NC306型催化剂在低压甲醇装置中的应用

报道了NC306型甲醇合成催化剂在兖矿鲁南化肥厂100 kt/a低压甲醇装置上的应用，尤其是入塔气组成和氢碳比对甲醇合成反应的影响，并提出行之有效的催化剂保护措施。     

NC306催化剂使用总结

介绍了NC306催化剂在兖矿鲁南化肥厂100kt/a低压甲醇合成装置上的应用,分析了入塔气体成分及氢碳比对甲醇合成反应的影响,并通过采取触媒的保护措施,取得了良好的效果。文中列举相关事例及数据,使读者对NC306催化剂强度高、工艺适应强、低温活性好、低消耗、高寿命等特点有一个全面的认识。     

“新型低温低压甲醇合成催化剂的研制”通过鉴定

<正> 本刊讯 由南化集团研究院研制开发的“新型低温低压甲醇合成催化剂的研制”项目日前通过中国石化股份有限公司科技开发部的鉴定。 该催化剂(原名NC306型中低压甲醇合成催化剂)在C306型合成甲醇催化剂的基础上通过进一步优化催化剂制造工艺和活性组分分布,发挥各组分的协同作用,使得产品具有更大、更稳定的     

NC306型甲醇合成催化剂使用小结

介绍了甲醇合成塔首次装填NC306型低压甲醇合成催化剂的使用情况,以及在运用中出现的问题和解决方法。     

C306型甲醇催化剂在我公司的应用

我公司低压(5MPa)合成甲醇装置采用C306型催化剂后,甲醇产量高,催化剂使用寿命长,生产强度分别为其它两种型号催化剂的1.85倍和1.47倍,应用获得巨大成功。     

南化集团研究院C系列甲醇合成催化剂

南化集团研究院是国内最早研究开发和生产甲醇合成催化剂的单位之一。其产品经历了一个从联醇到单醇，从高压到低压的过程。该院的合成甲醇催化剂研究始于20世纪60年代，自60年代末成功研制出为我国独有的联醇工艺配套用的C207型联醇催化剂以来，以后又相继研制出了C301、NC501、NC501-1、C306、C307等型号的合成甲醇催化剂，广泛应用于国内高、中、低压系列合成甲醇装置。     

NC310型甲醇合成催化剂的应用

分别从催化剂的选型、装填、升温、还原、生产运行情况以及催化剂的使用效果等方面介绍了NC310型甲醇合成催化剂在某150 kt/a甲醇生产装置上的工业应用情况。采用XRD、BET、SEM对NC310型催化剂及同类催化剂进行了表征分析:NC310型甲醇合成催化剂外表面的有效活性组分含量较高,且有效活性组分含量由催化剂外表面到内部逐渐增加;NC310型催化剂内部结构疏松多孔,可提高甲醇合成反应气体流通和热量传递效率。NC310型甲醇合成催化剂与该装置同类催化剂的工业应用效果对比分析结果表明:NC310型甲醇合成催化剂工业应用效果较好,具有制备工艺简单、装填量少、活性组分含量较高、催化剂还原收缩率低、甲醇选择性较高及单耗低等优点。     

C306型甲醇合成催化剂在我厂的应用

介绍了C306型甲醇合成催化剂在大庆油田甲醇厂的实际应用情况。阐述了C306型催化剂的特点,总结了C306型催化剂在生产操作及管理中的使用经验。     

新型催化剂助甲醇高产低耗

<正>由南化集团研究院研发的NC310型甲醇合成催化剂通过了中石化科技部组织的科研成果鉴定。鉴定专家组认为,该催化剂整体性能达到了国际先进水平。截至目前,该催化剂在年产15万t合成甲醇装置上已进行了2年工业应用,结果表明,该催化剂具有良好的活性和稳定性,甲醇产量高,单耗低,副产蒸汽等级高,经济效益显著。近年来,装置大型化对甲醇合成催化剂提出了更高要求。为充分利用反应器体积,获得高甲醇产率,催化剂必须有更高的活性、更长的使用寿命和更低的收缩率。南化集团研究院在甲醇合成催化剂C307的基础上,研制开发了NC310型甲醇合成催化剂。该催化剂采用合理的配方、先进的二元前驱体制备工艺,使表面活性组分含量相对较高,活性更好;采用特殊的载     

