Trace elements in foods and meals consumed by students attending the faculty cafeteria

The content and intake of some trace elements (Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg, Cr) in meals, consumed by students attending the Faculty Cafeteria, were assessed. The study was carried out over 6 days of the 2nd week of February, 1993 and in three consecutive days of the second week of May. In those periods 10453 and 4055 students attended the cafeteria, respectively. After recording the ingredients and the preparation and cooking methods, some edible portions of foods and dishes were collected, homogenised, lyophilised and kept in polyethylene bottles until analysis. We found few differences in food content and dietary intake of some (Ni and Cr) but not all trace elements between February and May. Higher levels of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr were present in bread (21.5+/-14.0, 5.6+/-0.02, 55.6+/-1.7 and 66.9+/-0.1 microg/100 g of edible portion, respectively), followed by meat, filled pasta and cheese, whereas lower values were observed in vegetables and fruit. The highest Hg content was recorded in the pasta group. Among the most frequently consumed foods and meals, the highest levels of P, Pb, Cr, Hg, Ni were found in bread, meat and pasta. The calculation of mean trace element intake, corrected for leftovers, showed pasta, bread and meat as the main sources of Pb, Cd, Ni, Hg and Cr over the two periods. The estimated potential tolerated weekly intake (PTWI) resulted high for Pb and Cd and low for Hg. Finally, a large variability in trace element content between raw and cooked foods was observed. These results give valuable information on trace element content of foods to be used for preparation of meals at the Faculty cafeteria in different seasons.     

盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理研究

我国西部地区盐湖分布广泛,土壤及地下水中含有高浓度硫酸盐、镁盐及氯盐,与衬砌喷射混凝土发生一系列物理化学反应,造成其结构耐久性能下降。为系统研究盐湖侵蚀环境喷射混凝土耐久性能劣化规律及机理,以5%Na2SO4+5%MgSO4+3.5%NaCl混合溶液为侵蚀介质,采用干湿交替法,分别模拟盐湖环境地下水及隧道衬砌侵蚀方式,开展喷射混凝土耐久性试验,对其物理力学性能、侵蚀产物矿物组成及含量、微观形貌、孔结构和离子含量进行测试分析。喷射混凝土SO2? 4含量随侵蚀时间快速增大,Cl-和Na+含量缓慢增大,而Ca2+和混凝土pH值降低。喷射混凝土侵蚀过程包含水镁石、石膏及钙矾石形成阶段,C-S-H分解和碳硫硅钙石形成阶段,M-S-H形成等三个阶段。最终,在碳硫硅钙石、水镁石、石膏、钙矾石以及结晶盐所形成的膨胀应力和结晶压力共同作用下,喷射混凝土内部孔数量及空气含量增大,形成网状裂纹,性能快速劣化。模筑混凝土微裂缝在盐结晶形成的结晶压作用下快速开裂,与气孔形成宏观裂缝导致断裂。钢纤维可显著消减喷射混凝土内部应力,提高其抗侵蚀能力。     

1951-2006年中国内地风景园林学科与专业设置情况普查与分析

通过对55年来的学科与专业名称变更、设置时间以及院系分布等资料的普查，从学校、院系、学科、专业4个层次描述2006年风景园林学科的发展概况。结果表明，当前我国风景园林高职高专层面的专业有6个、本科层面的专业有6个、研究生层面的学科有13个；2006年招生的风景园林学科的普通高校、独立学院和研究院共449个单位，开设的高职高专专业点438个、本科专业点140个、专业硕士点25个、科学硕士点51个、科学博士点21个；风景园林学科综合性强，与园艺、人文艺术、土木建筑与城市规划、地理环境与资源、生物与生命科学等领域均有良好的包容性，本科专业点和学科点的设置数量已经超过了城市规划专业，该学科和专业不宜再分散在工学和农学门类下；风景园林的学科群和专业群分别需要独立的风景园林一级学科和风景园林二级类（专业）来统领。     

Effects of oil contamination and bioremediation on geotechnical properties of highly plastic clayey soil

