Massive versus lightweight construction in residential building

Masonry as the primary form of construction is currently the most economic option for the building of multi‐storey apartment blocks in Germany in order to provide affordable housing. It can however also be stated that there is definitely further rationalisation potential in masonry construction, in contrast to lightweight construction. In comparison to masonry construction, lightweight building methods show no apparent economic advantages, the ecological balance is objectively equivalent and the fire protection and sound insulation properties have to be provided technically and constructively at high cost in order to comply with the same requirements. Under consideration of a realistic and objective assessment, there is therefore no reason to promote the use of lightweight building methods, such as timber‐frame, from their current status as niche products, especially for residential building.     

Standardised building in housing construction and economical construction methods

Building prices and construction costs for housing construction in Germany are growing dynamically. The main cost drivers are still legal, normative and other regulations that are generally drawn up at federal level. However, the trend in building prices also shows that intense building activity is also affecting prices. This trend is also complex: the trend in the groups of trades concerned with carcass work can be categorised between the rate of inflation and increased building prices. The price trend in the whole of technical completion, on the other hand, is disproportionate, and it is these completion trades (heating, ventilation, sanitation and electrical) that are actually driving construction costs. Building materials for primary construction of our residential buildings are also developing at different rates. Masonry falls within the sphere of the general growth rate of prices, while reinforced concrete and wood are much higher. This overall trend shows the finiteness of supposedly simple solutions for accelerating the rate of construction in housing construction. Serial building can only offer a niche solution. Far more intelligent is the use of standardised construction, i.e. repetition of ideal ground plans, development types and standardised buildings that can be adapted to the conditions at each site. Furthermore, it is clear that the use of masonry construction in a multi‐floor residential building is still the most economical type of building to construct in Germany.     

Masonry and residential building in Germany: Status 2019 and forecast for 2021

About 80 % of all products of the masonry industry in Germany are used for new residential building. If products for the refurbishment of masonry buildings are added to this, then over 85 % of all masonry products are used in residential building. Regarding residential building activity, it can be stated that about 73 % of all residential buildings in Germany are of predominantly masonry construction, with a slightly increasing tendency. Table 1 shows the development of market shares of the various construction methods reinforced concrete, masonry and timber over the years 2012 to 2017.     

Light,the universe and everything – 12 Herculean tasks for quantum cowboys and black diamond skiers

Abstract

The Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics (PQE) has been a seminal force in quantum optics and related areas since 1971. It is rather mind-boggling to recognize how the concepts presented at these conferences have transformed scientific understanding and human society. In January 2017, the participants of PQE were asked to consider the equally important prospects for the future, and to formulate a set of questions representing some of the greatest aspirations in this broad field. The result is this multi-authored paper, in which many of the world’s leading experts address the following fundamental questions: (1) What is the future of gravitational wave astronomy? (2) Are there new quantum phases of matter away from equilibrium that can be found and exploited – such as the time crystal? (3) Quantum theory in uncharted territory: What can we learn? (4) What are the ultimate limits for laser photon energies? (5) What are the ultimate limits to temporal, spatial and optical resolution? (6) What novel roles will atoms play in technology? (7) What applications lie ahead for nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond? (8) What is the future of quantum coherence, squeezing and entanglement for enhanced super-resolution and sensing? (9) How can we solve (some of) humanity’s biggest problems through new quantum technologies? (10) What new understanding of materials and biological molecules will result from their dynamical characterization with free-electron lasers? (11) What new technologies and fundamental discoveries might quantum optics achieve by the end of this century? (12) What novel topological structures can be created and employed in quantum optics?     

In Vivo Studies of Nanostructure‐Based Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

Animal models, particularly rodents, are major translational models for evaluating novel anticancer therapeutics. In this review, different types of nanostructure‐based photosensitizers that have advanced into the in vivo evaluation stage for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer are described. This article focuses on the in vivo efficacies of the nanostructures as delivery agents and as energy transducers for photosensitizers in animal models. These materials are useful in overcoming solubility issues, lack of tumor specificity, and access to tumors deep in healthy tissue. At the end of this article, the opportunities made possible by these multiplexed nanostructure‐based systems are summarized, as well as the considerable challenges associated with obtaining regulatory approval for such materials. The following questions are also addressed: (1) Is there a pressing demand for more nanoparticle materials? (2) What is the prognosis for regulatory approval of nanoparticles to be used in the clinic?     

