离子液体水溶液吸收模拟烟气中SO2

建立了一套放大脱硫装置, 利用该装置研究了乙醇胺乳酸盐([MEA]L)水溶液在不同条件下吸收SO₂的性能, 确定出了较优的实验条件, 并在该条件下进行吸收-解吸SO₂循环实验。研究结果表明:烟气中SO₂的去除率随[MEA]L中水分的增加而增加;SO₂的去除率随着气液比的减少而增加, 在气液比为420, SO₂浓度为2850～14280 mg·m^-3范围内时, 出口烟气中SO₂浓度均小于285 mg·m^-3, 满足排放标准;烟气中的CO₂对[MEA]L水溶液吸收SO₂没有影响;利用蒸汽对富液进行解吸再生, 解吸后的贫液可以继续使用, 并且仍具有很高的SO₂去除率。     

液相射流吸收耦合气相旋流分离烟气脱硫

在传统的除雾型旋风分离器基础上进行改进,使其同时具备液相射流、气液吸收反应以及气液分离功能,并将这一新型旋风分离器用于烟气脱硫实验。实验中气相为含SO₂烟气,液相为NaOH或Na₂CO₃碱液吸收剂,通过调节吸收剂浓度、烟气含硫浓度、烟气喷射速度、吸收剂喷射速度、吸收剂固含率等参数得到其相应脱硫率的变化。实验研究表明：脱硫率随吸收剂浓度的增加先增加,达到一定浓度后脱硫率几乎不变;脱硫率随SO₂进口浓度的升高而下降;随进口气速的增大,脱硫率也一定程度增大;随液体喷射速度的增加脱硫率先增大,增大到一定程度后脱硫率趋于不变;NaOH作为吸收剂所得最佳脱硫率可达85%,Na₂CO₃作为吸收剂,最佳脱硫率可达77%;当其他参数一定时,加入一定量的CaCO₃固体微粒,可以提高脱硫效率1%~2%。该液相射流吸收耦合气相旋流分离装置不仅脱硫效率高,而且脱硫剂损失少,投资成本与运行维护费用均低于相同处理量的烟气脱硫塔,具有良好的应用前景。     

Some experimental observations of aerosol formation in the photo-oxidation of sulphur dioxide

The formation of particles in the u.v. photolysis of ppm concentrations of SO₂ in pure nitrogen and in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures has been studied in a flow system. Both the number of particles and the mass of the H₂SO₄ aerosol produced was determined over a range of SO₂ and water vapour concentrations.

In the near u.v. (λ = 290–400nm) the mass conversion of SO₂ to H₂SO₄ was too small to be measured, but particles were detected on a condensation nucleus counter above a threshold SO₂ concentration when the H₂SO₄ formation rate was sufficient to achieve an appreciable nucleation rate. The number of stable particles formed increased with water vapour concentration at a given H₂SO₄ production rate. These experimental data agree reasonably well with recent theoretical calculations of aerosol nucleation and growth rate in the H₂SO₄/H₂O system.

At short wavelengths (λ = 185 nm) a much higher H₂SO₄ formation rate was achieved. Although nucleation occurred at < 1 per cent r.h. the aerosol growth process was slow at low water vapour concentrations. A r.h. of 30 per cent was required for the incorporation of the bulk of the H₂SO₄ into the aerosol phase.     

All-silica zeolites screening for capture of toxic gases from molecular simulation

The exhaust gases, including SO_2,NH_3, H_2S, NO_2, NO, and CO, are principal air pollutants due to their severe harms to the ecological environment.Zeolites have been considered as good absorbent candidates to capture the six exhaust gases.In this work, we performed grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo(GCMC) simulations to examine the capability of 95 kinds of all-silica zeolites in the removal of the six toxic gases, and to predict the adsorption isotherms of the six gases on all the zeolites.The simulation results showed that, H_2S, NO, NO_2, CO and NH_3 are well-captured by zeolite structures with accessible surface area of 1600–1800 m~2·g~(-1) and pore diameter of 0.6–0.7 nm, such as AFY and PAU, while SO_2 is well-adsorbed by zeolites containing larger accessible surface area(1700–2700 m~2·g~(-1)) and pore diameter(0.7–1.4 nm) at room temperature and an atmospheric pressure.However, at saturated adsorption, zeolites RWY, IRR, JSR, TSC, and ITT are found to exhibit better abilities to capture these gases.Our study provides useful computational insights in choosing and designing zeolite structures with high performance to remove toxic gases for air purification, thereby facilitating the development and application of exhaust gas-processing technology in green industry.     