NC310型甲醇合成催化剂在1800 kt/a甲醇装置上的应用

对蒲城清洁能源化工有限责任公司1 800 kt/a甲醇合成装置的甲醇合成工艺技术进行了介绍,分析了NC310型甲醇合成催化剂在该装置的应用情况,考察了新鲜气消耗量、粗甲醇中乙醇质量分数、催化剂床层压力降等运行参数的影响,结果表明：NC310型甲醇合成催化剂在1 800 kt/a煤制甲醇装置上成功实现了工业化应用,各项指标均优于原设计值,完全符合该装置工艺技术要求。NC310型催化剂表现出活性好、选择性好、强度高、消耗低以及操作弹性大等优点,能够完全满足大型甲醇生产装置的要求,可为同类甲醇生产装置选用催化剂提供参考。     

Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology

The first step in the process of vegetable oil refining is degumming, in which phospholipids and mucilaginous gums are removed that otherwise result in a low-grade oil. A membrane process is remarkably simple yet potentially offers many advantages in degumming. Studies were conducted on surfactant-aided membrane degumming with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat membrane batch cell with different types of microfiltration membranes. The reduction of phospholipids in soybean oil was in the range of 85.8–92.8% during the membrane process. The phosphorus content of membrane permeates of soybean oil was in the range of 20–58 mg/kg. Crude rapeseed oil contained higher amount of nonhydratable phospholipids and hence resulted in lower reduction in phospholipids, in the range of 66.4–83.2%. Addition of hydratable phospholipids could improve the efficiency of degumming in the membrane process without using any electrolyte, resulting in improvement of quality as well as quantity of the phospholipids.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Causes Changes in Serotonin-Positive Neurons in the Small Intestine in Pig Model

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous systems, predominantly secreted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the gut. 5-HT is a crucial enteric signaling molecule and is well known for playing a key role in sensory-motor and secretory functions in the gut. Gastroenteropathy is one of the most clinical problems in diabetic patients with frequent episodes of hyperglycemia. Changes in 5-HT expression may mediate gastrointestinal tract disturbances seen in diabetes, such as nausea and diarrhea. Based on the double immunohistochemical staining, this study determined the variability in the population of 5-HT-positive neurons in the porcine small intestinal enteric neurons in the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The results show changes in the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in the examined intestinal sections. The greatest changes were observed in the jejunum, particularly within the myenteric plexus. In the ileum, both de novo 5-HT synthesis in the inner submucosal plexus neurons and an increase in the number of neurons in the outer submucosal plexus were noted. The changes observed in the duodenum were also increasing in nature. The results of the current study confirm the previous observations concerning the involvement of 5-HT in inflammatory processes, and an increase in the number of 5-HT -positive neurons may also be a result of increased concentration of the 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract wall and affects the motor and secretory processes, which are particularly intense in the small intestines.     

Drying characteristics of porous material immersed in a bed of hygroscopic porous particles fluidized under reduced pressure

A relatively large wet material was immersed in a fluidized bed of hygroscopic porous particle (silica gel beads) under reduced pressure. And then the drying characteristics were compared with those in the case of inert particle (glass beads). The comparison of drying characteristics is performed experimentally and theoretically. In calculation, the water transfer from the sample to the fluidized bed was considered. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of the operational conditions (the pressure in the drying chamber and the temperature of the drying gas) on the drying characteristics were also examined in both fluidizing particles.The drying finishes earlier in the case of hygroscopic porous particle than in the case of inert particle regardless of pressure in the drying chamber, since the water transfer from the sample facilitates the drying in the case of hygroscopic porous particles. The temperature decrement in drying appears in the case of inert particle. This phenomenon is also observed in the case of hygroscopic porous particle, but the decrement degree of the temperature is much smaller than that in the case of inert particle. The difference of the minimum temperature in the sample in drying between the cases of hygroscopic porous particle and inert particle is very slight for different pressures in the drying chamber.     

Lymphatic Transport of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil

In the present study we evaluated the uptake of ALA and its conversion to EPA + DHA in rats given linseed oil (LSO) in native form or as a microemulsion in whey protein or in lipoid. In a single oral dose study in which rats maintained on rodent pellets deficient in ω-3 fatty acids were intubated with 0.35 g LSO in lipoid, the amount of ALA present in lymph was increased reaching a maximum concentration of 16.23 mg/ml at 2.5 h. The amount of ALA present in lymph was increased to a maximum level of 10.95 mg/ml at 4 h in rats given LSO as a microemulsion in whey protein. When LSO was given without emulsification, the amount of ALA present in lymph was found to reach a maximum level of 7.08 mg/ml at 6 h. A similar result was observed when weaning rats were intubated with 0.15 g of LSO per day for a period of 60 days. Higher levels of ALA by 41 and 103 % were observed in lymph lipids of rats given microemulsions of LSO in whey protein and in lipoid respectively as compared to rats given LSO without pre-emulsification. Very little conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA was observed in lymph lipids but higher amounts of EPA + DHA was observed in liver and serum of rats given LSO in microemulsion form. This study indicated that ALA concentration in lymph lipids was increased when LSO was given in microemulsion form in lipoid and further conversion to EPA and DHA was facilitated in liver and serum.     