Leakage of oil and its derivatives into the soil can change the engineering behavior of soil as well as cause enviro nmental disasters.Also,recovering the contaminated sites into their natural condition and making contaminated materials as both environmentally and geotechnically suitable construction materials need the employment of remediation techniques.Bioremediation,as an efficient,low cost and environmentalfriendly approach,was used in the case of highly plastic clayey soils.To better understand the change in geotechnical properties of highly plastic fine-grained soil due to crude oil contamination and bioremediation,Atterberg limits,compaction,unconfined compression,direct shear,and consolidation tests were conducted on natural,contaminated,and bioremediated soil samples to investigate the effects of contamination and remediation on fine-grained soil properties.Oil contamination reduced maximum dry density(MDD),optimum moisture content(OMC),unconfined compressive strength(UCS),shear strength,swelling pressure,and coefficient of consolidation of soil.In addition,contamination increased the compression and swelling indices and compressibility of soil.Bioremediation reduced soil contamination by about 50%.Moreover,in comparison with contaminated soil,bio re mediation reduced the MDD,UCS,swelling index,free swelling and swelling pressure of soil,and also increased OMC,shear strength,cohesion,internal friction angle,failure strain,porosity,compression index,and settlement.Micro structural analyses showed that oil contamination does not alter the soil structure in terms of chemical compounds,elements,and constituent minerals.While it decreased the specific surface area of the soil,and the bio re mediation significantly increased the mentioned parameters.Bioremediation resulted in the formation of quasi-fibrous textures and porous and agglomerated structures.As a result,oil contamination affected the mechanical properties of soil negatively,but bioremediation improved these properties.     

公园绿地绩效的概念内涵及评测方法体系研究

绩效衡量评测能为公园绿地布局优化、功能完善和服务提升提供直接依据。但由于影响公园绿地绩效的因素众多且作用方式各异,在界定、衡量和评价上均有一定复杂性。本文首先结合不同视角和标准,将公园绿地绩效分解为核心绩效与延展绩效、功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效、系统绩效与单体绩效等概念展开内涵及应用特征梳理;其次以处于核心地位的游憩服务绩效为主体对公园绿地功能运行绩效与空间结构绩效的评测方法展开辨析;最后根据各个绩效评测方法的利弊特点对不同方法的组合应用模式以及精度校验途径提出建议。     

现代城市园林绿地生态系统工程与城市可持续发展（选登）

本文提出四种整治现代城市生态环境恶化的方法,全面系统地重点阐述了其中城市园林绿地生态系统工程的措施,指出了现代城市化城市的某些建筑规划,城市空间布局,居住区规划和建筑高度必须改革。全面系统论述了园林与绿地的含义、功能、境界、定额、网络结构、布局,并详尽阐明了该生态系统工程必须达到的生态、美学、社会和经济四大效应。本文还对学科的发展,“地球表层规划”,以及风景园林行业的人才培养,展开了讨论,提出了创见;并否定了用“景观设计学”的中文译名翻译英文原名“LandscapeArchitecture”。结论是现代城市如果不进行上述绿色生态系统工程的整治,则城市生态环境将不断恶化,城市就不可能持续发展。     

螺旋筋增强外包型钢混凝土柱偏压性能

为了研究螺旋筋增强外包型钢混凝土柱的偏压受力性能,设计并制作了22个试件(其中螺旋筋增强外包型钢混凝土柱试件19个和外包型钢混凝土柱对比试件3个)并进行偏心受压静力加载试验,观察试件的破坏过程,剖析失效机理,获取了其荷载 挠度曲线、荷载 应变曲线、截面应变分布和刚度退化曲线,并分析了箍筋间距、偏心距、径长比（D/a,D为螺旋筋约束直径,a为柱截面边长）、长径比、缀板间距、角钢配钢率和纵筋直径等参数对其承载力和抗弯刚度的影响。研究结果表明：相比外包型钢混凝土柱,螺旋筋增强外包型钢混凝土柱在破坏时混凝土的压溃剥落程度更小,荷载 挠度曲线下降段更为平缓;截面内型钢的环向应变呈线性分布,螺旋箍筋的应变呈非均匀分布;螺旋筋增强外包型钢混凝土柱的偏压承载力和抗弯刚度相比外包型钢混凝土柱分别提高了4%~25%和13%~39%;偏压承载力及抗弯刚度均随着箍筋间距、缀板间距、偏心距和长径比的增大而提高,随径长比的减小而降低;刚度退化速率随着螺旋箍筋间距、缀板间距和径长比的增大而提高。     

