蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响

为探究蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响。分别以0%、3%、6%、9%和12%的蛋清蛋白替代豌豆淀粉,研究蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉糊化特性、热特性、静态流变、动态流变、凝胶质构及水分子状态的影响。结果表明：蛋清蛋白以浓度依赖的方式影响豌豆淀粉的糊化特性,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值均随蛋清蛋白添加量增加而降低,而糊化温度则升高。蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶化温度影响不显著,但降低了淀粉的凝胶化焓值。添加不同量蛋清蛋白的豌豆淀粉糊均表现为假塑性流体特征,Herchel-Bulkley模型能够很好地拟合其静态流变行为,稠度指数和屈服应力均随蛋清蛋白添加量增加而降低。添加蛋清蛋白降低了豌豆淀粉糊体系的黏弹性及凝胶的硬度、强度和可塑性。蛋清蛋白对豌豆淀粉凝胶中自由水含量影响不显著,但使结合水含量增加而不可流动束缚水含量降低。     

聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉凝胶老化特性的影响

为探究聚葡萄糖(PD)对大米淀粉(RS)凝胶老化特性的影响,利用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、X-射线衍射分析(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究聚葡萄糖对大米淀粉糊化黏度特性、热特性、晶体结构和微观结构的影响。结果表明,随着聚葡萄糖添加量的增大,大米淀粉糊化的峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值均显著下降(p<0.05);但是糊化温度升高,大米淀粉的糊化焓值和老化焓值均显著降低(p<0.05),大米淀粉凝胶的相对结晶度从14.09%降到8.61%。SEM结果表明添加聚葡萄糖后,大米淀粉凝胶孔洞变小,表面更致密、光滑,说明聚葡萄糖可以抑制大米淀粉凝胶的重结晶,延缓大米淀粉凝胶的老化。     

麦冬多糖对大米淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响

为研究麦冬多糖对大米淀粉凝胶化及凝胶特性的影响,分别以0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的麦冬多糖替代大米淀粉,研究麦冬多糖对大米淀粉糊化特性、静态流变、动态流变、凝胶质构及水分子状态的影响。结果表明：麦冬多糖以浓度依赖的方式使大米淀粉糊的峰值黏度等糊化黏度参数均降低,而峰值时间和糊化温度则增加。不同样品均为假塑性流体,幂律方程能够较好地拟合其静态流变行为,假塑性随麦冬多糖添加量增加而增强,稠度指数随麦冬多糖添加量增加而降低。麦冬多糖使大米淀粉糊的黏弹性及凝胶的硬度、内聚性、咀嚼性和回复性均降低。凝胶中的水分子主要呈游离态,结合水和束缚水含量较少,添加麦冬多糖降低了大米淀粉凝胶中水分子的运动性。     

普鲁兰多糖对籼米粉凝胶及老化特性的影响

探究不同添加量的普鲁兰多糖(0%、2%、4%、6%、8%)对籼米粉糊化特性、流变特性、凝胶质构以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,普鲁兰多糖的添加使米粉的糊化特性、流变特性、凝胶质构和微观结构发生显著变化。随着普鲁兰多糖添加量的增加,混合粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、崩解值、回生值、弹性模量、黏性模量均逐渐降低,糊化温度略有升高,表明普鲁兰多糖抑制了大米淀粉的糊化;X-射线衍射的分析表明普鲁兰多糖的添加降低了淀粉的重结晶度,抑制了淀粉老化;普鲁兰多糖添加后的凝胶呈现出多孔状结构,表明淀粉连续性的凝胶结构被破坏,从而导致凝胶的硬度、弹性、黏聚性、胶着度、咀嚼性逐渐降低。     

