Novel approach to convert non-self drying palm stearin alkyds into environmental friendly UV curable resins

UV curable coating is a form of green technology that reduces or eliminates completely the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and is in line with the current global call in preserving nature. The objective of this project is to produce UV curable resins from non-self drying palm stearin alkyds by the incorporation of maleic anhydride (MAH) which could introduce more unsaturation into the main chains of alkyds. Four alkyds with different level of unsaturation were prepared and the successful incorporation of MAH was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H NMR analyses. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was used as the reactive diluents, and benzophenone as the UV-photoinitiator. The UV-cured coatings were tested using standard methods adopted from ASTM, and results showed that coatings of maleated alkyds exhibited good film properties. This novel approach has succeeded in converting a non-self drying palm stearin alkyd into UV-curable resins.     

Synthesis and Application of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Based Alkyd Resin in Liquid Detergent

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is the by-product obtained during physical refining of crude palm oil, which mainly consists of free fatty acids along with minor amounts of glycerides, bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, squalene, other hydrocarbons. In the present work, an eco-friendly alkyd resin was prepared using sustainable feedstock such as PFAD along with rosin. The various physico-chemical properties of PFAD-based alkyd resin (PFAD-AR) such as acid value, saponification value, viscosity and volatile matter were determined and compared to palm oil based alkyd resin (PO-AR). The structural properties of the alkyd resins were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The study presents the utilization of PFAD-based alkyd resin with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) in the liquid detergent formulation. The performance properties of the PFAD-based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations such as surface tension, wetting power and detergency were comparable with palm oil based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations and with commercial liquid detergent (CLD). Surface tensions of liquid detergent formulations varied from 20 to 30 mN/m with decrease in concentration. The foaming properties of alkyd resin based liquid detergents are reduced with the increase in the amount of alkyd resin polymer in the formulations. Therefore, it has potential application as a foam reducer in detergent for washing machines.     

Investigating Effect of Conventional and Nano Zinc Pigments on Air-Drying Property of Palm-Stearin-Based Alkyd Resin Paints

Air-drying white paint based on palm stearin alkyd resin was prepared with conventional and nano-ZnO and ZnS pigments. The effects of used pigments on air-drying time and some physical-mechanical characteristics of the paint were investigated by comparing them with conventional counterparts. It was found that ZnS has little effect on the drying time of alkyd paints, and the time of paint drying does not depend very much on the volume concentration of this pigment. ZnO pigments had outstanding effects on drying time and physical–mechanical properties of the air-drying paints, but the best result was observed for paints containing nano–ZnO. Zinc-containing pigment systems, if composed of the nano-type, provide excellent results.     

The use of aminolysis,aminoglycolysis, and simultaneous aminolysis–hydrolysis products of waste PET for production of paint binder

This work is concerned with the use of aminolysis, aminoglycolysis, and simultaneous aminolysis–hydrolysis products of waste PET for production of paint binder based on alkyd resin. For this purpose, first, aminolysis, aminoglycolysis, and simultaneous hydrolysis–aminolysis reactions of waste PET were carried out in the presence of different chemical agents in xylene medium at high pressures. Reactions of waste PET flakes obtained from grinding postconsumer water bottles were carried out in an autoclave at higher temperatures. Then, four alkyd resins, formulated to have oil content 40–50%, were prepared using these depolymerization products. One of resins is “reference alkyd resin” which was prepared by using soybean oil fatty acid, phthalic anhydride, glycerine, and ethylene glycol for comparison. Other three alkyds are “depolymerization product‐based alkyd resins” in which depolymerization products is used instead of ethylene glycol. Then, the physical and chemical surface coating properties and thermal behaviors of alkyd resins films were investigated comparatively. As a result, we concluded that aminolysis, aminoglycolysis, and simultaneous aminolysis‐hydrolysis products of waste PET are suitable for manufacturing both air drying and oven curing paint binder based on alkyd resins. The film prepared from alkyd resin based on simultaneous aminolysis‐hydrolysis product showed extremely good surface coating properties and thermal stability. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2272–2281, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Preparation and characterization of water reducible alkyd resin/colloidal silica nanocomposite coatings

