Local buckling of thin-walled girders of triangular cross-section

A theoretical study of the local buckling of thin-walled girders under compound loading is presented. Girders of triangular cross-section with one axis of symmetry are considered. The following load cases are examined: compression, eccentric compression, pure bending and bending with shear. A parabolic distribution of shear stress in the webs is assumed when lateral forces are present.

The problem is solved using a semi-energy method, described in Jakubowski, S., Buckling of thin-walled girders under compound load, Thin-walled Structures,6 (1988) 129-50. Numerical results are presented in the form of diagrams. The analysis of buckling modes for the more complicated cases such as bending with shear has also been performed.     

Flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled beam members based on shell buckling theory

This paper summarized currently available techniques of setting up flexural–torsional buckling theory of thin-walled members. It is found that all the existing methods introduced a nonlinear load potential in their total potentials, while based on the classical variational principle for stability of a solid structure, no such load potential should be included. This situation has led to an inconsistency between some widely referenced monographs in buckling theories of beams with mono-symmetrical cross-sections.

This paper provides a new theory for flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled members based on the classical variational principle and the theory for thin-walled shells. No nonlinear load potential is included, but a new term: nonlinear strain energy from transverse stresses, which has been neglected in previous theories of thin-walled members, is introduced in. It is found that the nonlinear load potential is not equivalent to the contribution of transverse stresses for beams with mono-symmetrical cross-sections, which causes the inconsistency mentioned above.

The comparison shows that the proposed theory and the traditional theory are the same for most cases encountered in practice.     

Lateral buckling of restrained roof purlins

A simple model is developed for the elastic lateral buckling of a continuous cold-formed roof purlin whose top flange is prevented from deflecting laterally, and which is braced against lateral deflection and twist at the supports and intermediate bridge points. The effects of cross-section distortion are neglected, but so are the torsional restraints provided by roof sheeting against twisting. Local buckling is ignored, and must be designed against separately.

The model is analysed by a finite element computer program, and predictions of the maximum moment in a segment at elastic buckling under either uplift or gravity loading are presented graphically.

A simple method of using this elastic buckling information to determine the design working load capacity of a roof purlin is then presented, and this is illustrated by a worked example. An improved method is also presented which allows the restraining effects which occur between adjacent segments during elastic buckling to be estimated. Strength predictions obtained from the improved method are compared with test results.     

Recent developments in the buckling and nonlinear analysis of thin-walled structural members

This paper describes recent work performed at the University of Sydney to develop buckling and nonlinear analyses of thin-walled structural members undergoing local, distortional and overall buckling. The analyses are based on the finite strip method of structural analysis and include elastic and inelastic buckling and the full nonlinear response with both post-local buckling and plasticity. Two variations of the finite strip method have been used, these being the semi-analytical and spline finite strip methods. A nonlinear beam-column analysis based on the influence coefficient method for including the local buckling behaviour in the overall member response is also described.

The analytical methods are compared with tests performed at the University of Sydney on cold-formed rectangular hollow sections, welded I-sections, welded channel sections and cold-formed channel sections. Spatial plastic collapse mechanismsdeveloped for the welded sections described above are also compared with the post-ultimate response of the test sections.     

半离散法分析薄壁柱的畸变屈曲

采用广义梁理论(GBT)的耦合差分方程解决了半离散法分析薄壁柱的畸变屈曲问题。作者近期发表的两篇文章对类似GBT的新型半离散分析方法进行了阐述。对横截面进行离散分析,寻找沿梁变化的解析解。采用新方法,利用齐次和非齐次方程建立确定梁全部变形的一般GBT方程并求解,从而使GBT的(复杂)变形方程变形为可降阶的微分方程。提出的半离散方法在广义梁理论(GBT)基础上增加了用于柱的失稳分析和失稳形态识别的几何刚度因素。通过势能的变化并在梁理论中引入约束条件,对初始应力下建立的GBT齐次微分方程进行修正,以分析其变形特性。对简支梁梁端施加横向位移和轴力,建立GBT初始应力方程,通过该方程寻求失稳的解决方法。根据已知的边界条件,利用三角函数关系式和求解特征值的方法求解这些可降阶的微分方程,使得屈曲形态和相关特征值与分叉荷载因素相符。因此,无需通过模态分解,可由耦合的GBT方程直接求得屈曲形态的解析解。通过实例分析了柱的整体失稳、屈曲变形和局部纵弯失稳,以及如何将新方法用于描述特征曲线和弹性屈曲曲线。将该方法的分析结果与ABAQUS、GBTUL和CUFSM软件的分析结果进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性。     