细菌纤维素对大米淀粉凝胶老化的影响

为了解细菌纤维素对淀粉凝胶老化的影响,利用快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪、X-射线衍射和扫描电镜测定添加不同量细菌纤维素的大米淀粉凝胶糊化特性、热力学特性、结晶性和微观结构。结果表明,随细菌纤维素添加量的增加,大米淀粉糊化时崩解值、回生值、糊化焓值显著降低,显示细菌纤维素抑制了大米淀粉凝胶的短期老化;随细菌纤维素添加量的增加,大米淀粉凝胶老化焓值显著降低,而重结晶从13.26%降至7.93%,说明细菌纤维素抑制了大米淀粉中支链淀粉的重结晶;大米淀粉凝胶微观结构显示细菌纤维素的添加使大米淀粉凝胶的表面更加完整、结构更加致密。由此表明细菌纤维素对大米淀粉凝胶老化具有显著的抑制作用。     

大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

以小麦淀粉为原料,利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、快速粘度仪(RVA)、X-射线衍射等研究添加不同比例大米蛋白对小麦淀粉理化特性的热力学特性、糊化特性、流变学特性、X-射线衍射以及冻融稳定性的影响。结果表明,添加大米蛋白的小麦淀粉糊化温度增加,糊化焓值降低。随着大米蛋白添加量的增加,小麦淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、终值黏度降和回生值分别从5266、3098、2168、4755、1657 cP降低到4003、2969、1034、4439、1470 cP,糊化温度从72.50 ℃增加到76.00 ℃。大米蛋白会抑制淀粉中结晶的溶解。同时,添加大米蛋白会使小麦淀粉凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量均降低,凝胶强度变弱,冻融稳定性降低。     

大米谷蛋白对大米淀粉理化特性的影响

本文研究了低变性大米谷蛋白的添加对大米淀粉的持水、糊化、流变与质构特性的影响。结果表明,大米谷蛋白的添加(0~20%)会逐渐降低大米淀粉的持水能力,延迟其水化过程。淀粉的黏度特性曲线、糊化晗值、峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值随谷蛋白添加量的增加而逐渐降低,但起始糊化温度和峰值温度无明显变化。流变数据证实,蛋白添加量为0~10%时,淀粉-蛋白复合物的剪切应力和表观粘度随添加量增加而增加,当谷蛋白添加量为20%时,复合物的剪切应力和表观粘度迅速减小,大米淀粉的糊化特性和凝胶特性发生明显弱化。     

普鲁兰多糖对大米淀粉糊化和老化特性的影响

以实验室自提高直链大米淀粉为原料,以10％的海藻糖为参照,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分别分析了不同添加量的普鲁兰多糖对大米淀粉的热力学性质和黏度特性的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对在4℃条件下贮存14d的大米糊化淀粉的颗粒形貌进行观察.结果表明,普鲁兰多糖的添加会不同程度降低高直链大米淀粉的老化焓值、峰黏度、谷黏度、终黏度、回生值,提高大米淀粉的糊化温度,当添加15％普鲁兰多糖时能较好的延缓大米淀粉的老化,RVA所测得的回生值从2463.67cP降低到471.33cP;当添加25％普鲁兰多糖时,对淀粉的老化抑制效果最好.     

芒果皮粉对淀粉糊化与老化特性的影响

采用布拉班德黏度仪、差示扫描量热仪等测定芒果皮粉的添加对玉米淀粉和大米淀粉黏度、热特性、透光率、沉降率、凝胶硬度与色泽的影响。结果表明,随芒果皮粉添加量(0%~15%)的增加,2种淀粉的起糊温度逐渐降低,玉米淀粉糊峰值黏度在添加15%芒果皮粉时显著升高,崩解值增大;大米淀粉糊峰值黏度呈降低趋势,崩解值先降低后升高,2种淀粉回生值都显著降低。芒果皮粉的添加显著降低了2种淀粉的糊化和老化焓值及贮藏中透光率与沉降率的下降程度,减小玉米淀粉凝胶的硬度,降低了2种淀粉凝胶色泽的变化程度。说明芒果皮粉的添加影响淀粉的糊化特性,且影响趋势随淀粉品种不同而异,但能有效抑制2种淀粉的老化。     

大豆多糖对大米淀粉糊化及凝胶特性的影响

以大米淀粉为材料,研究了大豆多糖对淀粉糊化及凝胶特性的作用.通过布拉班德黏度计,DSC差示量热扫描和质构仪等分析手段,研究分别添加相当于淀粉干基质量分数1.0%、2.5%、5.0%的大豆多糖的影响.结果表明,大豆多糖能有效降低大米淀粉黏度,改善其凝胶品质,且添加量越大,效果越明显,对淀粉基食品的改良有重大意义.     