基于MDEA的烟气SO2捕集过程工艺参数和能量集成分析

有机胺吸收法是一种高效环保型烟气脱硫技术,而从系统工程的角度对烟气SO₂捕集工艺的分析、优化和能耗评估尚未有详细报道。对N-甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）为吸收剂的烟气SO₂捕集过程工艺进行研究,考察了MDEA浓度、温度、SO₂解吸率对捕集效果的影响规律。结果显示,MDEA溶液浓度为30%（质量）、烟气温度不高于45℃、回流贫液温度不高于41℃时,SO₂吸收效果较好;增加SO₂解吸率是以降低解吸气中SO₂纯度和增大再沸器负荷为代价,水分汽化是再生能耗增高的主要原因。针对吸收剂再生过程能耗大的问题,采用热泵辅助精馏对解吸过程进行能量集成,吸收剂再生能耗可降低47%,年度总费用（TAC）可降低9.93%。本研究对有机胺体系的SO₂捕集系统工业化应用具有重要的指导作用。     

碳材料吸附脱除二氧化硫性能的影响因素

选用了7种不同物理化学特性的碳材料,分别为活性炭-1 (比表面积1779m²/g)、活性炭-2 (比表面积970m²/g)、多孔纳米炭-1 (平均孔径14nm)、多孔纳米炭-2 (平均孔径85nm)、多孔纳米炭-3 (平均孔径4.7nm,掺氮)、多孔纳米炭-4 (平均孔径4.1nm,不掺氮)和纳米碳纤维。在对比这7种不同的碳材料的物理化学特性与其脱硫性能的基础上,研究材料的物理化学特性、脱硫温度、反应空速等因素对碳材料吸附脱除SO₂性能的影响。结果表明,碳材料吸附脱除SO₂的性能受材料的比表面积、孔隙结构、表面官能团、脱硫温度和反应空速的综合影响。不同的碳材料中,材料的孔隙结构和表面官能团对材料的脱硫性能影响很大,以微孔结构为主的碳材料SO₂去除率较高,以介孔结构为主的碳材料脱硫容量较高;随着脱硫温度升高,碳材料的吸附脱硫性能降低;随着反应空速降低,碳材料的吸附脱硫性能升高。本研究中,多孔纳米炭NCP-10的吸附脱除SO₂性能最好,能在室温下保持100%的...     

煤粉炉SNCR对SO3生成影响的数值模拟

基于详细化学反应机理,利用CHEMKIN-PRO软件中的平推流反应器研究了选择性非催化还原（SNCR）脱硝过程对SO₃生成作用,以及烟气中SO₂、NO、O₂和H₂O的体积浓度对SO₃生成量的影响。结果表明,氨的注入改变了SO₃生成机理和主要路径,明显促进烟气中SO₂向SO₃氧化。在NH₃的体积浓度为300 μl·L^-1、SO₂的体积浓度为2000 μl·L^-1、停留时间1.9 s内温度从1373 K降低至573 K时,生成的SO₃体积浓度大于10 μl·L^-1。随着SO₂体积分数的降低,生成的SO₃体积浓度减小,但转化率有所增加;此外生成的SO₃体积浓度随O₂体积浓度、NO体积浓度和停留时间的增加而增加,随着H₂O体积浓度的增加而减小。燃用高硫煤时,SNCR对SO₃的生成作用必须给予重视。     

流化床垃圾焚烧炉飞灰沉积实验

在自行搭建的小型流化床积灰试验台上选用流化床垃圾焚烧炉对流管束浮灰,模拟焚烧炉烟气环境下开展飞灰沉积实验。首先分析浮灰理化特性,结果表明：随着粒径增大,浮灰中CaO和SO₃含量逐渐降低,而SiO₂和Al₂O₃的含量逐渐增加;碱金属Na和K以及卤素Cl的含量在粒径较小的浮灰中含量最高。其次重点研究了浮灰粒径、烟气温度和换热管表面温度对飞灰沉积特性的影响规律,结果表明：积灰中主要富含Ca、S、Si和Al等元素,积灰中CaO和SO₃含量比浮灰高,而Al₂O₃和SiO₂含量比浮灰低;积灰量随着烟气温度升高而增加;粒径对灰沉积影响作用显著,大粒径灰颗粒难沉积而小粒径灰粒易沉积;管壁温度在600℃时,积灰量最小。积灰中CaO和SO₃的含量随着管壁温度升高而减少,而难熔Al₂O₃和SiO₂的含量随着管壁温度升高而增加。     