In this study, water reducible alkyd resins containing different amounts of colloidal silica were synthesized for the first time. In order to achieve this, alkyd resin, which has an oil content of 35%, was prepared with tall oil fatty acid, isophthalic acid, trimellitic anhydride, and trimethylolpropane. The alkyd resin was neutralized with triethylamine, and was dissolved in an isobutyl alcohol-isopropyl alcohol-butyl glycol mixture to produce 75% (wt.) solution, which was called stock alkyd resin. The stock alkyd resin was diluted with water to 50% (wt.) concentration with water and colloidal silica mixture in order to prepare an alkyd solution containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% colloidal silica. Then the effect of the silica nanoparticle addition on the surface coating properties, thermal behaviors and surface morphologies of water reducible alkyd resins was investigated. As a result, the addition of colloidal silica has improved surface coating properties and thermal behaviors of nanocomposite water reducible alkyd resin.     

Synthesis of novel acrylic modified water reducible alkyd resin: Investigation of acrylic copolymer ratio effect on film properties and thermal behaviors

New four‐component water reducible acrylic modified alkyd resins that are based on 1,3‐propanediol and contain different ratios of acrylic copolymer (AC) were synthesized by using a novel four‐stage fatty acid method. The final content of solids in the water reducible acrylic modified alkyd resins was 60% by weight. After the modified alkyd resin films were cured at 150°C for 1 h, it was observed that the use of AC as the modifier component had improved their physical and chemical surface coating properties and thermal behaviors. Experimental results show that the optimum AC ratio is 40% of the equivalent amount of AC to alkyd resin. Low‐volatile organic compounds (VOC) content water reducible acrylic modified alkyd resins yielded soft and flexible films with high chemical/thermal resistance, suitable for manufacturing of surface coating binders. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:947–954, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis of four-component acrylic-modified water-reducible alkyd resin: investigation of dilution ratio effect on film properties and thermal behaviors

This study investigated the effect of the dilution ratio on film properties of acrylic-modified water-reducible alkyd resins. First, new four-component acrylic-modified alkyd resins based on 1,3-propanediol containing 40% of the equivalent amount of acrylic copolymer to alkyd resin were synthesized using the fatty acid method. The synthesized acrylic-modified alkyd resin was then dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at various ratios and further diluted using distilled water at various ratios to obtain by-weight percentages of 70/50, 70/60, and 80/60 of solid content to IPA and water, respectively. Films of the modified alkyd resins were prepared, and cured at 150°C for 1 h, then their physical and chemical surface coating properties and thermal behaviors were investigated. The best results were obtained for the by-weight percentages of 80/60.     

Polyurethane Dispersions Based on Interesterification Product of Fish and Linseed Oil

Alkyd and styrenated alkyd resins based on fish oil and their interesterifications with linseed oil were synthesized. The various properties of fish oil, such as its iodine value, acid value, saponification value and moisture content were determined. The interesterification product of fish oil and linseed oil can be used to partially replace the commercially available linseed oil alkyd resin. Alkyd resin and styrenated alkyd resin were modified with 2,2 dimethylolpropionic acid to introduce acid functionality and then sequentially reacted with isophorone diisocyanate, neutralized with amine, chain extended with ethylenediamine and dispersed in water to form a polyurethane dispersion. The newly synthesized resins and polyurethane dispersions were studied for coating properties such as scratch hardness, adhesion, flexibility, impact, solvent and chemical resistance. The polyurethane dispersions exhibited superior coating properties to those of their respective alkyds and styrenated alkyds.     