挤压蒸煮加工米糠可溶和不溶膳食纤维对米淀粉性质的影响及其相互作用分析

研究未挤压、挤压蒸煮加工米糠可溶和不溶膳食纤维对米淀粉糊化性质、热性质、回生性质、结晶性质、微观结构的影响,并采用质构分析、核磁共振、傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法探究挤压蒸煮米糠膳食纤维与米淀粉之间的相互作用。结果表明：与未挤压蒸煮加工米糠膳食纤维相比,挤压蒸煮加工米糠可溶和不溶膳食纤维分别使米淀粉的崩解值显著增加了74.09%和128.36%,并均显著降低米淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、峰值时间、糊化温度。米糠经过挤压蒸煮加工后,米糠可溶膳食纤维使淀粉凝胶的自由水向强结合水转化,米糠不溶膳食纤维使淀粉凝胶的自由水向弱结合水转化。与未挤压蒸煮加工相比,挤压蒸煮加工米糠可溶和不溶膳食纤维分别使米淀粉的回生值降低了62.59%和44.81%,也均降低了米淀粉凝胶的回生率、相对结晶度、硬度、内聚性、回复性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、1 047 cm－1与1 022 cm－1处吸收峰的峰高比,添加挤压蒸煮米糠可溶、不溶膳食纤维的淀粉凝胶表面较光滑,凝胶结构出现较大的裂缝,说明挤压蒸煮加工米糠提高了米糠膳食纤维对米淀粉回生的抑制效果,且挤压蒸煮可溶膳食纤维比挤压蒸煮不溶性膳食纤维效果好。     

Effect of γ-ray irradiation on starch granule structure and physicochemical properties of rice

Irradiation, an effective method to change starch structure and its functionalities, was carried out before traditional air-drying. Effect of irradiation on the structural and physicochemical properties of rice starch and contrast with that of non-irradiated and traditional air-dried rice was studied in this research. Micrology observation of microstructure of starch, at outer and inner layer rice endosperm, showed that the starch granules would be destroyed by gamma irradiation, and the breakage was increased with increasing dose. Effect of gamma irradiation on microstructures of inner endosperm was greater than that of outer endosperm. Chemistry examination and RVA rice viscosity analysis were carried out on the air-dried rice. Apparent amylose content, gel consistency and gelatinisation temperature were all affected by irradiation pre-treatment. Apparent amylose content was decreased, and gel consistency and gelatinisation temperature were increased with increasing dose. These affects generally related to the changes of starch structure. With the analysis of RVA, six major parameters of starch pasting properties, peak viscosity (PKV), hot pasting viscosity (HPV), cool pasting viscosity (CPV), setback (CPV minus PKV), breakdown (PKV minus HPV), and peak time (PKT), were significant decreased with the increasing dose by different velocity. There were high correlation coefficient between dose and individual major parameters of starch pasting properties (range from 0.961 to 0.998). These changes of pasting properties were also due to the breakage of starch granules caused by gamma irradiation.     