Distortional buckling modes of semi-discretized thin-walled columns

This paper presents distorting buckling solutions for semi-discretized thin-walled columns using the coupled differential equations of a generalized beam theory (GBT). In two related papers recently published by the authors a novel semi-discretization approach to GBT has been presented. The cross section is discretized and analytical solutions are sought for the variation along the beam. With this new approach the general GBT equations for identification of a full set of deformation modes corresponding to both homogeneous and non-homogenous equations are formulated and solved. Thereby giving the (complex) deformation modes of GBT which decouple the state space equations corresponding to the reduced order differential equations.In this paper the developed semi-discretization approach to generalized beam theory (GBT) is extended to include the geometrical stiffness terms, which are needed for column buckling analysis and identification of buckling modes. The extension is based on an initial stress approach by addition of the related potential energy terms. The potential energy of a single deformation mode is formulated based on a discretization of the cross section. Through variations in the potential energy and the introduction of the constraints related to beam theory this leads to a modified set of coupled homogeneous differential equations of GBT with initial stress for identification of distortional displacement modes. In this paper we seek instability solutions using these GBT initial stress equations for simply supported columns with constrained transverse displacements at the end sections and a constant axial initial stress. Based on the known boundary conditions the reduced order differential equations are solved by using the trigonometric solution functions and solving the related eigenvalue problem. This gives the buckling mode shapes and the associated eigenvalues corresponding to the bifurcation load factors. Thus the buckling modes are found directly by the analytical solution of the coupled GBT-equations without modal decomposition. Illustrative examples showing global column buckling, distortional buckling and local buckling are given and it is shown how the novel approach may be used to develop signature curves and elastic buckling curves. In order to assess the accuracy of the method some of the results are compared to results found using the commercial FE program Abaqus as well as the conventional GBT and FSM methods using the software packages GBTUL and CUFSM.     

The analysis of some practical methods for limit state verification in coupled instability—comparison with the experimental evidence

The paper analyzes the concept of evaluation by calculus of the stability limit state for members subjected to combined bending and axial compression.

The calculus procedure stipulated in Eurocode 3, Design of Steel Structures, 1990¹ is presented for the case in which flexural-torsional buckling is a potential failure mode (compression and bending about the major axis of the section).

The verification function, stipulated in the Eurocode is analyzed by comparison with some experimental results.

The analysis is one of the Steel Structures Department's (Civil Engineering Institute, Bucharest) concerns regarding the improvement of Romanian Code STAS 10108/0–78 ‘Metal Structures’.     

Lateral buckling of web-tapered I-beams: A new theory

This paper presents a new theory for the lateral buckling of web-tapered I-beams. Linear analysis is first conducted by taking account into the tapering effects of web-tapered I-beams, where the deformation compatibilities of the two flanges and web are considered in terms of the basic assumptions of thin-walled members. Subsequently, the total potential for the lateral buckling analysis of web-tapered I-beams is developed, based on the classical variational principle for buckling analysis. The lateral buckling loads of web-tapered cantilevers and simply supported beams of I-sections from the proposed theory are compared with those from the finite element (FE) analyses using two shell element models and two widely used beam element models. The two beam element models respectively represent the equivalent method using prismatic beam elements and the typical tapered beam theory in existing literature. These comparisons show that the results based on the total potential proposed in this paper are more accurate in predicting the lateral buckling loads of web-tapered I-beams than those in existing theories, indicating that the theory proposed in this paper is superior to existing theories. It is also found that the equivalent method using prismatic beam elements may yield unreliable buckling loads of tapered beams.     

工字形截面楔形梁的侧向屈曲:新理论

针对工字形截面楔形梁的侧向屈曲提出了一个全新的理论。在工字形截面楔形梁的分析中首先采用线性分析,其中梁的两个翼缘和腹板的变形能力根据薄壁构件的基本假定决定。随后,基于屈曲分析的经典变分原理,提出该梁侧向屈曲分析中的总势能。利用该理论计算出楔形悬臂梁和工字形简支梁的侧向屈曲荷载,并将其与分别采用2个壳单元和2个梁单元建模的有限元分析结果对比。这2个梁单元模型分别代表了利用柱状梁单元和典型楔形梁理论的等效方法。对比显示:按照新提议的方法计算出来的总势能要比按以往方法计算出来的数值更精确,这表示新提议的理论要优于以往的理论。同时发现,利用柱状梁的等效法来计算楔形梁的屈曲荷载可能会得出不可靠的结果。     

