高原坝区城市姚安县作为研究对象,选取2012年和2019年土地利用变更数据,运用土地利用动态度、转移矩阵、生态风险评价模型等方法,结合ArcGIS 10.2及Fragstats 4.2软件,对研究区进行了土地利用变化特征分析及生态风险评价。结果表明:2012~2019年间,各土地利用类型之间转移态势显著增强,林地类型变化量最大,以转入转移模式为主,转入量主要来自草地和耕地;建设用地则是通过侵占耕地进行扩张,其他地类也发生了不同程度的变化。从生态风险评价及风险区分布方面来看,2012年~2019年姚安县整体生态风险空间分异显著,低生态风险区面积不断增加且逐渐向周边乡镇蔓延,中高生态风险区则不断向中部地区集中。     

我国城市化道路回顾与前瞻

中国城市化是从新中国成立以后开始的,它虽具有世界城市化的共有规律性,但更具有自己的特殊性。它关注城乡矛盾关系,长期受农业、农村、农民问题的困扰,一直在探寻城乡协调统筹之路。在经过前30年的反复折腾后,终于在改革开放的后30年中摸索到农民比较认可、城市政府支持的城市化之路。特别是包产地和宅基地的农民家庭拥有和城市政府的土地财政。城市化突飞猛进。未来30年将可基本实现城市化。但要居安思危。继续调整进城农民工合理权益。利用城中村宅基地及村集体土地,解决农民工租住的保障房。     

宅基地审批管理中的权利(力)冲突与权利失配——土地发展权配置视角的研究

新增宅基地审批管理是赋予农民将其他类型土地转变为农村住宅用地的权利,其实质是对特定类型土地发展权的配置。由于宅基地承担一定的社会保障功能,宅基地发展权的配置既有行使公权力以维护公共利益的性质,又有保障和落实农民基本权利的要求。其特殊属性形成宅基地发展权配置过程中公权力行使与农民私权利保障之间的冲突,以及发展权空间配置要求与农民对土地的现状权属分布不相匹配的矛盾。权利(力)冲突状况下,政府与农民的利益博弈造成农民权益受损与土地低效利用问题并存的现实,而空间规划编制和实施过程中未能有效化解权利空间失配的矛盾使得规划失去实际指导作用,影响到宅基地空间布局优化目标的实现。因而,如何解决权利(力)冲突问题和化解权利空间失配的矛盾是破解目前宅基地审批管理困境的关键问题。     

Land use/cover dynamics and their effects in the Gerado catchment,northeastern Ethiopia

This paper analyses the land use/cover dynamics of land degradation through the interpretation of aerial photographs (1958 and 1980) and 2006 SPOT-5 satellite image of the Gerado catchment. Other, non-visual data were gathered from personal interview and focus group discussions conducted in 2010 and 2011 with local elders, farmers and development (agricultural extension) agents. The results identified the presence of cultivated and rural settlement land, shrubland, woodland, bare land, grassland, urban built up area and forest. Throughout the period 1958–2006, urban built-up area, forest and cultivated and rural settlement land expanded at an average rate of 6.85%, 1.85% and 0.14% per year at the expense of shrub, wood and grasslands, which declined by 0.77%, 0.21%, 0.65% per year, respectively. The land use/cover dynamics of 1958–2006 resulted in the reduction/loss of biodiversity, occurrence of high soil erosion and ramification of gullies. The triggers for these changes were population growth, land cultivation, expansion of farmland, inappropriate land management, civil war and fuel wood demand. These led to further land degradation and more food insecurity among many farming households. Land resources have to be used according to their suitability. Thus, the exposed and steep mountains of the area have to be protected from cultivation and should be re-afforested. The paper discusses other implications for management and policy formulation also.     

由单一走向多样：平原农业区生物多样性 保护的规划途径——以辽宁省黑山县为例

平原农业区的生产和土地利用方式严重影响区域的生物多样性,利用融合多学科的景观空间规划构建有效的评价方法和格局优化模式以实现多样化的生境保护和恢复,提升生物多样性具有重要的作用。以辽宁省黑山县为例,首先梳理了平原农业区对于生物多样性威胁的机制和研究的框架;其次识别平原农业区的特殊生境类型,使用景观格局指数和In VEST模型的生境质量评价构建多尺度生境质量评价机制;同时使用基于图论和电路理论的LinkageMapper软件,识别和分级空间中的重要生态源地、潜在廊道及廊道上的关键夹点区域。结果显示,农业景观中空间异质性和连接性影响生物多样性;研究区有主要生境23类,整体生境质量较差,农田面积较大是造成该问题的主要原因;识别出核心斑块33个,重要廊道34条,通过与卫星图比照,廊道位置与线性生境重合;关键夹点区域位于靠近农村居民点的自然生境上,故营造人类干扰与生态平衡农村居住区是空间规划的重点;同时根据以上研究提出了多尺度的空间规划途径,为平原农业区生境优化和生物多样性保护提供了一定的理论参考。     