可溶性大豆多糖对大米淀粉物化特性的影响

摘要：目的 探究可溶性大豆多糖（soluble soybean polysaccharides,SSPS）对大米淀粉物化特性的影响。方法 以大米淀粉为原料,将SSPS以不同比例与米淀粉进行混合,分析SSPS对大米淀粉膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、糊化特性以及流变学特性的影响。结果 与对照组相比,在大米淀粉中加入SSPS可显著降低淀粉的膨胀度及溶解度,当SSPS添加量为10%时,膨胀度和溶解度最低,分别为10.99(g/g)和70.52%。随着SSPS添加量和冻融次数的增加,体系的析水率呈上升趋势。糊化性质表明,SSPS的添加使淀粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、崩解值及回生值均降低,但是糊化温度上升。动态流变学结果表明样品体系G?均大于G?,且呈现出频率依赖性,说明具有典型的弱凝胶特性。结论 可溶性大豆多糖在一定程度上可以改善大米淀粉的特性,为SSPS在淀粉基食品中的应用提供理论指导。     

Evaluation of the Effects of Hydrothermal Treatment on Rice Flour and Its Related Starch

The main aim of this research was to compare the effects of hydrothermal treatment on rice flour and its related rice starch. The treatment was performed at 120°C for 3 and 5 h. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the proteins of hydrothermaled rice flour were denatured and formed clusters and the granules of hydrothermaled rice starch became aggregated and had an irregular surface. The treatment reduced water solubility and water absorption and decreased peak viscosity while increased pasting temperature. It increased the final visosity of modified rice flour while reduced the final viscosity of modified rice starch. Following hydrothermal treatment, the hardness and elasticity of the gels increased. The cohesiveness of rice flour gels decreased while that of the rice starch gels remained unchanged. This study showed how the hydrothermal treatment can have different effects on rice flour and its related rice starch. The effects of hydrothermal treatment on rice flour were stronger than rice starch. Increasing the treatment time from 3 to 5 h was more effective on rice starch.     

混合实验仪法对大米食用品质评价的探索研究

目的探索大米食用品质的混合实验仪(Mixolab)表征点。方法利用混合实验仪测定70种大米的相关参数,用国标法测定大米品质理化指标(蛋白质、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度),并用描述性分析法对大米进行感官评定,分析Mixolab图谱特征值与大米的理化指标以及感官评定指标之间的相关关系。结果蛋白质含量与淀粉糊化特性、淀粉热糊化胶的稳定性以及冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性呈显著负相关,直链淀粉含量与吸水率呈显著负相关,与蛋白质弱化、淀粉糊化特性、淀粉热糊化胶的稳定性、冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性、淀粉糊化的速度、淀粉酶的水解速度和淀粉的崩解值呈显著正相关,胶稠度与吸水率和冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性呈显著正相关;感官评定质地方面的粘性、硬度和凝聚性均和Mixolab的冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性值有显著相关性。结论混合试验仪法应用于大米食用品质的评价是可行的,其中冷却阶段糊化淀粉的回生特性可以作为大米食用品质评价的参考表征点。     

Pasting Properties of Non‐waxy Rice Starch‐Hydrocolloid Mixtures

The swelling and pasting properties of non‐waxy rice starch‐hydrocolloid mixtures were investigated using commercial and laboratory‐generated hydrocolloids. The swelling power of the rice starch‐hydrocolloid mixtures was generally depressed at low concentration of hydrocolloids (0–0.05%), but increased directly with increasing hydrocolloid concentrations (0.05–0.1%). In gellan gum dispersion, the swelling power at 100°C was higher than that of control. The rice starch‐hydrocolloids mixtures showed shear‐thinning flow behavior (n = 0.26–0.49). Hydrocolloids except the exopolysaccharide from S. chungbukensis (EPS‐CB) increased apparent viscosity and consistency index (K) of rice starch dispersions, but decreased the n value. Hydrocolloids enhanced the trough and final viscosity of rice starch dispersions but EPS‐CB reduced the viscosity of rice starch pastes. Hydrocolloids lowered peak viscosity but addition of guar gum resulted in high peak viscosity, apparent viscosity, and consistency index of rice starch dispersions. Total setback viscosity appeared to be not affected by hydrocolloids at low concentration (0.05%). The hot and cold paste of the starch‐gellan gum mixture exhibited the highest viscosity values in the Brookfield viscometer.