节能生态型蒸发冷却——辐射空调系统在住宅建筑应用探讨

为了全面贯彻国家关于降低住宅建筑使用过程中的能源消耗,提高能源利用效率方面的政策,国家鼓励在新建建筑和既有建筑节能改造中采用可再生能源。因此,大力推广使用蒸发冷却-辐射空调系统可满足节能、环保的要求。同时采用辐射空调与置换通风相结合系统满足人体舒适性要求。分析了蒸发冷却,辐射空调,置换通风综合利用在住宅建筑中的优点。     

兴建年产一千吨电子级多晶硅工厂的思考

文章简要评述了世界以及中国的电子级多晶硅的生产能力和市场需求。在2000年和2010年中国对多晶硅的需求分别是736t/a和1304t/a。但近几年中国的多晶硅生产仅达到80t/a,所以在中国建设一座年产1000t电子级多晶硅的工厂是很合理的。然而由最新统计数据可知,自1997年以来,世界多晶硅生产能力连年均超过市场需求,而且在最近的将来,这一趋势将会继续。为了占领国内多晶硅市场,未来的多晶硅工厂将面临挑战,产品质量和生产成本是应当考虑的最重要指标。为了占领国内市场,在保证多晶硅产品纯度的前提下,生产成本只能略微超过20美元/kg。     

The Internet rules of engagement: then and now

Imagine that we had carefully established the rules of engagement for the Internet in its earliest days around the time of its birth in 1969. What would those rules have contained? What, indeed, were the underlying principles and policies that we actually documented, said, understood, implied, and instilled back then? What, if any, additional elements should have been included, given the benefit of the hindsight? How has the impact of the Internet on society been influenced by the rules of engagement, and in what ways do they need changing at this point?     

我国农村典型砖砌体墙片拟静力试验研究

农村房屋抗震是我国防震减灾工作的重要内容。砖砌体结构作为农村房屋的主要结构形式,如何提高其抗震能力具有重要研究意义。为研究砂浆强度、构造措施和窗洞口对砖砌体抗震性能的影响,该文首先对农村砖砌体房屋常用的几种砂浆和砖砌体进行了抗压强度试验,得到了相应材料及构件的强度参数;然后对不同砂浆强度、不同构造措施和开洞的12个墙片进行了拟静力试验,对比分析了不同因素对墙体力学性能影响。试验结果表明,砂浆强度影响最大,构造措施和开洞影响次之。最后依据试验分析结果为我国农居防震减灾工作提出建议。该文相关研究可为农居的抗震设防、标准制定以及施工提供参考。     

Environmental sustainability assessment of single-family modular homes using performance benchmarks of conventional homes: case studies in British Columbia,Canada

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - Modular construction has become exceedingly relevant against the current scenario of increasing housing demand and can respond to this need in Canada...     

几种特殊土地基的工程特性及地基处理

城市化和工业化进程的快速发展,使得土木工程向各种复杂地基条件的区域发展,特殊土地基的工程特性引起工程师的重视。总结了湿陷性黄土、液化土、盐渍土等几种山西地区常见的特殊土的重要工程性质,提出了相应的地基处理方法以及工程注意事项;最后针对山西采煤大省的特点,对老采空区上建(构)筑物基础的稳定性评价、勘察技术及处治技术进行了论述。     

信息时代背景下室内居住空间形态营造研究

目的探寻信息时代室内空间形态的营造方法,为未来居住空间设计提供新的设计方向。方法以具体案例剖析信息时代生活方式的改变对居住空间形态的影响,分析居住空间形态营造的特征、趋势。结论空间变化性、深度个性化、技术艺术融合性是信息时代室内居住空间形态的重要特征,室内形态营造手法必须以此为基础,形成信息时代室内居住空间设计新手段,为未来居住空间设计提供新思路。     

Bibliometric analysis - A new business area for information professionals in libraries?

Supplying library users with literature by a seamless linking of media is the goal of (scientific) libraries. By the digitization of primary and secondary data and the convergence of products and providers, libraries have already come very close to achieving this ideal. A digital library is the realization of this goal. However, many librarians are in danger of running out of imagination. What will come after the digital library? Will information professionals still be needed? What services can libraries offer? Bibliometric analysis is an example of new business areas in libraries. This paper will discuss what shape this service could take in practice, who needs it and what target groups exist in the scientific environment. Concrete examples of bibliometric analysis from the Central Library of Research Centre Jülich will round off the overview.     

新建住宅的结露危害及防治

久不居住的新建住宅墙体出现大量的霉斑，地板起鼓发霉等现象。通过理论分析和定量计算，阐述了建筑结露的原因和对房屋造成的危害，并提出了预防和治理措施。     

Optimizing residential density based on water–energy–carbon nexus using UTilités Additives (UTA) method