厦门海沧钟山村城市化进程中的创新性探索

农村城市化解决了现有城市扩张过程中对城市建设用地的迫切需求,为城区的快速发展提供了广阔空间。但是,农村城市化工程的实施,不可避免地带来了大量农民的土地被征用,如何才能使农民失地不失收成为了一个新的课题。厦门市海沧区政府坚持以人为本和可持续发展,充分考虑农民的权利,在钟山村的开发改造中,不仅改善了人居环境,还解决了被征地农民的生产、生活问题,实现了城市和农村的"双赢",符合"科学发展观"的要求,其实践探索具有创新意义。     

Introducing a method of human health risk evaluation for planning and soil quality management of heavy metal-polluted soils—An example from Grugliasco (Italy)

European governmental institutions, as well as local communities, have recently become aware of the threats arising from soil pollution for the welfare of the population. Humans contact with soils is more likely in urban than in rural areas, and is strongly dependent on land use. Spatial planning and land management may have important impacts on the potential transfer of pollutants from contaminated soils to humans. In the present study, we propose a land use-based method for the evaluation of human health risks arising from heavy metal-contaminated urban soils, addressing in particular the influence of planning measures and land use changes on such risks. The method accounts for the role of the bioavailability of soil metals as a key factor in health risk assessment. In order to increase method applicability, a step-by-step procedure and a calculation tool were elaborated. The method can be used to identify areas in which the current or planned land use is associated with unacceptable health risks and to optimise the allocation of a certain land use to areas that are well suited and where the risks are minimal. A risk index is calculated for the area, taking the land use into consideration, as the sum of the risks from different exposure pathways and different heavy metals. For those areas where risk is identified as unacceptable, alternative planning or management options should be defined to achieve a maximal risk reduction in a cost-effective way. The method is illustrated using the Italian municipality, Grugliasco.     

Introducing a method of human health risk evaluation for planning and soil quality management of heavy metal-polluted soils—An example from Grugliasco (Italy)

European governmental institutions, as well as local communities, have recently become aware of the threats arising from soil pollution for the welfare of the population. Humans contact with soils is more likely in urban than in rural areas, and is strongly dependent on land use. Spatial planning and land management may have important impacts on the potential transfer of pollutants from contaminated soils to humans. In the present study, we propose a land use-based method for the evaluation of human health risks arising from heavy metal-contaminated urban soils, addressing in particular the influence of planning measures and land use changes on such risks. The method accounts for the role of the bioavailability of soil metals as a key factor in health risk assessment. In order to increase method applicability, a step-by-step procedure and a calculation tool were elaborated. The method can be used to identify areas in which the current or planned land use is associated with unacceptable health risks and to optimise the allocation of a certain land use to areas that are well suited and where the risks are minimal. A risk index is calculated for the area, taking the land use into consideration, as the sum of the risks from different exposure pathways and different heavy metals. For those areas where risk is identified as unacceptable, alternative planning or management options should be defined to achieve a maximal risk reduction in a cost-effective way. The method is illustrated using the Italian municipality, Grugliasco.     

哈尔滨市城乡土地优化利用规划研究

以哈尔滨市为例,针对城乡土地利用存在的土地供需矛盾突出、公共空间缺乏、乡村建设用地利用效率低等问题,提出坚持科学发展观,优化土地利用的有效途径,加强城乡统筹,优化土地利用格局;突出以人为本,创造宜居生活空间;坚持可持续发展,集约高效利用城市土地。     

一种道路参数化快速建模技术与应用

介绍一种在高精度三维地形模型的基础上对道路设计方案快速集成和实时模拟的方法。基于道路设计领域知识,设计道路空间-语义一体化的信息模型,实现道路设计成果的快速整合;基于参数化设计技术和断面拉伸建模技术实现道路三维模型的快速构建。在此基础上开展路基土石方计算、征地统计和辅助规划管理等工作,为道路方案的可视化展现、辅助分析决策和提升设计效率、加强方案科学性等提供了一种技术手段。     

县域城乡建设用地平衡的约束关系研究——以浙江省常山县为例

以浙江省最新开展的县域总体规划与土地利用总体规划的"两规"衔接为研究背景,在县域城乡建设用地总量确定的前提下,通过县域城市化水平控制,构建县城、建制镇、农居点和独立工矿用地四大用地主体的内在关系,将所有的人口用地指标置于刚性与弹性相结合的整体框架下进行平衡,以统筹考虑城乡整体利益为出发点,分配有限的人口和用地,满足局部利益的有限诉求,防止各种层次和类型的规划之间互相"打架"和"扯皮"现象的发生,实现规划"一张图"、建设"一盘棋"、管理"一张网"的局面。     

农地制度变革与乡村集中居住模式演进——以苏南为例

农地制度变革通过重构土地产权、改进土地资源配置效率和调整土地增值收益分配,对乡村集中居住模式演进产生深远影响。基于乡村集中居住模式演进的农地制度分析框架,以苏南为例,系统地剖析了苏南乡村集中居住模式演进的土地制度作用机理。研究发现,改革开放以来,伴随农地制度由"放权让利"向"限权争利"再向"还权赋能"的变革,苏南乡村集居模式先后经历了由村社主导土地资本化下的村内集居、政府主导土地资本化下的城郊集居向宅基地置换下的跨村集居的演进路径。最后,基于农地制度改革,对乡村集中社区建设的机制改进、美丽乡村建设进行了进一步思考。