薄壁钢梁稳定性计算的争议及其解决

在规范修订过程中,对钢梁的整体稳定性计算,有学者对《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的临界弯矩计算公式提出了质疑,并提出了新的计算公式。本文对规范所依据的公式和新提出的公式所依据的理论进行了对比,对新公式所依据的理论提出了疑问。为避免薄壁构件理论引入的各种假设带来思辨上难以解决的争议,本文采用ANSYS通用有限元程序的三维板壳单元SHELL63进行了6组共36根梁的整体失稳分析。有限元分析结果表明,采用板稳定理论求得的梁临界弯矩与《钢结构设计规范》(GBJ17—88)所依据的公式符合较好,而与新提出的公式比较相差较大。本文根据薄壁梁弯扭稳定理论,推导了考虑非线性正应变和剪应变的梁失稳过程应变能的变化公式,从而解释了考虑非线性剪应变的理论与ANSYS分析结果不符的原因,并对传统的稳定理论得到的结果进行了肯定。     

An investigation into non-linear interaction between buckling modes

This paper is a contribution to the understanding of the interaction between overall lateral-torsional buckling and local buckling of a beam under transverse loading. It concentrates on the case where the critical load for local buckling is smallest. Three approaches have been used: numerical analysis using the asymptotic theory; a qualitative analysis using an a priori simple discrete model; and experiments. The study suggests that just three modes in the asymptotic analysis are adequate to describe the interactive behaviour. The resulting reduced potential energy expression is quite similar to that of the a priori simple discrete model and provides insight into the destabilizing phenomenon. The experiments confirm these results.     

Elastic biaxial bending and torsion of thin-walled members

This paper presents a detailed treatment of the non-linear elastic biaxial bending and torsion of thin-walled open section members. The treatment is valid for uniform members of linear elastic material, and is limited to small strains and rotations, and moderate deflections. Shear straining of the mid-surface of the member wall is neglected, and it is assumed that the member does not distort or buckle locally. The effects of initial deformations, loads, stresses, and strains are incorporated.

The treatment is based on non-linear strain-displacement relationships, and these are used to derive the non-linear equilibrium and tangent stiffness equations in forms which are suitable for computer solution by the finite element method.

Approximate linear and non-linear differential equilibrium equations are derived, as are the differential equilibrium equations and the energy equation for neutral equilibrium at bifurcation buckling, and these are then related to the classical equations developed by Timoshenko, Vlasov, and others.     

Strength of cold-formed lipped channel beams under interaction of local,distortional and lateral torsional buckling

Cold-formed thin-walled lipped channel steel beams may undergo buckling modes such as short half-wavelength local buckling, intermediate half-wavelength distortional buckling and long half-wavelength lateral-torsional buckling or a combination of these before failure. ABAQUS software based on finite element analysis is used to analyse the interaction behaviour of these buckling modes in this study. The finite element model, after calibration with experimental results available in the literature, is used to perform parametric studies, to evaluate the behaviour and strength of such beams under different types of interactions due to variation of material and member properties. The large volume of synthetic data thus generated over a range of failure modes along with the available test results are used to evaluate different equations for calculating the strength of such cold-formed lipped channel beams. Based on the comparison, a method for the design of lipped channel beams failing under the interaction of local, distortional and overall lateral torsional buckling is recommended.     

装配式钢框架节点带Z字形悬臂梁段和削弱梁段连接的抗震性能研究

为研究装配式钢框架节点带Z字形悬臂梁段和削弱梁段拼接的抗震性能,采用拼接区和削弱梁段共同耗能设计了4个试件。对4个试件进行了低周往复加载试验以及单调及往复加载的有限元分析。通过对试件的破坏模式和拼接区的滑移情况进行了分析,研究了以梁端弯矩 转角表征的滞回曲线、骨架曲线、耗能能力、转动能力等。结果表明：试件主要利用削弱梁段的塑性变形和拼接区的滑移实现耗能;其失效模式为螺孔或者焊缝处撕裂、削弱梁段处局部屈曲和削弱梁段处弯扭失稳;为保证节点充分发挥耗能能力,应增大削弱梁段处的侧向约束,防止发生弯扭失稳;为满足现场安装方便的要求和应对工厂加工精度不足的现状,可以在悬臂梁段翼缘开大孔;为降低工厂加工难度,可以将方钢柱内隔板替换为三角形垂直加劲肋。     

Inelastic buckling analyses of beams, columns and plates using the spline finite strip method

A method of inelastic buckling analysis of thin-walled structural members and plates is described. The method is based on the spline finite strip method of structural analysis. The analysis takes into account the non-linear material stress-strain properties, strain hardening and residual stresses. The plastic theories used in the study are the flow theory of plasticity and the deformation theory of plasticity. The method of inelastic buckling analysis is applied to a variety of instability problems including plates, cold-formed columns, hot-rolled columns and welded tee section beams. The buckling modes and loads computed are compared with theoretical values and test results.     