High-density housing is primarily constructed to decrease per capita civil infrastructure and land resource. Multi-family residences are preferred to single-family residences for neighbourhood densification changing per capita landscaping, affecting residential water and energy demand. These alterations also affect energy-associated carbon emissions and landscaping-associated carbon sequestration, revealing the existence of the water–energy–carbon (WEC) nexus. This study has developed a holistic framework for optimal residential density based on WEC nexus. The conflicting criteria water footprint, energy use, net carbon emissions, life cycle cost, aesthetic value, and government priority, associated with the WEC nexus in various densities, were evaluated using the UTilités Additives method. The developed framework was applied to a planned neighbourhood in the Okanagan Valley (British Columbia, Canada) by preparing 11 alternative designs with different residential densities. Neighbourhood scenarios with different criteria weights were studied. Results show that per capita water footprint, energy use, net carbon emissions, and life cycle cost have a power relationship with net residential density despite a linear relationship between population and net residential density. The estimated optimal net residential density is approximately 260 persons/ha for most of the scenarios. The findings present the benefits of building medium- to high-density housing to achieve an optimal WEC nexus.     

Affordable housing and clean technology transfer in construction firms in Brazil

The affordable housing deficit in Brazil is 5.6 million homes. The Main Brazilian housing government program was called “Minha Casa, Minha Vida” from 2009 to 2020. It had little progress in the housing sustainability requirements in the last ten years. For that reason, construction industry has very little changed in terms of innovation. However, this sector has maintained standard production on a large scale. So, the crucial change could become from companies. The clean technology transfer is limited in the Brazilian affordable housing firms. One solution is to analyse this transfer process like a network. Then, it will be possible to evaluate the technological adaptability of these kinds of construction firms. This research aimed to estimate the clean technology transfer between construction firms in Brazil dedicated to building affordable housing. For this, it was identified the 69 construction firms in five cities of Rio Grande do Sul. The cities were Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre. Then, a network analysis identified the degree, betweenness, closeness, and density. These studies identify poor performance versus sustainability needs of current low-cost construction. As a result, it identifies the technology transfer capabilities that allow medium-term gains for Brazilian construction firms. Finally, we developed technology transfer indicators to understand the complexity of affordable housing production in Brazil.     

重庆地区现有居住实态下住宅的能耗研究

通过调研,获得了重庆地区典型家庭结构、住宅人员在室情况、供暖空调方式、供暖空调控制习惯等现有居住实态情况。采用De ST软件对重庆地区两种不同类型(板式和点式)、三种不同节能水平(80年代普遍水平、节能50%和节能65%)、四种典型控制模式的住宅进行能耗模拟。给出了重庆地区住宅在现有居住实态下,按建筑节能季节进行调控不同节能水平板式住宅的能耗范围为18.3~33.4k Wh/(m2·a),点式住宅能耗范围为16.4~28.5k Wh/(m2·a),为重庆地区制定住宅的能耗限值提供依据。     

多联机空调系统在某精品办公楼中的应用

详细介绍某精品办公楼多联机空调系统的设计方案,并与空气源热泵机组进行对比,体现该系统运行节能、管理方便等优势。多联机空调系统在具体施工过程中必须注意室外机的布置问题,如果室外机排风不畅,将会大大影响多联机系统的效果。本设计综合考虑建筑功能、建筑立面美观程度的要求和多联机系统的性能特点,将多联机室外机设在三层以上的屋面闷顶内,采用外设风机的方式,以保障多联机室外机的通风换热条件,运行结果表明,该设计方法具有良好的效果,为多联机空调系统在特殊场合的应用提供良好的案例。     

Dry laying of masonry to build demountable,highly energy‐efficient prototype houses – First findings from a currently running research project

In recent decades, energy efficiency has been the priority for masonry buildings in order to keep up with ever more stringent requirements. For the evaluation of the sustainability of building solutions, however, the embodied energy to produce a building and finally to dispose of it at the end of its lifecycle are also important. The energy used for the disposal of a building and the processing of the residues are also important for the overall energy balance since the handling of natural resources is increasingly the centre point of thought and action. A research team at the Chair of Structural Design of TU Dresden has thus been working since 2012 on demountable solutions in masonry, which can be dismantled at the end of a building lifetime and sorted for recycling, which fully complies with the requirement for the reduction of rubbish and waste products. The high precision of block production today permits us to omit the levelling effect of mortar and to build dry buildings in the future, i.e. to do without the bonding principle. The associated strength reductions can be suffered without problems. The appropriate basics of such a dry building method have been researched in a collaboration between the ILEK in Stuttgart and the Xella Technologie‐ und Forschungsgesellschaft mbH in Emstal. In this research project with the abbreviation ”REMOMAB“, the basics of an energy‐efficient dry building method suitable for recycling were collected and made available for practical application. In a follow‐up project, these basics are being implemented and tested on an experimental building. Cost aspects are also to be taken into account and if possible, construction solutions available on the market will be used – modified if necessary. Another aim is for the first time to dismantle such a building and to rebuild it at another location. This is intended to demonstrate that a reuse is possible after dismantling and such a building method can react to changing demands in the housing market.