景观型测量标志建设与保护模式探索

测量标志作为测绘基准的直接承载者,是国民经济、国防建设和科学研究的基础设施,是各项测绘工作的基础,同时也是人们认识测绘、了解测绘的直观媒介之一,地位与意义重大。长期以来,由于城市建设加剧、重视程度不够、宣传教育不充分、保护意识不强等原因,测量标志遭受破坏现象极其严重,同时现有的保护模式针对性不强、工作量大,导致效果甚微。本文以乐清市基础控制框架网建设为例,建成了8个集实用、观赏、科普、教育等为一体的景观型测量标志(框架网点),实现提升测绘基准、宣传测绘法律、普及测绘知识、传承测绘历史、弘扬测绘文化等效果,探索开启测量标志建设与保护新模式。     

地聚合物胶凝材料性能及工程应用研究综述

针对地聚合物胶凝材料的制备及其应用技术,从理论研究和工程应用2个角度对这一领域进展进行归类和分析。在基本理论部分,详细介绍了国内外对地聚合物的反应机理、产物结构特征及其性能的研究成果,并系统论述了影响地聚合物结构及其性能的重要因素。在工程应用部分,重点阐述了地聚合物在加筋混凝土结构、制备建筑砌块/砖和加固不良土体等方面的应用研究进展。结果表明:地聚合物是一种具有三维空间网状结构的聚硅铝酸盐胶凝材料,其反应过程和产物结构特征均不同于普通硅酸盐水泥; 合理的碱激发剂类型与浓度、适宜的Si/Al比和Na(K)/Al比、适量的钙组分以及合理的养护条件等均有利于提高地聚合产物的力学性能和耐久性能; 地聚合物材料不仅具有很多优异的性能,而且其能耗低、排放少,在加筋混凝土结构、制备建筑砌块/砖、加固不良土体等领域有着非常广阔的应用前景,但关于地聚合物加筋混凝土构件、地聚合物砌块/砖和地聚合物固化土在多种环境因素耦合作用下的耐久性能等问题仍需进行深入探讨与研究。     

景观延续与重塑的人文之道——记安亭中学绿化环境改造更新

校园作为城市公共设施体系中的重要组成部分,对人们的社会生活和精神文明起着重要的影响、教育、服务作用。结合安亭中学的景观改造工程实例,从校园的区位环境因素、历史文化积淀、园内景观现状等方面,分析了改造的必要性,改造工作的原则及人文理念的改造方法,重点阐释了对原有历史和景观的发现、挖掘、保护、改造和再利用。通过简洁、现代的手法,把新景观融入校园的建筑环境、历史环境和人文环境之中,重建具有视觉、生态和文化三重效益的校园景观,把校园环境变成凝固的诗、流动的画、无言的歌,从而达到"润物细无声"的效果。     

地方院校内涵式发展的基本构成与特征

地方院校是我国高等教育的主体，是实现高等教育内涵式发展的主要承担者和实施者。地方院校内涵式发展的基本构成包括目标要素、功能要素、主体要素、客体要素和治理要素及其基准层次、发展层次，具有客观存在性、知识过程性、行为结果隐显性和投入产出复杂性等特征。内涵式发展的本质是构成要素质量的提升，不是数量的增加。针对地方院校在推进内涵式发展过程中普遍存在的本质把握不准、目标与功能定位偏高、主观能动性不够、考核评价机制不合理等问题，树立以人为本的内涵式发展理念，多措并举，充分调动主体要素的主观能动性。同时，以构成要素的发展层次为基本着力点，以师资队伍建设、教育教学模式和教学方法改革、课程建设、学科专业平台和教学科研平台建设为重点，扎实推进内涵建设。     

融合生态服务与游憩功能的城郊绿色基础设施用地系统规划 研究 ——以眉山市岷东新区非集中建设区为例

城郊绿色基础设施兼具城乡生态 服务与游憩功能,孤立或对立审视此二功能 会导致过度开发或机械被动保护,有机融合 则会促进城郊自然环境资源的高效保护与利 用。结合文献研究与案例分析,论文详细阐 释了融合生态服务与游憩功能的绿色基础设 施用地规划理念及技术方法：一、目标定位, 融合资源保护、生态服务、游憩休闲等复合目 标;二、现状分析,甄别绿色基础设施用地 保护要素与空间格局;三、功能设置环节,因 地植入维护要素系统自然生态过程的游憩功 能;四、用地组织层面,带动游憩产业发展的 同时提升其支持、供给、调节、文化四大生态 功能服务水平。     

消防火灾调查取证的难点及解决策略探讨

消防火灾调查取证是一项具有政治、法律、技术和职业性的工作,收集证据是这项工作的核心.加强专业技能,进行深入调查,全面,控制火灾,调查取证,应秉持客观性、合法性、相关性的原则,收集证据材料,进行基础研究.严格地按照调查取证的程序和流程进行,为了提高取证的水平和效率,要加强调查人员的综合素质,在维护当事人合法权益的同时,积极地推动我国消防火灾事故调查的发展.     

