基于模糊矢量量化图象编码的研究

分析了模糊矢量量化（ＦＶＱ）图象编码的原理，给出了ＦＶＱ设计三要素。提出了用于图象编码的指数型模糊矢量量化算法（ＦＶＱＥ）。实验结果表明，ＦＶＱＥ的图象编码性能与ＦＶＱ相当，但收敛速度要略快于ＦＶＱ算法。     

基于自组织特征映射神经网络的矢量量化

近年来,许多学者已经成功地将Ｋｏｈｏｎｅｎ的自组织特征映射（ＳＯＦＭ）神经网络应用于矢量量化（ＶＱ）图象压缩编码,相对于传统的ＫＬＢＧ算法,基于的ＳＯＦＭ算法的两个主要缺点是计算量大和生成的码书性能较差因此为了改善码书性能,对基本的ＳＯＦＭ算法的权值调整方法作了一些改进,同时为了降低计算量,又在决定获得胜神经元的过程中,采用快速搜索算法,在将改进的算法用于矢量量化码书设计后,并把生成的码书用于图象     

一种基于小波变换的图像压缩方法

提出一种基于小波变换的灰度图像数据压缩编码方法,基本思路是利用小波变换实现图像的多分辨分解,用矢量量化（ＶＱ）对分解后的图像进行编码,在矢量量化ＬＢＧ算法的初始码书的选取中根据矢量中各分量的特性提出一种改进的随机选取法,避免了可能的胞腔不均现象,提高了码书的质量,而且重构的图像质量也有所提高。     

粒子群优化算法在图像矢量量化码书设计中的应用

鉴于经典的LBG码书设计算法易陷入局部最优解,首次采用粒子群优化算法来设计图像矢量量化的最优码书,并提出了粒子群矢量量化（PSO-VQ）算法和粒子一致性操作（PCO）。在PSO-VQ算法中,每个粒子表示一个码书,以粒子群进化的方式对初始码书进行迭代而获得最优码书,PCO操作对各初始码书中的码矢量按其灰度均值排序,使不同码书的内部结构基于码矢量灰度均值达到基本一致,确保了结果向全局最优解收敛。实验证明,PSO-VQ算法在解码图像的PSNR值和主观效果上都优于LBG算法,同时拓展了粒子群优化算法的应用领域。     

矢量量化的遗传k-均值算法

提出了一种遗传k-均值算法，该算法通过改进标准遗传操作及采用可变变异率，使其在矢量量化应用中表现出很好的性能．实验证明，该算法能够获得质量高于k-均值和模糊k-均值算法的矢量量化码书，为设计全局最优码书提供了新思路。     

基于自组织特征映射网络的模糊矢量量化算法

自组织特征映射（SOFM）是一种常用的矢量量化算法，它具有设计码书不依赖于初始码书等优点。模糊矢量量化算法（FVQ）将模糊关系引入码书的设计，训练矢量与码矢之间的模糊关系用隶属函数表示。本文提出了一种基于自组织特征映射网络的模糊矢量量化算法（FSOFM），FSOFM算法将SOFM网络的调节节点邻域看作训练矢量的模糊集，网络权值学习步长的选择依赖于隶属函数。由于设计码书的评价一般采用最小均方误差准则，而隶属函数是训练矢量与码矢之间距离的函数，FSOFM算法保证了网络的全局成优化和网络权值的局部调整一致；因此，FSOFM算法能够优化码书的设计，改善设计码书的性能。此外，FSOOFM算法还具良好的适应性，当网络的将LBG、SOFM、FVQ和FOSOFM算法用于一组具有不同边缘特性的图像的矢量量化中，我们发现采用FSOFM算法进行矢量量化的所有图像都具有最高的峰值信噪比PSNR。     

基于遗传LBG的图像矢量量化改进算法

矢量量化在图像压缩中有着举足轻重的地位。码书的设计是算法的关键,经典的LBG聚类算法由于对初始码书的选择非常敏感会导致不同的量化效果。把遗传算法和LBG算法相结合,充分利用LBG算法的局部搜索能力和遗传算法的全局寻优能力,能够在大大改善码本质量的同时加快算法的收敛速度。     