粉煤灰浓硫酸焙烧过程及其非等温动力学

粉煤灰浓硫酸焙烧法提取Al₂O₃工艺中焙烧过程十分重要,研究发现适当提升硫酸浓度、酸灰质量比和温度可增大Al转化率,而延长焙烧时间影响并不显著;在硫酸浓度80%、酸灰质量比1.5:1、温度270℃和时间60 min条件下,Al转化率可达92 %～95%。TG/DSC与XRD分析表明,焙烧过程反应主要分为3个阶段:80～206℃时形成中间产物Al(HSO₄)₃及H₂O气化;206～241℃时生成Al(HSO₄)₃及Al₂(SO₄)₃·H₂O;241～304℃时由Al₂(SO₄)₃·H₂O和Al(HSO₄)₃二者分解转化成Al₂(SO₄)₃。由Kissinger微分法与Ozawa积分法分别计算出3个阶段表观活化能后取二者平均值,分别为52.61、74.11、96.08 kJ·mol^-1,并获得频率因子、反应级数和动力学方程,所获结果可为粉煤灰硫酸焙烧法提取Al₂O₃焙烧工艺设计和过程优化提供理论参考和基础数据。     

咪唑类离子液体混合物用于二氧化硫高效吸收

开发易制备、价格便宜、面向SO₂气体高效分离的离子液体（ILs）,是当前ILs从实验探索迈向工业应用的难点与重大挑战。合成了不同摩尔比（3∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和1∶3）的1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐（[Emim][Cl]）和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐（[Emim][OAc]）的离子液体混合物[Emim][Cl]_x[OAc]_1-x, 在测定其密度、黏度、热稳定性等基本物性数据的基础上,研究了[Emim][Cl]_x[OAc]_1-x混合物在不同温度和SO₂分压下的SO₂吸收能力。结果表明,[Emim][Cl]_x[OAc]_1-x能够有效地捕获SO₂。[Emim][Cl]与[Emim][OAc]之间存在协同促进作用,有利于实现SO₂高效吸收。[Emim][Cl]_0.33[OAc]_0.66混合液在1.0和0.2 atm（1 atm=101325 Pa）下捕获SO₂量分别为（1.34±0.08）和（0.74±0.05） g/g,与现有结果相比,混合物在SO₂捕获方面有明显优势。此外,这些离子液体混合物对二氧化硫的吸收和解吸具有良好的可逆性。     

添加剂对秸秆成型燃料燃烧特性的影响

生物质成型燃料作为生物质能源的主要利用方式，优化其燃烧性能具有重要意义。在秸秆成型燃料中添加CaO、Ca(OH)₂、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、尿素、粉煤灰等常见添加剂，研究了其对SO₂、NO_x释放规律的影响。研究表明：提高钙硫比且降低含水量，能够降低SO₂、NO_x释放量。Al₂O₃的催化助燃作用增加了SO₂、NO_x的释放，粉煤灰与秸秆熔融烧结增强了异相脱硝。添加SiO₂的成型燃料促进了钙硅酸盐复合物的生成，从而减少SO₂的释放。通过分析不同SiO₂添加量时的燃烧情况发现，添加量5%时，脱硫脱硝效果最好。在成型燃料燃烧15 s后添加尿素，尿素高温热解产生的还原性气体能够与SO₂、NO_x反应从而减少硫、氮氧化物的释放。温度升高促进熔融反应和异相脱硝反应，阻碍了焦炭中N的燃烧使NO_x释放量大幅降低。     

