The finite-element method with domain decomposition for electromagnetic bistatic scattering from the comprehensive model of a ship on and a target above a large-scale rough sea surface

The domain decomposition method (DDM) and finite-element method (FEM) are developed for numerical solution of bistatic scattering from the composite model of a ship on and a target above a two-dimensional (2-D) randomly rough sea surface under an electromagnetic (EM) wave incidence at low grazing angle. The coupling boundary conditions on the interface between two adjacent subdomains are derived when the conformal perfectly matched layer is used as the truncation boundary of the FEM, and the final coupling matrices are obtained by using the inward-looking approach. Because the computational domain with several millions of unknowns can be solved on a personal computer, our FEM-DDM method is powerful for scattering simulation of a very large-scale rough surface with targets presence. In addition to reduction of the memory storage, the superiority of this method in computing time over the conventional FEM is also demonstrated. Our codes are examined by the FEM without DDM, the forward-backward method (FBM), and generalized FBM for some simple cases. Numerical simulations of bistatic scattering from a comprehensive model of a ship on and a target above the 2-D randomly rough perfectly conducting sea surface in large electric scale are obtained, and its functional dependence on many physical parameters of the targets and oceanic status are discussed.     

数值模拟低掠角入射海面与船目标的双站散射

为研究风驱粗糙海面上有船目标时的双站散射,提出了一种结合广义前后的迭代方法（GFBM）与谱加速算法（SAA）快速求解双站散射的Monte Carlo数值方法,计算了在TE、TM锥形波低掠角入射在一维Pierson-Moskowitz谱粗糙导体海面以及船目标存在时的双站散射,数值模拟了在低掠角入射条件下,包含多次散射传播的粗糙海面与目标的双站散射与极化、频率、视角和海面风速等参数的关系。     

目标与复杂地海面复合电磁散射研究现状综述

目标与复杂地海环境复合电磁散射研究一直是电磁领域一大重要课题.该方面研究在复杂背景中的目标探测（地海上方低飞导弹、飞机,海上舰船目标,地上坦克目标等）、资源勘探（浅层地下矿物质勘探）等领域发挥着巨大作用,使得该领域的研究变得紧迫且具有实际意义.大多数的目标都处在粗糙地海背景中,当电磁波入射到目标时,由于粗糙背景的存在,电磁波会与粗糙背景发生相互作用,对回波造成影响,进一步干扰目标本身的散射.在粗糙面上飞行、行驶目标及粗糙面下掩埋、半掩埋目标引起的电磁散射与其在自由空间中的散射特性是非常不同的,粗糙背景的作用很大程度上增加了目标探测和识别的不确定性.     

低掠入射时分形粗糙面散射的高阶微扰解

针对粗糙表面低掠入射散射特性求解的大误差问题,采用高阶微扰法研究了分形布朗运动粗糙表面在低掠入射条件下的散射特性,计算了高阶微扰法在低掠入射时的修正值,比较了高阶场量和阴影函数对低掠入射的修正效应,讨论了不同分维数下低掠入射时的散射系数,分析了低掠入射下极化指数与不同幂次正割函数的拟合逼近问题,修正了Ngo等人的结论.结果表明,高阶微扰法能有效求解掠入射角下分形粗糙表面的散射特性.     

海水包裹空心椭球体的低频散射场计算及分析

为了分析水下金属壳体目标的散射场,提出了一种基于移位算子时域有限差分方法的加速计算方法.利用该方法对海水、空气和金属三种媒质材料进行了建模,并计算了水下金属椭球状壳体目标低频散射场的空间分布和起伏海面对低频电磁波传播的影响.通过数值算例测试了所提方法的加速性能,可以得到接近线性的加速比和95%以上的加速效率.计算结果表明,海面会影响水下壳体目标散射场的空间分布,特别是对于电场的空间分布影响比较大,并且由于水下电导率的存在导致海面上方散射场的传播速度要比海面下方的快.     

用角相关函数识别随机粗糙面上散射目标的有限元解法

研究随机粗糙面上有散射目标时散射场求解的有限元数值方法，并提出用散射场角相关函数在非记忆线上的增强，来识别粗糙面上散射目标的存在。给出了随机粗糙面上无散射目标和有效射目标时散射场角有关函数的特征性变化。     

粗糙面与目标电磁散射统计特性分析

首先给出用于描述和产生粗糙海面的模型，然后在锥形平面波入射条件下，用矩量法求解了粗糙面及与圆柱形近地小目标复合散射所满足的积分方程，最后给出了不同条件下粗糙面、粗糙面与目标复合散射特性的统计结果及相互间的比较。     

高斯粗糙面与临空目标复合电磁散身寸的KH-MOM解

提出了一种求解一维粗糙面与二维无限长临空目标复合电磁散射特性的新型混合算法。混合算法只需在粗糙面上进行一次积分运算,即可用基尔霍夫-亥姆霍兹方程(KH)描述电磁波经粗糙面后的散射情况,再用矩量法(MoM)分析目标的散射问题,通过KH与MoM的混合来体现粗糙面与目标之间的耦合作用。经与不同方法的对比,验证了混合方法的正确性,体现了混合方法较数值法在求解效率上的巨大优势。计算了粗糙面与临空目标的统计复合散射特性,分析了粗糙面的起伏参数、临空目标的形状以及粗糙面介质的电参数对复合散射特性的影响。     