山西省太原市晋源区乡村风景特质识别

【目的】村庄规划是国土空间规划体系中乡村发展的重要依据,目前村庄规划存在规划理念、方法不完善等问题。以风景特质识别为理论和方法体系,探索有利于村庄分类指导目标的乡村风景特质识别方法。【方法】以山西省太原市晋源区为例,即通过系统分类,对不同乡村区域村庄提供规划设计引导。适应性调整了乡村风景特质识别的3步程序：风景特质图谱绘制、风景特质图谱信息分析、乡村风景保护利用对策制定。绘制晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并对其进行分析。【结果】形成了晋源区乡村风景特质图谱,并以风景特质区域为分类依据提出了晋源区乡村保护及利用建议。【结论】乡村风景特质识别对乡村的分类指导、开发强度、保护利用模式等具有一定借鉴作用。在后续研究中,相关理论及技术方法等仍需深入探索。     

碎石土渗透特性对滑坡稳定性的影响

结合工程实践，通过现场工程地质调查与勘探和室内外物理力学试验，采用数理统计分析方法和不平衡推力法，对碎石土的一般物理力学特性、渗透特性以及碎石土滑坡中地下水管网状排泄系统对滑坡稳定性和失稳破坏的作用机制进行分析和研究。结果表明，碎块石粒组的含量和以粉粒、黏粒为主的细粒土粒组的含量对碎石土渗透系数影响最大且最为显著，碎石土的渗透系数分别随土中碎块砾石粒组含量和小于0．1mm粒径的细粒土粒组含量的增加而呈自然指数增大和降低；碎石土滑坡中地下水管网状排泄系统对天然边坡的稳定起关键作用；当碎石土滑坡中地下水管网状排泄系统遭受破坏和堵塞时，地下水位将明显上升，从而使潜在滑面的孔隙水压力及下滑力明显增大，导致边坡稳定性系数极大地下降，甚至使边坡失稳解体破坏。     

The effect of graded doses of cadmium on lead,zinc and copper content of target and indicator organs in rats

Eleven groups of inbred Wistar rats, five males and five females in each group, received graded doses of CdCl₂, from 0–25 ppm, in the drinking water from conception until sacrifice at the age of ten weeks. The Pb, Zn and Cu levels of various indicators and target organs were recorded by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cd concentrations above 5 ppm caused a significant increase in Zn content of kidneys, liver, spleen, heart and adrenal glands in most of the experimental groups, and in addition a significant positive correlation between Cd and Zn in the same tissues. With concentrations above 10 ppm, Zn contents of epiphyses and diaphyses decreased significantly, and through all groups there was a significant negative correlation between Zn and Cd in diaphysis. This local Zn deficit may cause a retarded growth of long bones. Cd supply resulted in a significant decrease in Zn content of incisors and molars, but did not significantly affect the Cu content. Neither were Zn nor Cu concentrations in hair affected. Cd supply led to a significantly increased storage of Cu in liver, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle and a positive correlation between Cd and Cu content in the same tissues. Cd administration caused a significant decrease of Pb concentrations in molars, hair, kidney cortex, heart, skeletal muscle and adrenal glands in several of the experimental groups, and also a significant negative correlation between Pb and Cd content of molars, hair, kidney cortex, liver and heart. This can be a result of decreased uptake, increased excretion or changes in the distribution pattern of Pb.     

A reliable and valid self-rating measure of the restorative quality of natural environments