改进径向基函数神经网及其在手写体字符识别中的应用

提出一种基于半模型矢量量化（ＳＦＶＱ）技术的改进径向基函数神经网（ＩＲＢＦＮＮ）分类器,并且用于无约束手写体数字的识别。作者在模糊聚类和矢量量化的基础上利用半模糊的思想提出了半模糊矢量量化算法,并在其中加入了有监督的控制,从而使系统在聚类过程中可以确定比较合适的类别数并使聚类结果能更好地反映训练集的概率分布。以半模糊矢量量化作为预处理的改进ＲＢＦ网,应用了多尺度补偿等办法,能够充分利用训练样本集的     

初始码字间距最大化的矢量量化码书设计算法

目前对传统LBG算法的改进措施一般以增加时间开销作为代价.本文提出一种新的矢量量化码书设计改进措施--初始码字间距最大化:初始码书中的码字全部来自输入的训练矢量,且每一个新的初始码字尽可能地远离现有的码字,实验结果表明:本算法完全消除了空胞腔现象,更有效地避免了局部最优,能获得质量更高的码书;收敛速度快,具有较低的时间消耗.本算法在时间开销以及码书质量这两个方面都优于传统LBG和基于人工蚁群优化的码书设计算法等改进算法.     

两个优于分裂法的初始码书设计算法

在矢量量化中,码书起决定性的作用,它决定了量化的性能;一般采用ＬＢＧ算法生成码书,其中一个关键的技术就是初始码书的选取,通常认为分裂法效果显著。该文引入贪婪树生长算法来设计初始码书,得到了两个优于分裂法的初始码书设计算法,减少了整个码书训练的运算时间,提高了码书的性能。     

修正的广义学习向量量化算法

讨论了Pal等的广义学习量化算法(GLVQ)和Karayiannis等的模糊学习量化算法(FGLVQ)的优缺点，提出了修正广义学习量化(RGLVQ)算法。该算法的迭代系数有很好的上下界，解决了GLVQ的“Scale”问题，又不像FGLVQ算法对初始学习率敏感。用IRIS数据集对算法进行了测试，并应用所给算法进行了用于图像压缩的量化码书设计。该文算法与FGLVQ类算法性能相当，但少了大量浮点除法，实验过程表明节约训练时间约l0％。     

一种基于Tabu搜索的模糊学习矢量量化图像编码算法

模糊学习矢量量化算法（FLVQ）虽然解决了硬的竞争学习对初始码本的依赖性问题,但收敛速度变慢,且仍无法克服陷入局部最小。为此在分析模糊学习矢量量化图象编码原理的基础上,探讨了FLVQ算法的几种优化途径,进而进出了一种基于Tabu搜索（TS）的模糊学习矢量量化的新算法（TS－FLVQ）,并给出了该算法的具体实现方法及步骤。该算法首先利用TS技术产生一个面向全局搜索的寻优列表,然后再进行模糊学习以得到最优解,实验结果表明,该算法在收敛速度及编码效果上均较FLVQ有较大的提高。。     

一种基于Tabu搜索的模糊学习矢量量化图象编码算法

模糊学习矢量量化算法 (FL VQ)虽然解决了硬的竞争学习对初始码本的依赖性问题 ,但收敛速度变慢 ,且仍无法克服陷入局部最小 .为此在分析模糊学习矢量量化图象编码原理的基础上 ,探讨了 FL VQ算法的几种优化途径 ,进而提出了一种基于 Tabu搜索 (TS)的模糊学习矢量量化的新算法 (TS- FL VQ) ,并给出了该算法的具体实现方法及步骤 .该算法首先利用 TS技术产生一个面向全局搜索的寻优列表 ,然后再进行模糊学习以得到最优解 .实验结果表明 ,该算法在收敛速度及编码效果上均较 FL VQ有较大的提高 .     