三维随机粗糙海面与舰船的复合电磁特性的高频方法分析研究

3维随机粗糙海面与其上方复杂目标复合电磁(EM)散射特性的建模与分析在微波遥感、目标识别、雷达成像、导弹制导等领域中有着重要的研究价值。该文主要研究了基于高频算法的随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性,开发了PO-IPO混合方法,为3维随机粗糙海面与复杂目标一体化高效求解提供了新思路。文中分别使用了物理光学方法(PO)、迭代物理光学方法(IPO)、PO-PO以及PO-IPO混合方法对海面及舰船进行了建模与仿真,其中,引入锥形波来代替平面波作为发射源,锥形波可以更好地抑制粗糙面在边缘位置被突然截断而形成的电磁反射和边缘绕射等效应。从数值仿真结果中可以看出,PO-IPO混合方法可将复杂物体本身面元间以及粗糙海面与物体间的耦合作用考虑在内,因此PO-IPO可以作为一种有效的途径来快速获取随机粗糙海面及舰船的复合电磁散射特性。      

分形粗糙面上方目标电磁散射特性的研究

利用分形函数来模拟海地粗糙表面，在考虑到粗糙面的粗糙度，入射波极化方式以及粗糙面的动态和静态等因素对电磁散射特性影响的情况下，运用克希霍夫近拟条件，对粗糙面上方平板目标电磁散射的物理机制进行了分析和研究。理论分析和数值结果表明，本文所述方法物理图象清晰，是一种有效分析实际粗糙面与目标相互作用的方法。     

随机分布树干层中球的电磁散射

本文用随机分布的有限长多层介质圆柱模拟树干层,用互易原理得到了位于粗糙地面上有限长多层介质圆柱与球目标的二阶散射场近似解析表达式.在L、C、X波段下,研究了位于此环境中金属球目标与周围树干相互作用的电磁散射,计算结果表明,在低频段时树干对目标影响大,低频段可以穿透植被层并应用于目标探测和识别.     

随机粗糙面上目标散射差值计算的快速互耦迭代方法

用粗糙面上方有目标和无目标时空间散射场的差值计算的雷达散射截面,称为差场雷达散射截面.本文推导TE波入射下电场积分方程(EFIE),直接求解散射差场.本文提出目标与粗糙面之间的互耦迭代的计算方法,散射场纳入了目标与粗糙面之间复杂的相互作用,给出了迭代过程中纳入的粗糙面长度的选择.用Monte-Carlo方法,计算了P-M谱粗糙海面上方二维圆柱和方柱的散射,说明目标的几何结构对散射方向图的影响.     

A numerical model for electromagnetic scattering from sea ice

A numerical model for scattering from sea ice based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is presented. The sea ice medium is modeled as consisting of randomly located spherical brine scatterers with a specified fractional volume, and the medium is modeled both with and without a randomly rough boundary to study the relative effects of volume and surface scattering. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain numerical results for incoherent υυ backscattered normalized radar cross sections (RCSs) in the frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz and for incidence angles from 10° to 50° from normal incidence. The computational intensity of the study necessitates an effective permittivity approach to modeling brine pocket effects and a nonuniform grid for small scale surface roughness. However, comparisons with analytical models show that these approximations should introduce errors no larger than approximately 3 dB. Incoherent υυ cross sections backscattered from sea ice models with a smooth surface show only a small dependence on incidence angle, while results for sea ice models with slightly rough surfaces are found to be dominated by surface scattering at incidence angles less than 30° and by scattering from brine pockets at angles greater than 30°. As the surface roughness increases, surface scattering tends to dominate at all incidence angles. Initial comparisons with measurements taken with artificially grown sea ice are made, and even the simplified sea ice model used in the FDTD simulation is found to provide reasonable agreement with measured data trends. The numerical model developed ran be useful in interpreting measurements when parameters such as surface roughness and scatterer distributions lie outside ranges where analytical models are valid     

Overview： Electromagnetic Scattering from Ocean Surface

Understanding the sea surface scattering process is very important in the development of models to detect the target above or under the surface. In this paper, both the analytical and the numerical methods applied in sea surface scattering are summarized. Some important problems concerned in this field are discussed. For numerical study, edge effect brings artificial nonrealistic scattering and therefore must be suppressed. Different edge treatment methods are compared in this paper. Scattering of breaking wave surface at very low grazing angle always needs more attentions than other scattering problems. Some numerical results show the existence of the special phenomena at very low grazing angle, for example, the ＂sea spikes＂ and the Doppler splitting.     

