直链十二烷基苯醚型双子表面活性剂的合成及表面性能

以月桂酸等为起始原料,经过酰化、Friedel - Crafts酰基化、Clemmensen还原、氯磺酸磺化和氢氧化钠中和反应,合成了直链十二烷基苯醚型gemini表面活性剂(C12- DLADS).采用元素分析,IR,1HNMR和HPLC - MS对中间体及产物结构进行分析表征,并计算了C12 - DLADS水溶液的胶束化热力学函数.结果表明:C12 - DLADS具有较低的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和较强的降低表面张力的能力,318 K时,最低表面张力(γcmc)和cmc分别是36.04 mN/m和6.03×10-4 mol/L;且随温度的升高,C12 - DLADS的电导率升高,反离子结合度K0减小;其胶束化热力学函数表明其形成胶束的过程为熵驱动.     

可断键均三嗪脂肪磺酸盐型表面活性剂的合成与表面活性

以脂肪胺、三聚氯氰、氨基乙磺酸为原料合成了4种不同碳链长度均三嗪脂肪磺酸盐型表面活性剂[2-脂肪胺基-4-(2-磺基乙基)胺基-6-氯-1,3,5-均三嗪]。用元素分析、1HNMR、FTIR对中间体和目标产物的结构进行了表征。测定了25℃时4种表面活性剂的表面张力,研究了它们的表面活性。结果表明,疏水链长为C14时,该类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和cmc下的表面张力(γcmc)达到最低值分别为:3.58×10-5mol/L和32.53 mN/m。与普通表面活性剂C12-LAS相比,疏水链长为C12~C16的该类表面活性剂的cmc均比C12-LAS低1~2个数量级,即它们降低水溶液表面张力的效率比C12-LAS高;疏水链长为C8、C12和C16时,其在溶液表面的饱和吸附量均比C12-LAS小,饱和吸附面积比C12-LAS大;疏水链长为C14时则相反。     

12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二叔胺与环氧氯丙烷为主要原料,在实验室合成12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂,终产物用傅立叶红外变换仪和元素分析仪进行定性分析,并对表面活性剂的性能进行了详细讨论.实验合成的12-3-12型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂cmc为7.28×10-4 mol/L,表面张力γ cmc=39.53 mN/m;乳化力、增溶作用、发泡性及稳泡性均较十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1831)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(S 1631)好,但发泡性及稳泡性不及十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS).     

季铵盐双子表面活性剂与HPC在水溶液中的相互作用

采用稳态荧光和电导方法研究了系列季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂C12-S-C12·2Br(S代表亚甲基的个数)与水溶性高分子羟丙基纤维素(Hydroxypropyl cellulose,HPC)在水溶液中的相互作用。实验结果表明:在低于双子表面活性剂自身临界胶团浓度(Critical miceue concentration,cmc)时,在HPC分子上发生了聚集。当E12-S-C12·2Br/HPC体系混合溶液中C12-S-C12·2Br。的浓度达到c2(c2>cmc)时才有表面活性剂自由胶团生成。揭示了临界聚集浓度(Critical aggregation concentration,cac)和C12-S-C12·2Br/HPC体系混合溶液中自由胶团生成浓度c2与系列C12-S-C12·2Br表面活性剂cmc的比例关系及与链接链S的关联。     

新型季铵盐双子表面活性剂12-PZ-12的合成及性能研究

以哌嗪为连接基团,依次经过酰基化、氢化铝锂还原和季铵化反应,合成了新型季铵盐双子表面活性剂12-PZ-12。用1 H NMR和元素分析进行了结构表征,并研究了其表面活性以及不同种类和浓度的反离子对其表面活性的影响。结果表明,12-PZ-12的水溶液在25℃时的临界胶束浓度cmc=4.68×10-4 mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力γcmc=24.0 mN/m,优于传统的表面活性剂。随着反离子浓度的增加,12-PZ-12的cmc值降低,且Iˉ比Clˉ对其cmc值的影响更为显著。     

二聚表面活性剂的合成与表征

概述了十二烷基二甲基叔胺及其盐酸盐和环氧氯丙烷在温和的条件下合成新型双烷基双季铵盐型阳离子表面活性剂的方法,并比较不同的反应物比例、溶剂和反应温度对反应速率和生成产物的影响,同时还检测了产物的表面张力、临界胶团浓度(cmc)等性质. 实验结果表明,所合成的双季铵盐具有良好的水溶性;与常用的表面活性剂相比,其临界胶团浓度(cmc)要低1～2个数量级,并具有更强的发泡和稳泡性能.     

季铵盐表面活性剂水溶液表面张力和胶束聚集数

通过体积滴定法测定季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂水溶液的表面张力．由此得到其临界胶束浓度（cmc）,并且利用稳态荧光猝灭法测定胶柬聚集数Nm,进一步说明了此类表面活性剂水溶液很明显的胶团化倾向。     

双尾烷基硫酸盐的合成与表面性质

以2-丁基辛醇、2-己基癸醇和2-辛基十二醇以及氯磺酸为主要原料,通过磺化、中和法合成了碳数分别为12、16和20双尾烷基硫酸盐表面活性剂(GC12S、GC16S和GC20S),并用IR1、HNMR对其结构进行了表征;测定了表面活性剂水溶液性质。实验结果表明:双尾烷基硫酸盐的临界胶束浓度(cmc)比同碳数的直链烷基硫酸盐的高,降低表面张力的能力比直链的更显著;碳链越长,表面活性剂的cmc越小,γcmc下降得更快。GC12S、GC16S和GC20S的γcmc分别为28.50 mN.m-1、27.56 mN.m-1和24.91 mN.m-1。     

糖基双子阳离子表面活性剂与十二烷基硫酸钠复配性能研究

测定了糖基双子阳离子表面活性剂(SGCS)与十二烷基硫酸钠(K_(12))复配体系的稳定性和表面性能。由实验结果可知,在宽的复配范围内不同碳链长度的SGCS与K_(12)均有良好的复配稳定性;C_(14)-SGCS/K_(12)复配体系表现出明显的协同增效作用,当n(C_(14)-SGCS)∶n(K_(12))为3∶5时复配溶液临界胶束浓度(cmc)、cmc时的表面张力(γ_(cmc))和降低表面张力的效率(pc_(20))分别为1.1×10~(-5) mol/L、23.69 mN/m和5.48,均明显优于C_(14)-SGCS和K_(12)自身的表面性能。     

基于地沟油的Gemini型阳离子表面活性剂及对纸张的柔软效果

将废弃地沟油进行酸解获得混合脂肪酸。以混合脂肪酸、二甲基乙醇胺、环氧氯丙烷等为基本原料制备了一种新型的基于地沟油的Gemini阳离子表面活性剂。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱对制备化合物的特征基团进行表征。利用表面张力法测定制备表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度为5.07×10~(-3)mol/L,利用电导率法测定临界胶束浓度为5.02×10~(-3)mol/L,此时对应的表面张力y_(cmc)为35.26 mN/m。最后,使用手感式柔软度测试仪测试制备表面活性剂对纸张的柔软效果,结果表明当表面活性剂浓度达到9.1×10-4 mol/L时,即可以取得较好的柔软效果。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.