High capacity absorption of SO2 using imidazole ionic liquid mixtures

The capture of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) with readily available and cost-effective ionic liquids (ILs) is one of the challenges for the application of ILs. Here, we synthesized the ILs mixtures with different molar ratios (3∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, and 3∶1) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim][Cl]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) to study their SO₂ absorption capacities. The SO₂ solubilities in these mixtures were investigated under different conditions. The SO₂ absorption capacities of [Emim][Cl]_x[OAc]_1-x at different temperatures and SO₂ partial pressure were measured. The results show that ILs can effectively capture SO₂. There exists a synergistic promotion effect between [Emim][Cl] and [Emim][OAc], resulting in quite high SO₂ absorption capacity. The [Emim][Cl]_0.33[OAc]_0.66 mixture can capture SO₂ (1.34±0.08) and (0.74±0.05) g/g at 1.0 and 0.2 atm(1 atm=101325 Pa), respectively. Comparing with the reported data, [Emim][Cl]_x[OAc]_1-x mixtures show obvious advantage for SO₂ capture. In addition, these ionic liquid mixtures have good reversibility for the absorption and desorption of sulfur dioxide.     

Catalytic properties in deNOx and SO2–SO3 reactions

SCR-deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation tests were carried out by different research groups over fresh and used EUROCAT oxide samples in order to characterize the reactivity of the catalysts and to compare data obtained in several laboratories (Politecnico of Milan, Università of Salerno, ENEL of Milan, Boreskov Insitute of Catalysis).

Data are presented which indicate that the used EUROCAT catalyst is slightly more active both in the deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation than the fresh sample.

An analyses of data collected over honeycomb catalysts by means of a 2D, single-channel model of the SCR monolith reactor has been performed to evaluate the intrinsic kinetic constant of the deNO_x reaction; a satisfactory comparison has been obtained between estimation of the intrinsic kinetic constant and estimation of the intrinsic catalyst activity from data collected over powdered catalysts. A good agreement has been found in the experimental results collected in the different labs, both for the deNO_x reaction and SO₂–SO₃ oxidation.     

Feasibility analysis of SO2 absorption using a hydrophilic ceramic membrane contactor

Hydrophilic ceramic membranes would be potential candidates for membrane gas absorption if they could be applied to appropriate separation processes. This study highlights a novel concept for the practical implementation of SO₂ absorption in hydrophilic ceramic membrane that exhibits outstanding thermal and mechanical stabilities. With this aim, we investigated experimentally the performance of SO₂ absorption into aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in a hydrophilic alumina (Al₂O₃) membrane contactor in terms of SO₂ removal efficiency and SO₂ mass transfer flux, and compared the performance with that in a hydrophobic one. A series of experiments were performed at various conditions over a NaOH concentration range of 0-1.0 mol·L^-1, a liquid flow rate range of 30-180 ml·min^-1, a gas flow rate range of 120-1000 ml·min^-1, an inlet SO₂ concentration range of 400-2000 μl·L^-1, and a temperature range of 10-35℃. It was found that the hydrophilic membrane was more competitive when using a NaOH concentration higher than 0.2 mol·L^-1. Furthermore, it can be inferred that the hydrophilic α-Al₂O₃ membrane exhibited exceptional long-term stability under 480 h continuous operation.     

O2/CO2气氛对准东煤灰熔融行为和微观理化特性的影响

近年在新疆准东地区探明了储量巨大的准东煤,而O₂/CO₂燃烧技术被认为是最有前景的碳捕集技术之一,因此研究准东煤的O₂/CO₂燃烧技术对中国煤炭的大规模高效清洁安全利用具有重要意义。然而目前鲜有O₂/CO₂气氛对准东煤灰熔融行为和微观理化特性影响的相关研究。因此针对准东煤,利用灰熔点测定仪、SEM-EDS分析开展相关研究。实验结果表明：空气气氛、CO₂气氛及O₂/CO₂气氛的转变对准东煤灰熔融温度的影响可以忽略不计,但会在一定程度上改变煤灰的微观理化特性。O₂/CO₂气氛主要影响到煤灰表面Ba、Na和Ca元素的分布,而O₂浓度是影响准东煤灰表面微观形貌的主要因素。     

含醚阴离子功能化离子液体高效捕集SO2

发展高效、经济、绿色的SO₂吸收剂不但具有较强的学术价值，而且有良好的应用前景。设计并制备了一系列含醚的阴离子功能化离子液体，系统地研究了阴离子上引入醚基团对离子液体SO₂吸收容量的影响。结果表明，在阴离子的苯环上引入甲氧基，对离子液体的吸收容量有明显提升。当阳离子为摩尔质量更小的三丁基乙基磷[P₄₄₄₂]时，所得离子液体的吸收容量没有明显下降，20℃、10⁵ Pa SO₂下，[P₄₄₄₂][2-CH₃OPhCOO]有效吸收量为每摩尔离子液体吸收3.32 mol SO₂，有效质量吸收量是每克离子液体吸收0.56 g SO₂。六次吸收解吸循环，表明[P₄₄₄₂][2-CH₃OPhCOO]可以高效可逆地捕集SO₂。基于含醚阴离子功能化离子液体的加强效应进行气体捕集的方法，可进一步应用于分离、催化等领域。     