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a self-rating restoration scale (RS) designed to measure the restorative quality of environments. Both the Kaplan and Kaplan [The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York] and Ulrich [Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment, in: I. Altman, J.F. Wohlwill (Eds.), Behavior and Natural Environments, Plenum Press, New York] hypothesize that restorative environments are settings that facilitate the reduction of stress. Over the past decade, an increasing amount of empirical research has also shown that the restorative influences of environments manifest themselves in emotional, physiological, and cognitive responses of humans [J. Environ. Psychol. 11 (1991) 201]. Thus, the RS should cover, at least, these three dimensions. Moreover, the dimension of intended behavior in environments was also included. This RS was examined and revised through a two-phased experimental design. Forty-eight color slides selected from thousands of slides were used as the stimuli and the surrogates for the actual environments in the experiments. These 48 strictly controlled slides represented a proper and comprehensive sample of the six major terrestrial biomes of the world: desert, tundra, grassland, coniferous forest, deciduous forest, and tropical forest [Ecology and Our Endangered Life-Support Systems, Sinauer Associates Publishers, Sunderland], and varied as a function of high and low levels of three physical variables: complexity, openness, and water features. Five experiments with five groups of undergraduate students at Texas A&M University as subjects (total n=505) were conducted to test the RS. Results of exploratory, confirmatory, analysis of moment structures (AMOS), correlation, principal component, and reliability analyses indicated that internal validity, convergent and discriminant validity, convergent and divergent construct validity, and reliability of the RS were all adequate. Thus, the operational definition and the construct of restorativeness developed in this study can be applied to future research on recovery from stress. Hopefully, this theory-derived and data-oriented RS will be eventually applied to various environments by any concerned individuals to examine the result of planning and design practice in terms of a desired state of recovery from stress.     

The Intension and Values of Urban Wildscapes

The process of urban sprawl, restructure, and shrinkage provides the possibility for the formation and evolution of urban wildscapes. Physically, urban wildscapes refer to the urban spaces where the ecology is basically dominated by natural processes and similar to the natural wilderness in appearance and functions. The existence and persistence of wilderness fragments in cities often result from the reduction of human management and with minimal intervention on the nature. Due to the different interactions and confrontations between natural processes and social processes, the wildness of urban wildscapes varies. The unique and irreplaceable values of urban widlscapes in ecology, culture, aesthetics, economy, and well-being have gained multi-disciplinary attention and been widely recognized. This paper defines the concept of urban wildscapes, reviews the conceptual development of its connotation, and analyzes the multiple benefits of urban wildscapes on the basis of value recognition research. It hopes to provide a value recognition framework for empirical studies, helping urban residents, planning designers, and managers identify, appreciate, experience, and sustainably manage natural resources and urban ecological network, and providing scientific guidelines for ecological urban development.     

ICP-MS法测定不同品种黑莓果实中矿质元素含量

采用微波消解,ICP-MS法分析美洲黑莓、高大黑莓、无刺黑莓、葡萄叶莓、榆叶黑莓、裂叶黑莓、沙黑莓、甜黑莓、扬基莓、罗甘莓等10种不同品种黑莓果实中18种矿质元素Al、Ba、Ca、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、Ni、P、Pb、S和Zn的含量,并应用聚类分析方法对测定结果进行分析。结果表明:该方法的相对标准偏差在1. 2%～4. 9%(n=3)之间,加标回收率在96. 1%～101. 7%之间。不同品种的黑莓中K、P、S、Ca、Mg,Na含量较高; Fe、Mn、Zn含量次之;有潜在生理毒性的元素Al、Cr、Pb的含量较低。从聚类树状图上可知,10种黑莓可聚类为2类。裂叶黑莓和扬基莓、葡萄叶莓和沙黑莓、甜黑莓和罗甘莓均表现出较高的相似性,都可聚为一类,这显示其品质的稳定性。此结果为实现黑莓的合理营养施肥和优质高效生产提供理论依据和技术支持。     

特殊软岩软化的微观机制研究

软岩软化的机制问题是涉及到软岩力学变异性和工程设计的重要问题。针对华南地区广为分布的“红层”——红色砂岩、泥岩以及炭质泥岩等特殊软岩，结合广东省东深供水改造工程建设，设计了该类软岩的系列饱水试验。通过扫描电镜、偏光显微镜、能谱分析、粉晶X射线衍射以及岩石的物理力学测试等手段测定软岩微观结构、矿物成分、物理力学性质、水溶液的化学成分及其随时间的变化特点，揭示软岩性质软化的动态变化规律，探时其软化微观机制。研究表明，该类软岩的软化主要是由于粘土矿物吸水膨胀与崩解机制、离子交换吸附作刚、易溶性矿物溶解与矿物生成、软岩与水作用的微观力学作用机制、软岩软化的非线性化学动力学机制的综合作用造成的。分析认为，粘土矿物吸水膨胀与崩解机制、离子交换吸附机制及软岩与水相互作用的微观力学作用机制在该类软岩软化中起主导作作。向软岩软化的非线性动力学机制是软岩软化定量研究的重要方向之一。