HEURISTIC PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION LEARNING-BASED IMAGE COMPRESSION SYSTEM

Traditional LBG algorithm is a pure iterative optimization procedure to achieve the vector quantization (VQ) codebook, where an initial codebook is continually refined at every iteration to reduce the distortion between code-vectors and a given training data set. However, such interactive type learning algorithms will easily direct final results converging toward the local optimization while the high quality of the initial codebook is not available. In this article, an efficient heuristic-based learning method, called novel particle swarm optimization (NPSO), is proposed to design the proper codebook of VQ scheme that can develop the image compression system. To improve the performance of the basic PSO, the centroid updating machine applies the one step-size gradient descent learning step in the heuristic learning procedure. Additionally, the presented NPSO with advantages of the centroid updating machine is proposed to quickly achieve the near-optimal reconstructive image. For demonstrating the proposed NPSO learning scheme, the image with several horizontal grey bars is first applied to present the efficiency of the NPSO learning mechanism. LBG and NPSO learning methods are also applied to test the reconstructing performance in several type images “Lena,” “Airplane,” “Cameraman”, and “peppers.” In our experiments, the NPSO learning algorithm provides the higher performance than conventional LBG methods in the application of building image compression system.     

矢量量化的初始码书算法

矢量量化的初始码书设计是很重要的,影响或决定着其后码书形成算法的迭代次数和最终的码书质量。针对原有的初始码书算法在性能上随机性强与信源匹配程度不高的问题,提出一种对于训练矢量实施基于分量的和值排序,然后做分离平均的初始码书形成算法。算法使用了矢量的特征量,脱离了对于图像结构因数的依赖,能产生鲁棒性较好的初始码书。实验证明了该方法的有效性,与LBG算法结合可进一步提高码书质量。     

Image vector quantization algorithm via honey bee mating optimization

The vector quantization (VQ) was a powerful technique in the applications of digital image compression. The traditionally widely used method such as the Linde–Buzo–Gray (LBG) algorithm always generated local optimal codebook. Recently, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is adapted to obtain the near-global optimal codebook of vector quantization. An alternative method, called the quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) had been developed to improve the results of original PSO algorithm. In this paper, we applied a new swarm algorithm, honey bee mating optimization, to construct the codebook of vector quantization. The results were compared with the other three methods that are LBG, PSO–LBG and QPSO–LBG algorithms. Experimental results showed that the proposed HBMO–LBG algorithm is more reliable and the reconstructed images get higher quality than those generated from the other three methods.     

Fuzzy clustering algorithms based on resolution and their application in image compression

This paper presents an idea of clustering resolution. On the basis of the idea, fuzzy clustering algorithms based on resolution are deduced, which naturally comprise a set of clustering algorithms. Thus, c-means algorithm and fuzzy c-means algorithms are actually special examples in the set. As an application for codebook design in image compression based on vector quantization, fuzzy clustering algorithms based on multiresolution are developed, which are almost prior to conventional algorithms in all aspects.     

An axiomatic approach to soft learning vector quantization andclustering

This paper presents an axiomatic approach to soft learning vector quantization (LVQ) and clustering based on reformulation. The reformulation of the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm provides the basis for reformulating entropy-constrained fuzzy clustering (ECFC) algorithms. According to the proposed approach, the development of specific algorithms reduces to the selection of a generator function. Linear generator functions lead to the FCM and fuzzy learning vector quantization algorithms while exponential generator functions lead to ECFC and entropy-constrained learning vector quantization algorithms. The reformulation of LVQ and clustering algorithms also provides the basis for developing uncertainty measures that can identify feature vectors equidistant from all prototypes. These measures are employed by a procedure developed to make soft LVQ and clustering algorithms capable of identifying outliers in the data set. This procedure is evaluated by testing the algorithms generated by linear and exponential generator functions on speech data.     

Evolutionary fuzzy particle swarm optimization vector quantization learning scheme in image compression

This article develops an evolutional fuzzy particle swarm optimization (FPSO) learning algorithm to self extract the near optimum codebook of vector quantization (VQ) for carrying on image compression. The fuzzy particle swarm optimization vector quantization (FPSOVQ) learning schemes, combined advantages of the adaptive fuzzy inference method (FIM), the simple VQ concept and the efficient particle swarm optimization (PSO), are considered at the same time to automatically create near optimum codebook to achieve the application of image compression. The FIM is known as a soft decision to measure the relational grade for a given sequence. In our research, the FIM is applied to determine the similar grade between the codebook and the original image patterns. In spite of popular usage of Linde–Buzo–Grey (LBG) algorithm, the powerful evolutional PSO learning algorithm is taken to optimize the fuzzy inference system, which is used to extract appropriate codebooks for compressing several input testing grey-level images. The proposed FPSOVQ learning scheme compared with LBG based VQ learning method is presented to demonstrate its great result in several real image compression examples.