Pilot plant performance of a SO2 to SO3 oxidation catalyst for flue-gas conditioning

A honeycomb catalyst for the oxidation of endogenous SO₂ from a coal-fired power-station flue-gas has been developed. The catalyst reached a SO₂ to SO₃ conversion of 60 vol.% after 200 h in operation at the pilot plant. When this catalyst is further treated for another 100 h at lab scale to complete its activation, a stable 80 vol.% conversion is obtained. The results have been used to design an industrial unit for flue-gas conditioning to improve the fly ash collection by the electrostatic precipitator in a 220 MW coal-fired power plant.     

A chronopotentiometric investigation of the dissociation of sulphate ions in molten equimolar NaCl-KCl at 750°C

The Lux—Flood acid—base equilibrium SO₃ + O²⁻ SO₄²⁻ in molten equimolar NaCl/KCl at 750°C has been investigated using conventional chronopotentiometry. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is shown to be very high (K > 10²). Thus the sulphate ion in solution in this melt does not decompose unless a very strong acid such as the metaphosphate ion is added to the melt. This removes oxide ions according to the reaction. 2PO₃⁻ + SO₄²⁻ → SO₃ + P₂O₇⁴⁻ The pyrophosphate anion is not a sufficiently strong acid to remove oxide from sulphate.     

超低排放燃煤电厂中SO3的迁移及脱除特征

燃煤烟气中的SO₃会对机组运行及大气环境造成不利影响。为研究燃煤电厂SO₃排放特征,本文采取异丙醇吸收法对某300MW超低排放机组污染物控制装置进出口SO₃采样,以分析SO₃在燃煤机组中的迁移及脱除特性。结果表明：炉膛燃烧过程以及选择性催化还原装置（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）均将部分SO₂转化为SO₃,炉膛燃烧生成SO₃的质量浓度为SO₂的0.86%,SCR内SO₂/SO₃转化率为0.45%。烟气经过空气预热器,SO₃浓度降低了5.7%;静电除尘器（electrostatic precipitator,ESP）脱除SO₃效果较差,主要由于ESP内烟温在110℃以上,H₂SO₄酸雾凝结量较少;双级湿法脱硫装置（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）对SO₃脱除效率达到81.3%,比国内单级脱硫装置SO₃脱除效果高30%～50%;湿式静电除尘器（wet electrostatic precipitator,WESP）脱除SO₃效率为23.0%。机组烟囱排放SO₃质量浓度为2.025mg/m³（标准）,SO₃排放因子EF为0.034kg/t。     

臭氧氧化结合硫代硫酸钠溶液喷淋同时脱硫脱硝

采用臭氧氧化结合湿法喷淋硫代硫酸钠溶液的方法开展模拟烟气同时脱硫脱硝实验研究。结果表明,采用臭氧氧化结合Na₂S₂O₃-NaOH溶液湿法喷淋可以实现NO_x和SO₂协同脱除:在O₃/NO摩尔比为1.1～1.2时,溶液中Na₂S₂O₃浓度的增加会提高系统的NO_x脱除效率,烟气中SO₂的存在会促进NO_x的脱除,当SO₂浓度为1030 mg·m^-3、2.0%Na₂S₂O₃溶液作为喷淋液时可实现较高的SO₂脱除效率,同时NO_x脱除效率可达70%以上;喷淋液pH在2.5～9范围内变化时提高浆液pH有利于NO_x的脱除,当pH 9时脱硝效率可达75%。180 min连续同时脱硫脱硝实验结果表明,硫代硫酸钠可有效促进NO_x的脱除,并实现SO₂较高的脱除效率,同时可实现系统同时脱硫脱硝连续稳定运行,喷淋吸收后烟气中NO_x的主要转化产物为NO₂^-, 该方法作为一种有效的同时脱硫脱硝技术,具有一定的工业应用推广前景。