The Role of the Phosphorus Atom in Drug Design

Although the phosphorus atom is found in a variety of oxidation states, most of the phosphorus-containing molecules of pharmacological importance possess phosphorus in the form of phosphonate or phosphinate functional groups, or in a major oxidation state as a phosphate group. The most common occurrence of phosphorus in drugs is either in prodrugs or in compounds for which the phosphorus atom plays a role in the biological activity, such as in modified nucleotides, in metabolically stable analogues of metabolites bearing phosphate groups, and as bioisosteric analogues of carboxyl groups.     

双草醚在不同pH溶液及三种水体中的光解

以高压汞灯为光源,研究了除草剂双草醚在水溶液中的光降解情况。结果表明,在不同pH值缓冲溶液中,双草醚的光解速率为：pH5〉pH7〉pH9,说明双草醚在偏酸性环境中稳定性较差;在以碳酸氢氨、尿素、磷酸二氢钾这三种最常用的化肥作为添加物的水溶液中,磷酸二氢钾对双草醚的光解表现出较为明显的光敏化作用,碳酸氢氨和尿素对双草醚有微弱的光猝灭作用。     

H-Ferritin Produced by Myeloid Cells Is Released to the Circulation and Plays a Major Role in Liver Iron Distribution during Infection

During infections, the host redistributes iron in order to starve pathogens from this nutrient. Several proteins are involved in iron absorption, transport, and storage. Ferritin is the most important iron storage protein. It is composed of variable proportions of two peptides, the L- and H-ferritins (FTL and FTH). We previously showed that macrophages increase their expression of FTH1 when they are infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium, without a significant increase in FTL. In this work, we investigated the role of macrophage FTH1 in M. avium infection in vivo. We found that mice deficient in FTH1 in myeloid cells are more resistant to M. avium infection, presenting lower bacterial loads and lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines than wild-type littermates, due to the lower levels of available iron in the tissues. Importantly, we also found that FTH1 produced by myeloid cells in response to infection may be found in circulation and that it plays a key role in iron redistribution. Specifically, in the absence of FTH1 in myeloid cells, increased expression of ferroportin is observed in liver granulomas and increased iron accumulation occurs in hepatocytes. These results highlight the importance of FTH1 expression in myeloid cells for iron redistribution during infection.     

Electrooxidative nitration of phenols at copper electrodes

p-Cresol, as a small-molecule model for tyrosine residues in proteins, undergoes electrooxidative nitration in the presence of a nitrogen source, for example ammonia, in mildly alkaline aqueous solution at potentials in the range 0.8 to 1.4 V (vs sce). Anodized copper is the best electrode material of those studied and nitrogen sources in the increasing order of effectiveness are amides < amines proteins < ammonia, the latter giving a total of nitrocresols of ˜ 30% from an initial p-cresol concentration of 0.5 mM. Azulene also nitrates in these conditions, but phenylethers (4-methyl methoxybenzene and 1,2-dimethoxy benzene) do not. The protein hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), in the absence of any other nitrogenous species, acts as a source of nitrating agent in the electrooxidative nitration of p-cresol thus substantiating our earlier finding of selective tyrosine nitration in proteins in the absence of any other nitrogen source. This electronitration reaction, unique in that there is no N---O bond in any initial species, provides a novel and environmentally friendly route in mild conditions and is of particular benefit in the selective covalent modification of proteins.     

Activin A and Cell-Surface GRP78 Are Novel Targetable RhoA Activators for Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure. RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling is a recognized mediator of its pathogenesis, largely through mediating the profibrotic response. While RhoA activation is not feasible due to the central role it plays in normal physiology, ROCK inhibition has been found to be effective in attenuating DKD in preclinical models. However, this has not been evaluated in clinical studies as of yet. Alternate means of inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling involve the identification of disease-specific activators. This report presents evidence showing the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling both in vitro in glomerular mesangial cells and in vivo in diabetic kidneys by two recently described novel pathogenic mediators of fibrosis in DKD, activins and cell-surface GRP78. Neither are present in normal kidneys. Activin inhibition with follistatin and neutralization of cell-surface GRP78 using a specific antibody blocked RhoA activation in mesangial cells and in diabetic kidneys. These data identify two novel RhoA/ROCK activators in diabetic kidneys that can be evaluated for their efficacy in inhibiting the progression of DKD.