Investigation of the curing kinetics of alkyd–melamine–epoxy resin system

Properties of coatings based on alkyd resin can be improved via blending with other suitable resins. Recent studies assessed that many properties could be improved by blending with epoxy resins as well as with melamine resins. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of epoxy resin content on the curing process in alkyd–melamine–epoxy three component blends. The coatings with two mixing ratios of alkyd/melamine (70:30 and 80:20) were formulated. They were made into baking enamels by blending with 3 and 5 wt% of epoxy resin on total resin solid. Curring kinetics was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and application of Ozawa isoconversional method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to follow major curing reactions. The absorbance of –OH and –N–CH₂R, showed significant reduction and confirmed that the epoxy resin reacts and inserts in enamel structure. It was found that resin system with alkyd/melamine ratio of 70:30 and 3 wt% of epoxy resin has the lowest apparent activation energy of 141.5 kJ mol⁻¹ and needs the shortest time of 34.2 min to reach final apparent degree of cure. Isothermal DSC experiments have confirmed these findings. The samples with 30 wt% of melamine resin had higher hardness of baked enamels then samples with 20 wt%. They also showed an increase of hardness with the increase of epoxy resin content.     

Effects of composition variations and curing conditions on the gloss of water reducible clear coatings prepared from palm stearin alkyds

Conclusion  Water-based clear stoving coating materials could be prepared by mixing the water-reducible palm stearin alkyds with a commercial methylated melamine formaldehyde in ratios ranging from 1 to 9. TGA analysis could be used to estimate the solid content of each of the coatings, as well as the curing temperature that could be used to prevent thermal degradation. Gloss of the coating after cure is affected by the oil length, alkyd/melamine ratio and curing temperature, for the same curing duration. For each alkyd, monitoring the changes in gloss due to variation of alkyd/melamine ratio and curing temperature could be useful for designing the formulation to give the desired gloss.     

蓖麻油改性聚氨酯与醇酸树脂的共混改性

介绍邻苯二甲酸醇酸树脂与醇解的蓖麻油改性聚氨酯冷拼共混改性。用反射ＦＴ－ＩＲ、ＴＥＭ及热分析（ＤＴＡ,ＴＧ）等对共混物的表面结构、聚集状态及热失重进行了考察。结果表明,共混物呈现团状结构,相界面处模糊产生了ＩＰＮ相,而且在涂层表面处为聚氨酯的择优聚集。由于在共混物中引入了芳香族氨酯键,增加了醇酸树脂漆膜的附着力、硬度、固化速度及表面能。     

A Novel Type of Organo Clay Containing Alkyd-Melamine Formaldehyde Resins

In this study, organo clay-modified alkyd resins were synthesized and these modified alkyd resins were cured with different ratios of melamine formaldehyde resin for the first time. Alkyd resins were blended with 30% and 40% of a commercial melamine-formaldehyde resin. Alkyd-melamine formaldehyde resin films were cured at 140°C for 2 h in an oven. The effect of organo clay addition on the physical and chemical film properties was investigated. These surface coating properties of the resins enhanced with amount of organo clay up to 2–3%. These resins are suitable for manufacturing of high-performance industrial baking enamels.     

一种高性价比浅色醇酸树脂的合成及应用研究

选用市场上常用的脂肪酸分别合成了PU用浅色醇酸树脂,并讨论了原材料的种类对漆膜性能的影响。用优化选择的混合脂肪酸合成了PU用浅色醇酸树脂,所得的最终产品性能好,性价比优。     

Fast physical drying, high water and salt resistant coatings from non-drying vegetable oil

This paper reports fast physical drying, high water and salt resistances of coating materials from non-drying palm oleic acid. Short oil-length alkyd was synthesized and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. Three copolymers of the alkyd and methyl methacrylate with different alkyd/MMA ratios were prepared via free radical polymerization. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR and H NMR spectroscopy, and glass transition temperatures (T_g) were measured by DSC. The decreasing amount of alkyd was noticed to increasing conversion and T_g. The overall thermal stability has increased with higher amount of alkyd in the copolymer. Moreover, incorporation of alkyd has improved the adhesion and film hardness of the coatings.     