薄壁复合箱型梁的弯曲-扭转屈曲分析

对一轴心受压薄壁复合构件的屈曲进行研究。提出一个广义的分析模型,可用于分析轴心受压薄壁复合箱型梁的弯曲、扭转以及弯扭屈曲作用。此模型基于经典层压理论,考虑了任意层压堆积规律,结构的弯曲和扭转模式的耦合问题,如非对称以及对称和各种边界条件。采用一个基于位移的一维有限元模型来预测薄壁复合钢筋的临界荷载和随后的屈曲模式。从总势能的平稳值原则中推导出屈曲控制方程。轴心受压薄壁复合件的数值计算结果可用于估测纤维角、各向异性和边界条件对临界屈曲荷载和复合件模态的影响。     

A finite strip method for the elastic—plastic large dlisplacement analysis of thin-walled and cold-formed steel sections

A large deflection elastic—plastic analysis has been developed using the finite strip method of structural analysis to determine the non-linear local buckling behaviour of thin-walled and cold-formed sections in compression. The analysis accounts for plate geometric imperfections, the variation of yield stress around a section, the stress—strain characteristics of the material forming the section and complex patterns of residual stress produced by the cold-forming process.

The analysis is verified against reliable solutions for the non-linear buckling behaviour of plates and plate assemblies in axial compression and the non-linear overall buckling behaviour of a strut. The analysis is further compared with the results of plates with a rounded stress—strain curve typical of cold-formed steel and aluminium.     

Flexural–torsional buckling of thin-walled composite box beams

Buckling of an axially loaded thin-walled laminated composite is studied. A general analytical model applicable to the flexural, torsional and flexural–torsional buckling of a thin-walled composite box beam subjected to axial load is developed. This model is based on the classical lamination theory, and accounts for the coupling of flexural and torsional modes for arbitrary laminate stacking sequence configuration, i.e. unsymmetric as well as symmetric, and various boundary conditions. A displacement-based one-dimensional finite element model is developed to predict critical loads and corresponding buckling modes for a thin-walled composite bar. Governing buckling equations are derived from the principle of the stationary value of total potential energy. Numerical results are obtained for axially loaded thin-walled composites addressing the effects of fiber angle, anisotropy and boundary conditions on the critical buckling loads and mode shapes of the composites.     

多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析

讨论了一般强度和高强度多孔钢梁在组合屈曲模态下的非线性分析。建立一个考虑腹板和翼缘初始几何缺陷、残余应力和材料非线性等情况的多孔钢梁的三维有限元模型。用具有不同长度,不同截面,不同荷载条件和不同失效模态的多孔梁的试验结果验证了此有限元模型。该模型能计算多孔梁的失效荷载,跨中荷载-挠度关系和失效模态。用120根多孔梁的有限元计算数据进行了参数分析,研究截面几何尺寸,梁长和钢材料强度对多孔梁强度和屈曲性能的影响。参数研究结果显示:由于组合腹板的扭转和腹板后屈曲引起的多孔梁失效对承载力有很大的影响。对于长细比较小的多孔梁,应用高强度钢材料将能显著提高失效荷载值。将有限元计算得到的失效荷载与利用澳洲规范计算的多孔梁平面外屈曲计算结果进行了对比,发现规范的计算结果对于平面外屈曲的一般强度多孔梁是不保守的,而对于组合腹板扭转和腹板后屈曲的高强度多孔梁的失效则非常保守。     

Interaction of buckling modes in castellated steel beams

This paper investigates the behaviour of normal and high strength castellated steel beams under combined lateral torsional and distortional buckling modes. An efficient nonlinear 3D finite element model has been developed for the analysis of the beams. The initial geometric imperfection and material nonlinearities were carefully considered in the analysis. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against tests on castellated beams having different lengths and different cross-sections. Failure loads and interaction of buckling modes as well as load-lateral deflection curves of castellated steel beams were investigated in this study. An extensive parametric study was carried out using the finite element model to study the effects of the change in cross-section geometries, beam length and steel strength on the strength and buckling behaviour of castellated steel beams. The parametric study has shown that the presence of web distortional buckling causes a considerable decrease in the failure load of slender castellated steel beams. It is also shown that the use of high strength steel offers a considerable increase in the failure loads of less slender castellated steel beams. The failure loads predicted from the finite element model were compared with that predicted from Australian Standards for steel beams under lateral torsional buckling. It is shown that the Specification predictions are generally conservative for normal strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling, unconservative for castellated steel beams failing by web distortional buckling and quite conservative for high strength castellated steel beams failing by lateral torsional buckling.