涂料中有毒有害元素检验检测技术研究进展

综述了近年涂料中有毒有害元素检验检测技术的研究现状,结合国内外涂料中有毒有害检测的研究成果和相关的检测方法标准,探讨了涂料中有毒有害分析的各种前处理方法应用的优缺点,比较了当前分光光度法、原子吸收法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法以及X射线荧光光谱法在涂料有毒有害元素测定中的应用范围和不足之处,提出了涂料中有毒有害元素检测技术发展方向,为今后涂料中有害物质检测方法的开发和应用提供参考。     

涂料中有毒有害元素检测方法概述

综述了近年涂料中有毒有害元素检验检测技术的研究现状,结合国内外涂料中有毒有害检测的研究成果和相关的检测方法标准,探讨了涂料中有毒有害分析的各种前处理方法应用的优缺点,比较了当前分光光度法、原子吸收法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法以及X射线荧光光谱法在涂料有毒有害元素测定中的应用范围和优缺点,为涂料中有毒有害物质检测方法的开发和应用提供了参考。     

ICP—MS法测定粉煤灰中痕量重金属的研究

研究了微波消解样品 ,试液用ICP MS法同时测定样品中Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Ni等重金属元素。对影响测量的各种因素进行了探讨 ,确定了实验最佳测定条件。研究结果表明 ,该法检出限为 0 .0 0 1～ 0 .0 0 8μg/L ,回收率为92 .98%～ 10 9.12 % ,RSD小于 2 .89% ,用于测定粉煤灰中的重金属元素准确、快速、简便。     

马弗炉灰化法测定涂料中微量元素的研究

涂料中的有害物质特别是一些重金属元素能够造成空气污染,并有可能直接或间接的影响人体健康,因此限制涂料中有害重金属元素的含量非常重要。那么寻求准确、快速检验涂料中有害重金属元素含量的方法具有重要的现实意义。本文通过马弗炉高温灰化法来处理样品,然后通过原子吸收分光光度计来测定样品中微量元素含量,实验证明,该方法快捷简单易于操作准确度高。     

微波辅助测定土壤中重金属元素和有机污染物

针对传统测量土壤中重金属元素与有机污染物的方法精准度低的问题，提出动态微波法分别辅助ICP-AES和高效液相色谱与二级质谱联用(HPLC-MS/MS)对土壤中重金属元素和有机污染物进行测定。测定结果表明，土壤中重金属检出限范围为0.0004～0.006μg·m L^-1;R2>0.99,RSD约为5.0%～6.9%。测定土壤四溴双酚A的线性范围为5～500ng·g^-1,R2>0.99，检出限为1.6ng·g^-1，定量检出限为5.0；精密度约为4.7%～6.9%，回收率约为94%～104%。结果证明，微波辅助ICP-AES可以精确测量土壤中重金属元素与有机污染物的含量。     

ICP-OES法同时测定有机肥料中7种有害元素方法探究

为方便对有机化肥中有毒有害元素含量的检测，研究了一种湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定有机肥中镉、汞、铅、镍、钴、钒、铬7种元素的检测方法，并排除了基体对测定结果的干扰。实验结果表明，7种元素的标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,线性良好，相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,回收率在85.32%～109.13%之间，试验结果显示该方法易于操作，精密度和准确度高，能够快速有效地测定肥料中7种有毒有害元素含量。     

水性建筑涂料中铅、铜总含量的测定

设计了9种水性涂料配方,并制备涂料,利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对涂料中的铅、铜元素总含量进行了测定,并测定了涂料及涂膜的相关性能。结果显示:在特定的仪器工作条件和符合要求的线性范围内,铅、铜总含量的相关系数分别为R21=0.998 1,R22=0.996 6,所测样品中重金属元素铅、铜的含量、涂料的细度、遮盖力、硬度、附着力等均符合国家标准。     

ICP-OES法测定PVC制品中6种有害重金属元素

样品在微波辅助加热消解,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定聚氯乙烯(PVC)制品中镉、铅、汞、铬、砷和锑6种重金属元素含量。优化了微波辅助消解温度、雾化气(Neb)流速等测试条件,6种元素仪器检出限在2～10 mg/kg,7次重复性相对标准偏差(RSD)在0. 51%～1. 05%,加标回收率在90. 82%～106. 70%。实验测定了8个PVC制品,其中7个样品中有镉元素检出,部分样品中有铅、铬和锑等元素检出。镉最大检出量为578. 5mg/kg。该方法快速、准确,适用于PVC制品中6种有害重金属元素同时测定。     

一种快速测定土壤中重金属元素的方法确认

通过优化试验的关键步骤得到一种快速准确测定土壤中重金属元素铬、铅、镍、铜、锌的方法,对该方法进行确认。结果表明：采用该方法测定重金属元素的检出限为1.40～7.30 mg/kg,精密度为1.64%～5.10%,低浓度平均加标回收率为91.2%～106.4%,高浓度平均加标回收率为93.9%～108.6%。该方法检测效率高、精密度好、检出限低、回收率高,可用于土壤中重金属污染的监控与快速溯源。     

微波辅助FAAS法测定不同季节大新苦丁茶中四种重金属含量

为了检测大新苦丁茶中四种重金属不同季节的含量,建立了微波消解-火焰原子吸收测定铅、锰、铬、镉4种重金属元素的方法,测定了大新苦丁茶产品和苦丁茶树叶中4种重金属元素的含量,探究了苦丁茶树叶中锰元素在春、夏、秋三个季节的含量差异。结果显示,大新苦丁茶产品和新鲜苦丁茶树叶中铬、镉和铅元素均未检出,锰元素含量处于0.07～0.08μg/g之间,苦丁茶树叶中的锰含量秋季夏季春季。方法检出限为0.01～0.09μg/mL,精密度试验RSD为0.24%～2.20%之间,加标回收率为94.20%～103.80%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。