Design and synthesis of bio-based epoxidized alkyd resin for anti-corrosive coating application

Alkyd resins with long aliphatic chain in their backbone are not suitable for high-performance applications. To overcome this limitation of alkyd resins, their backbone structure is usually chemically modified. In this study, an alkyd resin was successfully synthesized from renewable resources, including itaconic acid and linseed oil. Subsequently, the unsaturated backbone of the alkyd resin was converted to oxirane ring through epoxidation reaction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The epoxidized alkyd (EA) resin backbone was modified with various amounts of 3-amino propyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) from 10 to 40 mol percent to enhance the anti-corrosive properties of coatings prepared from the alkyd resins. The structural elucidation of synthesized resins was described by physicochemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The EA resin and APTMS-modified EA resin were cured by itaconic acid in 1:1 stoichiometric ratio on the equivalent weight basis. The differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric analysis results showed that thermal properties improved with increasing APTMS content. The cured coatings were characterized for their mechanical properties, chemical and solvent resistance, gel content, and water absorption. The corrosion-resistance performance of coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt-spray test. It was observed that the highly cross-linked structure of the APTMS-modified EA coatings enhanced the corrosion protective property of coating films.     

常温酸固化醇酸氨基木器清漆的制备

采用合成脂肪酸醇酸树脂、丁醚化尿素三聚氰胺甲醛树脂和对甲苯磺酸等制备常温酸固化型醇酸氨基木器清漆,讨论了两种树脂比例、助剂和有机溶剂等对漆膜性能的影响。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Canola Oil Alkyd Resins Based on Novel Acrylic Monomer (ATBS)

A water-reducible alkyd resin was synthesized using the renewable resource canola oil and then chemically modified with styrene and the novel monomer acrylamido tertiary butane sulfonic acid (ATBS). Infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used for structural elucidation of newly synthesized resins. Analyses of their physico-chemical and thermal properties revealed that styrene and ATBS-grafted water-reducible polymers have better thermal, chemical and coating properties than canola oil alkyd resins.     

An investigation on synthesis of alkyd resin with sorbitol

Sorbitol, as an abundant, cheap and renewable resource, is considered as a potential raw material for the manufacture of alkyd resin. In this study, the kinetics on preparation of alkyd resin using phthalic anhydride, sorbitol and soya bean fatty acid as raw materials is investigated. Three kinds of sorbitol based alkyd resins (SAR) samples having fatty acid content (OL_f) of 42% (SAR1), 52% (SAR2) and 62% (SAR3) were prepared with phthalic anhydride, sorbitol aqueous solution and soya bean fatty acid using fatty acid method. Kinetic studies showed that the initial and latter stages of the reaction follow a second-order rate law. The second-order rate constants were found to be of the order of 10⁻⁵ g/mg KOH/min. Molecular weight and polydispersity index were determined by GPC and end-group analysis. The number average molecular weight of the alkyd resins ranged from 1435 to 1626 and the weight average molecular weight ranged from 3041 to 3648. A large polydispersity index was found in a range from 2.12 to 2.24. The varnish of alkyd resin SAR1 containing 50% 200# solvent gasoline and 1.25% cobalt naphthenate (drying agent) by weight dried faster than the others. The physical and chemical film properties of the sorbitol based alkyd resins were determined and compared with standard alkyd resins. The results showed that the performance of alkyd resin having fatty acid contents (OL_f) of 42% (SAR1) was almost the same as the standard alkyd resins. It could be a choice binder for alkyd resin paint and helpful to reduce production cost.     

Investigation of the effect of hydrolysis products of postconsumer polyethylene terephthalate bottles on the properties of alkyd resins

Hydrolysis of waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes obtained from grinding postconsumer bottles was carried out at 200–230°C and molar ratios of PET/H₂O were taken as 1/5; 1/10; 1/20. The reaction products, when extracted with boiling water, yielded a water soluble crystallizable fraction (WSCF) and a water insoluble fraction (WIF). These fractions were characterized by acid and hydroxyl value determinations and DSC analysis. WSCF and WIF were used for preparation of alkyd resins. Five long oil alkyd resins were prepared from phthalic anhydride (PA) (reference alkyd resin) or hydrolysis products of the waste PET (PET‐based alkyd resin), pentaerithrithol (PE), soybean oil fatty acid (SOFA), and ethylene glycol (EG). Film properties and thermal degradation stabilities of these alkyd resins were investigated. Drying time, hardness, alkaline resistance, and thermal oxidative degradation resistance of the PET‐based alkyd resins are better than these properties of reference resin. The results show that hydrolysis products of waste PET obtained from postconsumer bottles are suitable for manufacturing of alkyd resins. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers