饮水氯化消毒的研究进展

氯化消毒因其消毒效果好价格低廉,一直被广泛用于生活饮用水消毒。但近年研究发现在氯化消毒的过程中会产生各种消毒副产物,对人体有致畸,致癌,致突变作用,其中直肠癌,结肠癌,膀胱癌的发生与此有密切关系。为此,许多研究人员均在寻找一种比氯化消毒更好的饮用水消毒方式。如氯胺,二氧化氯,紫外线等均可替代氯化消毒,以减少消毒副产物的产生,减少其对人体的危害。     

食品企业消毒四步法

对于企业来讲,要防控微生物超标,就需要做好消毒杀菌工作。而良好的消毒方法可以最大程度的发挥消毒产品的作用,达到良好的消毒效果。文中主要就消毒四步法进行介绍,为企业生产过程中的消毒提供借鉴。     

安特蓝德 安全用水新主张——访安特蓝德公司中国和韩国区域经理塔力亚

消毒技术是给水处理工艺中的重要组成部分,而氯消毒是国内外最主要的消毒技术,但是氯消毒会产生"三致"的毒副作用,消毒技术的优化和发展成为十分紧迫的问题。而近些年来紫外线消毒作为一种绿色、高效、经济的消毒工艺日益受到人们的关注。由于可以广泛杀灭细菌、病毒、细菌芽孢以及原生动物的卵囊,效率高、速度快,不需投加化学药剂,不产生消毒副产物,紫外线     

餐饮具清洗消毒工艺流程对餐饮食品安全的重要性

由于复用餐具对食品安全至关重要且需要进行反复使用,对其进行清洗消毒是必要流程,在清洗消毒过程中,首先,应当做好复用餐饮具的清洗,其次,应当采取物理消毒和化学消毒的方式进行消毒灭菌。在完成消毒之后,进行烘干并放入密闭的消毒柜中。通过严格的清洗消毒工艺,使复用餐饮具符合食品安全国家标准要求。     

食品企业用几种手消毒剂消毒效果的验证

为了验证常见手消毒剂的实际消毒效果,通过消毒剂消毒效果模拟试验,分别获得了各种不同浓度消毒剂的消毒效果;测试了操作工人的洗手消毒效果,获得了效果较好的消毒方式,既二氧化氯或酒精等;结合国家要求给出了企业最佳的洗手消毒方案.     

发挥信息技术优势——提高医院消毒供应中心管理水平

医院的消毒灭菌是以消毒供应中心为主,消毒供应中心是医院预防和控制院内感染的重要保障,消毒供应中心也是医院提高医疗服务安全,保障医疗服务质量的重要保证,因为,消毒供应中心是否规范,消毒是否合格,服务是否周全及时将直接影响医院的服务质量。     

SB/T 10660—2012《屠宰企业消毒规范》的主要内容

<正>为了加强屠宰企业的消毒管理,商务部于2012年3月15日颁布了国内贸易行业标准SB/T 10660—2012《屠宰企业消毒规范》,自2012年6月1日起实施。SB/T 10660—2012规定了屠宰企业消毒的基本要求、消毒管理、消毒方法以及消毒效果监测等内容。1基本要求1)应建立消毒责任制,明确责任并落实到人;2)应具备必要的清洗和消毒设备,按规定及时进行消毒,应有足够的消毒药品库存;3)应设有安全存放洗涤剂和消毒剂的空间,有明确的领用制度和记录;4)应具备对车辆和工器具进行清洗和消毒的场所和设施;5)发生疫情时,应按照国家相关规定进行消毒;6)应配备防蝇、防蚊和防鼠设施,车间内不得使用药物灭害;7)应严格按照     

长沙出台新规严控劣质消毒餐具

市民外出就餐,经常为消毒餐具是否卫生达标而烦恼。长沙市近日出台新规严控劣质“消毒餐具”,今后长沙消毒后的餐饮具最小外包装上必须标有明显的“保质期”、消毒合格标志和餐饮具消毒机构名称等“身份证明”。     

白猫消毒类产品日生产能力达到200吨

白猫有限公司围绕市场急需抗“非典”的消毒类产品实际,集中力量投资新建了一条次氯酸钠消毒类产品生产线,日生产能力达到180吨。加上白猫消毒洗手液、爱洁乐消毒洗手剂、消毒空气清香剂等产品,日消毒类产品生产能力达到200吨以上。 4月下旬,白猫公司紧急动员,“三管齐下”:一方面加班加点,生产洗手液、净手剂、空气清香剂等个人、家居消毒类产品;一方面加紧生产并推出消毒洗衣粉、除菌洗洁精等适应日常生活急需的消毒产品;同时,在日生产40吨的消毒     

乳山市餐饮业食（饮）具消毒效果调查

饮食业食（饮）具消毒状况,是食品卫生管理的重要内容之一,也是防治肠道传染病的关键环节,直接关系到广大消费者的身体健康,目前常用的消毒方式有热力消毒法（包括煮沸、蒸汽、红外线）和化学消毒法（包括含氯和含碘制剂）。为了研究不同的消毒方式对食（饮）具消毒的效果,我们对乳山市274个单位,进行了食（饮）具不同消毒方法消毒效果的监测,以探讨有效的消毒方法。     

游泳池池水高温天气管理的研究

在高温天气下，游泳人数剧增，游泳池池水容易变质，为了保障游泳者的身体健康，节约水资源，本文提出了效果好、经济、简单易行的池水管理方法。     

Assessment of exposure of workers and swimmers to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool

A simultaneous study on workers' and swimmers' exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) in an indoor swimming pool has been carried out by analyzing urine samples using the headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The subjects of this study were male and female workers of an indoor swimming pool as well as swimmers regularly attending the pool. The results reported show that only chloroform and bromodichloromethane were detected in the urine of those people exposed, which can be used as a specific index of exposure to these compounds. THM uptake of swimmers after 1 h of swimming was higher than that of workers after a 4 h work shift since THM levels in the workers' urine were associated only with inhalation, while levels in swimmers' urine were mainly associated with dermal absorption, apart from inhalation and occasional ingestion, as well as increased uptake due to the physical stress (swimming). The kinetics of THM excretion in the urine of the participants exposed has been calculated after termination of the exposure to select the sampling time and determine the elimination process. An interval of 15 min after exposure was selected as the sampling time, and the absorbed dosage was eliminated by 2 h after exposure. A good correlation between THM concentrations found in the swimming pool water and the urinary THM concentrations of the people affected after exposure has also been obtained.     

耐氯化水中温型活性染料的开发与应用

依照测试标准，在现有活性染料基础上进行筛选并适当改进；组成耐氯性能（游泳池水）达3～4级及以上的活性染料系列。并给出了染色工艺、染色牢度；分析了染料的结构特征，分析了耐氯化水牢度的影响因素．分析了染料之间的相容性。     

New halogenated disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water and their permeability across skin

Chlorine is widely used for disinfecting public swimming pool water. The disinfectant chlorine, protecting swimmers from pathogenic infection in swimming, may be responsible for some adverse effects on swimmers' skin and health. In this study, numerous new halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated pool water were detected with a powerful precursor ion scan method using electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with or without preseparation with ultra performance liquid chromatography. These new pool DBPs were demonstrated to be mainly halo(nitro)phenols, resulting from chlorination of human body substances (such as urine) in the presence of bromide. Among these new DBPs, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2-bromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol, 2-bromo-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol were fully identified or confirmed. For 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2-bromophenol with pure standard compounds available, their permeability values across human skin were measured to be 0.031, 0.021, and 0.023 cm/h, respectively. The effects of chlorine on human skin were also investigated. The interaction of chlorine with epidermis was found to generate many new halogenated DBPs as well as common DBPs; the corneous layer was observed to become rough and even form larger pores after chlorine interaction. It is recommended that swimmers should avoid urinating in pools, and avoid prolonged swimming to reduce chlorine contact and prevent accelerated permeation of DBPs across skin.     

Alveolar air and urine analyses as biomarkers of exposure to trihalomethanes in an indoor swimming pool

The exposure of workers and swimmers at an indoor swimming pool to trihalomethanes (THMs) as a consequence of water chlorination was evaluated by analyzing alveolar air and urine samples. Environmental monitoring of THMs in water and ambient air was also performed in order to assess the possible correlation between environmental and biological samples. The sampling was done concurrently, taking the urine and alveolar air samples before and after the work shift for 15 workers and the swimming activity for 12 swimmers. A high THM uptake was observed in alveolar air and urine of subjects exposed, with chloroform being the most abundant THM. Mean chloroform levels in alveolar air and urine before exposure were 4 microg/ m3 and 475 ng/L, respectively. After 2 h of exposure, concentration increases of ca. 8 times in alveolar air and 2 times in urine were observed in workers. After 1 h swimming, the increases found in swimmers were ca. 20 and 3 times in alveolar air and urine, respectively. High increases have also been observed in bromodichloromethane levels. We have obtained excellent correlations between the chloroform concentrations found in the swimming pool ambient air/alveolar air, and between the urine/ alveolar air of the participants after exposure (r > 0.9). In conclusion, alveolar air provides better response sensitivity and shorter reaction time to external exposure than urine, being therefore the most sensitive biomarker.     