基于FE-BI的介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标电磁散射特性研究

采用有限元-边界积分（finite element boundary integral,FE-BI）方法研究了介质粗糙面上方涂覆目标的复合电磁散射特性,推导了一维介质粗糙面上方二维涂覆目标电磁散射的FE-BI公式.在仿真中,采用功能强大的有限元方法模拟涂覆目标内部场,对于涂覆目标与粗糙面之间的多重耦合作用则通过边界积分方程方法进行考虑.结合Monte-Carlo方法,数值计算了介质高斯粗糙面上方涂覆圆柱目标的电磁散射,分析了涂层材料介电常数、粗糙面粗糙度以及介质粗糙面介电常数变化对复合模型双站散射系数的影响.数值结果表明,相比于传统矩量法（method of moment,MoM）,本文方法虽然在处理理想导体模型时效率略低,但可以处理MoM难以处理的复杂媒质电磁散射问题,且计算精度较高.     

海面掠入射散射特性及布儒斯特效应研究

海面掠入射散射特性对海洋遥感等问题有着重要应用,海面对雷达波束的镜面反射对海上超低空目标与海面的耦合场有着重要影响,利用海面的布儒斯特效应将有效削弱镜面反射。以西太平洋和东南沿海盐度场与温度场的卫星数据为基础,根据双Debye方程建立修正海水介电模型计算不同海域介电常数;基于Elfouhaily海谱模型,采用修正双尺度模型并考虑不同风速及频率下的截断波数,仿真分析了风速、频率、海水温度与盐度等因素对海面掠入射散射特性及布儒斯特效应的影响,总结归纳了海面布儒斯特效应产生机理和变化规律。分析表明:风速、频率及海水温度均会对海面布儒斯特效应产生影响。该研究为海洋环境的遥感探测及海上超低空目标的监测与跟踪提供了理论支撑。     

低掠角入射动态分形粗糙海面与船目标的双站散射数值模拟

为快速数值计算动态粗糙分形海面上有船目标时的双站散射，该文将广义前后向迭代法（GFBM）与谱积分加速算法（SAA）结合用于求解磁场积分方程（MFIE）。避免了电场积分方程（EFIE）数值计算的不稳定性。数值模拟了TE锥形波低掠角入射在一维动态分形粗糙导体海面以及船目标存在时的双站散时，讨论了多次散射传播的双疲散射与动态分形海面和船目标特征参数的关系。     

Bidirectional Analytic Ray Tracing for Fast Computation of Composite Scattering From Electric-Large Target Over a Randomly Rough Surface

The bidirectional analytic ray tracing (BART) method is developed to rapidly calculate composite scattering from three-dimensional (3D) electrically large complex targets above a randomly rough surface. Ray tracing is carried out both along the incident (forward) direction and converse direction of scattering (backward) recording different orders of ray illumination on each facet or edge of the target and surface. Once a pair of forward and backward rays meet on a facet/edge, a scattering term is constructed using the diffused scattering/diffraction of this facet/edge and all reflections occurred on the tracing paths. The rough surface is modeled with “rough facets” including coherent scattering and diffused incoherent scattering, which can be directly calculated according to the IEM (integral equation method) of a randomly rough surface. Analytic tracing of polygon ray tubes is developed to precisely calculate the illumination and shadowing of facets, which exempt large patches of the target from any finer meshing. It significantly reduces the complexity relevant to the target electric-size. Higher orders of scattering and, in particular, interactions between the target and rough surface are then taken into account. The accuracy and performance of BART is validated and evaluated by comparing with exact computational electromagnetic methods for electrically small targets. Numerical examples of angularly composite scattering from a three-dimensional electrically large, e.g., a ship-like target over a randomly rough surface are presented and discussed.      

A Numerical Study of the Retrieval of Sea Surface Height Profiles From Low Grazing Angle Radar Data

A numerical study of the retrieval of sea surface height profiles from low grazing angle radar observations is described. The study is based on a numerical method for electromagnetic scattering from 1-D rough sea profiles, combined with the “improved linear representation” of Creamer for simulating weakly nonlinear sea surface hydrodynamics. Numerical computations are performed for frequencies from 2975 to 3025 MHz so that simulated radar pulse returns are achieved. The geometry utilized models a radar with an antenna height of 14 m, observing the sea surface at ranges from 520 to 1720 m. The low grazing angles of this configuration produce significant shadowing of the sea surface, and standard analytical theories of sea scattering are not directly applicable. Three approaches for retrieving sea height profile information are compared. The first method uses a statistical relationship between the surface height and the computed radar cross sections versus range (an incoherent measurement). A second method uses the phase difference between scattering measurements in two vertically separated antennas (“vertical interferometry) in the retrieval. The final technique retrieves height profiles from variations in the apparent Doppler frequency (coherent measurements) versus range and requires that time-stepped simulations be performed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each of the three approaches are examined and discussed.      

Bistatic Scattering From a Three-Dimensional Object Over a Randomly Rough Surface Using the FDTD Algorithm

A numerical finite-difference time-domain approach for electromagnetic scattering from an object over a randomly rough surface in three-dimensional (3-D) model is developed. Rough surface is truncated in numerical simulation by using the periodic surface extension, and one period of the rough surface with dependence of the correlation length is used for scattering computation. Generation of the incident wave upon the rough surface is presented. A numerical model and algorithm of a single object on or above a rough surface are developed. Polarized bistatic scattering from the object and rough surface is obtained based on numerical distribution of the near zone fields. Comparison with conventional two-dimensional model is also discussed.