泳衣面料耐光、汗、氯复合色牢度的测试

测试了18种颜色的涤／氨、锦／氨面料泳衣的耐汗渍色牢度、耐光色牢度、耐海水色牢度和耐泳池水色牢度，以及耐光、汗复合色牢度，耐光、海水复合色牢度和耐光、泳池水复合色牢度。研究了光、汗、氯各因素对泳衣面料的影响。     

漂浮自救泳衣设计开发

针对游泳溺水事故频发和传统泳衣缺少安全防护功能的问题,以泳池环境为测试条件,研究开发了在突发溺水时可及时充气上浮的漂浮自救泳衣。首先依据小苏打与醋酸接触快速生成二氧化碳气体的化学反应确定充气原理;然后采用热塑性聚氨酯弹性体材料制作气囊储存气体,用热熔胶接法固定气囊、圆软管与旋钮式气阀的气囊充气结构,保证气囊的气密性;最后对泳衣结构、色彩、面料进行表征与分析。结果表明:原料配比关系是气囊浮力值的关键,上下半身气囊的充气占比分别为67%和33%,可确保人体漂浮时头颈部始终露出水面;该漂浮自救泳衣实现了操作便捷、快速充气、夜间发光的功能性设计开发,对降低溺亡事故的发生率、及时自救和救援效率等具有一定的借鉴作用。     

拒水泳衣的制备及其减阻性能

应用纳米技术制备拒水泳衣,进行疏水性能、拒水级别、耐水洗、包裹物漂浮和运动员泳池测试,分析其减阻性能。结果表明,制备的拒水泳衣接触角为156.3°,拒水级别为5级,抗水洗等级为5级;与对照组和包覆普通泳衣相比,包覆拒水泳衣具有明显的减阻效果(p小于0.01);与对照组相比,穿着拒水泳衣的运动员测试成绩显著提高(p小于0.05)。应用纳米技术制备的拒水泳衣达到设计要求,具有明显的减阻效果,可显著提高游泳运动成绩。     

Human adenoviruses in water: occurrence and health implications: a critical review

Adenoviruses are important human pathogens that are responsible for both enteric illnesses and respiratory and eye infections. Recently, these viruses have been found to be prevalent in rivers, coastal waters, swimming pool waters, and drinking water supplies worldwide. United Sates Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) listed adenovirus as one of nine microorganisms on the Contamination Candidate List for drinking water because their survival characteristic during water treatment is not yet fully understood. Adenoviruses have been found to be significantly more stable than fecal indicator bacteria and other enteric viruses during UV treatment. Adenovirus infection may be caused by consumption of contaminated water or inhalation of aerosolized droplets during water recreation. The goal of this review is to summarize the state of technology for adenovirus detection in natural and drinking waters and the human health risk imposed by this emerging pathogen. The occurrence of these viruses in natural and treated waters is summarized from worldwide reports.     

Comparative Mammalian cell cytotoxicity of water concentrates from disinfected recreational pools

Disinfection of recreational pools is essential to prevent outbreaks of infectious disease. Despite the health benefits of swimming, recent research demonstrated an association between the application of disinfectants to recreational pools and adverse health outcomes. Pool waters are extreme cases of disinfection that differ in important respects from disinfected drinking waters. Pool waters are continuously exposed to disinfectants over average residence times extending to months. Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in pools include natural humic substances deriving from the tap water source plus inputs from bathers through urine, sweat, hair, skin, and consumer products including sunscreens and cosmetics. This study presents a systematic, chronic in vitro mammalian cell cytotoxicity analysis of different recreational waters with varied environmental conditions that were derived from a common tap water source. Recreational waters were significantly more toxic than their tap water source. Because trihalomethane concentrations are similar between tap waters and pool waters, using trihalomethanes to monitor exposure in epidemiological studies may not be the best metric. Of primary importance for cytotoxicity were illumination conditions. Pools subjected to a combination of ultraviolet light and free chlorine disinfection indoors, or outdoor sunlight exposure exhibited lower cytotoxicity than their indoor counterparts disinfected with free chlorine. Temperature and total organic carbon content, as an indirect measure of DBP precursors, were less important. Previous research on the same samples demonstrated the genotoxicity of an indoor pool disinfected with bromochlorodimethylhydantoin; the cytotoxicity of this sample was confirmed in the present study. While the association of reduced toxicity with illumination indicates that the agents responsible are photolabile, their identity is unclear. As a broad measure of adverse biological responses, cytotoxicity may be a useful metric to gauge the health impacts of alterations in pool operating conditions.